EARTHQUAKE ENGG Earthquake :-

 An earthquake is shaking caused by sudden

movements of rocks in the Earth's crust and
Earthquake Engineering releasing huge energy inside Earth.
 This creates seismic waves, which are waves of
energy that travel through the Earth inside and
ESE on surface of earth.
 The structures start vibrating, acceleration is
M K Singh developed and seismic forces are created in
IES MADE EASY the structure.

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M K SINGH

EARTHQUAKE ENGG EARTHQUAKE ENGG

Earthquake – CAUSE
Effect of earthquake • Lithosphere = Top 50 to 100 Km thick upper layer of
earth.
• Tectonic Plates – Upper layer of Earth is divided in
1. Damage of structure due to Earthquake waves
different plates floating over the molten mantle of Earth.
2. Damage due to ground shaking / vibrations
• Tectonic Plates have tendency of movement as they are
3. Damage due to Liquefaction of soil
floating over mantle.
4. Damage due to indirect effects
1. Tsunamis • Two nearby plates move
2. Landslides • Towards each other – Converging movement
3. Flood • away from each other – Diverging movement
4. Fire • Sideways = Transverse movement
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EARTHQUAKE ENGG Earth layers EARTHQUAKE ENGG Major tectonic plates

1. Crust – Top 5 to 50 kM
2. Mantle – 2900 kM
3. Outer core – 5100 kM
4. Inner Core – 6370 kM
5. Radius of earth = 6370 KM

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EARTHQUAKE ENGG Focus and epicentre EARTHQUAKE ENGG Important terms
 1. Focus :- The originating Earthquake 1. Focal depth : Vertical distance between
source inside the earth which result in focus (Hypocentre) to Epicentre
shaking of ground.
 2.Epicenter:- Geographical point 2. Hypo-central Distance : Distance between
vertically above the focus on earth Focus (Hypocentre) to site (any particular
surface. Building on Earth surface).
 3. Site : Location of building under 3. Epicentral Distance : Distance between
observation
Epicentre to Site (any particular Building
on Earth surface).

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EARTHQUAKE ENGG
Normal fault EARTHQUAKE ENGG Reverse fault

HUGE WALL ROSE AFTER EARTHQUAKE

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EARTHQUAKE ENGG Strike fault movement EARTHQUAKE ENGG

MEASURING EARTHQUAKE
• Seismograph is used to measure Earthquake
• Different Scale used
• 1. Richter Scale : - Measure Magnitude
• 2. Mercalli Scale / Modified Mercalli Scale: -
Measure Intensity
• 3. Rossi–Forel scale – was developed first to
measure Earthquake
• 4. MKS SCALE - Medvedev–Sponheuer–
Karnik scale.

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EARTHQUAKE ENGG
Horizontal and Vertical waves EARTHQUAKE ENGG

Earthquake intensity

1. Richter" magnitude scale – Used now a days.

 Show Magnitude on Scale 1 to 10 at source.
 Each next scale is 10 times stronger than previous.

2. Mercalli scale / Modified Mercalli scale.

 Show intensity of earthquake damage at a particular
area due to that earthquake.

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M K SINGH

EARTHQUAKE ENGG Earthquake magnitude / intensity EARTHQUAKE ENGG

SEISMIC WAVES

• Seismic waves classified into three types.

1. Magnitude: Earthquake size is 1. P (or primary waves )
a quantitative measure of the size of the earthquake
at its source. The Richter Magnitude Scale measures 2. S (or secondary) waves
the amount of seismic energy released by an 3. Surface waves :-
earthquake.
• a. Rayleigh waves
2. Intensity: The severity of earthquake shaking is • b. Love waves
assessed using a descriptive scale – the Modified
Mercalli Intensity Scale.

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EARTHQUAKE ENGG Primary, secondary and surface waves EARTHQUAKE ENGG

Earthquake Engineering
as per IS 1893

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EARTHQUAKE ENGG Assumptions – IS 1893 EARTHQUAKE ENGG Seismic force evaluation
• a) Earthquake causes impulsive ground motions, which • Maximum acceleration of structure depends on
are complex and irregular in character, changing in 1. Earthquake intensity
period and amplitude each lasting for a small duration. 2. Soil conditions – soft / medium / hard soil
• b) Earthquake is not likely to occur simultaneously with 3. Shape and size of building
wind or maximum flood or maximum sea waves, 4. Structural characteristics of structure
• c) The value of elastic modulus of materials, wherever -Time period and damping
required, may be taken as for static analysis unless a
more definite value is available for use in such condition.
(see IS 456, IS 1343 and IS 800). • Base shear coefficient (Ah) will depend on
all these parameters

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EARTHQUAKE ENGG Zone factor EARTHQUAKE ENGG

• India is divided into four seismic zones :-

1. Zone-I and II are clubbed in zone – II Seismic Zones in
2. Zone- V has most severe earthquake risk . India-
3. Zone –II has least earthquake risk.
Zone factor, Z :-
• Depends on maximum Earthquake observed
in past in a particular zone.

Zone II III IV V
Z Value 0.1 0.16 0.24 0.36

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EARTHQUAKE ENGG
Z factor EARTHQUAKE ENGG MCE and DBE value – z factor
• Zone factor is based on :- • MCE – Maximum Considered Earthquake value
considered by the code (Z Value)
• Maximum Considered Earthquake Values called
MCE Values • DBE – Design basic earthquake values are based
on the earthquake that can be reasonably
• MCE is value representing maximum intensity of
expected at least once during the design life of
earthquake observed in a particular zone as per
Structure.
past record of earthquake in that area.
• DBE Value = Z/2
• In design Value considered is only Z/2 that is
called Design basic Earthquake Value.

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 Importance factor (I)
EARTHQUAKE ENGG
Design approach EARTHQUAKE ENGG
• Importance factor depends on
• The design approach is to ensure the following: • Functional use of buildings
• Number of persons using the building.
• (a) that structures have at least a minimum strength to
withstand minor earthquakes ( less than DBE) which occur
frequently, without damage
I = 1.5 For Important buildings
• (b) that structures can resist moderate earthquakes (DBE)
( Critical and lifeline Buildings) :-
without significant structural damage though some non- like School buildings, hospitals, offices, important Service
structural damage may occur stations, Emergency Services
• (c) that structures can withstand major earthquakes (MCE)
without collapse of the structure. I = 1.2 For Residential and commercial buildings, having occupancy
more than 200 ( Business comm str)

I =1.0 For other buildings

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EARTHQUAKE ENGG R Value EARTHQUAKE ENGG Value of Sa/g ( For static analysis Method)
Type of building R Value
1 Ordinary RC moment-resisting frame ( OMRF ) 3.0 Type of Soil Range of time period Sa/g
2 Special RC moment-resisting frame ( SMRF ) 5.0
3 Load bearing masonry wall buildings For rocky, or hard soil 0.00 ≤ T ≤ o.4o 2.50
a. Unreinforced 1.5
0.40 ≤ T ≤ 4.00 1.00 / T
b. Un-Reinforced Masonry with horizontal RC bands 2.0
c. Un-Reinforced masonry with horizontal RC bands and vertical 2.5 T > 4.0 0.25
bars at corners and jambs of openings For medium soil 0.00 ≤ T ≤ 0.55 2.50
d. Reinforced Masonry 3.0
0.55 ≤ T ≤ 4.00 1.36 / T
e. Confined Masonry 3.0
T > 4.0 0.34
4 Buildings with Dual System
Ordinary shear wall with OMRF 3.0 For soft soil 0.00 ≤ T ≤ 0.67 2.50
Ordinary shear wall with SMRF 4.0 0.67 ≤ T ≤ 4.00 1.67 / T
Ductile shear wall with OMRF 4.0 T > 4.0 0.42
Ductile shear wall with SMRF 5.0
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EARTHQUAKE ENGG EARTHQUAKE ENGG

Type of Soil Range of time period Sa/g • Q1 A Residential Building having occupancy 400 to
For all type of soil T ≤ o.1o 1+ 15T
be constructed with brick masonry infill in Shillong
For rocky, or hard soil 0.10 ≤ T ≤ o.4o 2.50
with Ductility provisions as per IS 13920 on Medium
Soil. Size of building is
Value of
Sa/g ( For
0.40 ≤ T ≤ 4.00 1.00 / T • Length = 26m and width = 35m.
T > 4.0 0.25
response • Height = 16 meter
For medium soil 0.10 ≤ T ≤ 0.55 2.50
spectrum
Method) 0.55 ≤ T ≤ 4.00 1.36 / T • If Seismic weight of building is 260000 KN, Calculate
T > 4.0 0.34 the lateral force for which the building is to be
For soft soil 0.10 ≤ T ≤ 0.67 2.50 designed as per IS 1893.
0.67 ≤ T ≤ 4.00 1.67 / T
T > 4.0 0.42

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EARTHQUAKE ENGG • Q3 A SMRF Hospital building constructed in New Delhi on EARTHQUAKE ENGG
soft Soil. Length =36 meter. Effective moment of inertia of column and beams
• Calculate the Seismic forces as per IS 1893 for which the
building shall be designed. Show shear force diagram due • 6.4.3.1 For Structural analysis of structure,
to lateral forces. Moment of Inertia shall be taken as
• Actual weight of building for different floor are as follows • For columns = 70% of Igross
:-
Height of Area of Floor DL KN/m2 Live load
• For Beams = 35 % of Igross
Floor KN /m2
Ground Floor 6m 5800 Sqm 16 4
First floor 5m 5400 Sqm 16 4
Second floor 5m 5000 Sqm 15 4
Third Floor 4m 4800 Sqm 15 5
Terrace floor 4m 4800 Sqm 15 3
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EARTHQUAKE ENGG
Plan irregularity EARTHQUAKE ENGG

Torsional irregularity
1. Torsional Irregularity – 1.5 times
2. Re-entrant Corners
3. Non parallel force resisting system
4. Out of plane offsets
5. Floor slab having excessive cutout and
openings

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EARTHQUAKE ENGG
Re- entrant corners EARTHQUAKE ENGG
Cut out and openings

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EARTHQUAKE ENGG Non parallel force system EARTHQUAKE ENGG
Out of plane offsets in vertical

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EARTHQUAKE ENGG
Vertical irregularity EARTHQUAKE ENGG Stiffness irregularity – soft storey

• 1. Stiffness Irregularity (Soft Storey )

• 2. Mass Irregularity ( > 150 %)
• 3. Vertical Geometric Irregularity (>125% more )
• 4. Strength Irregularity ( Weak Storey)
• 5. Floating Column or Stub Column

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EARTHQUAKE ENGG Mass irregularity EARTHQUAKE ENGG

Vertical geometric irregularity

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EARTHQUAKE ENGG
In plane discontinuity EARTHQUAKE ENGG
Weak storey

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EARTHQUAKE ENGG MINIMUM DESIGN LATERAL EQK EARTHQUAKE ENGG

FORCE Centre of mass and centre of stiffness

1. Centre of Mass :- Centre of mass is CG where total mass of

is acting.
2. Centre of Stiffness :- CG of all lateral force resisting system
( Columns/ Shear Wall etc ) in a building is called center of
stiffness.
3. Centre of mass should match with centre of stiffness
1. to avoid any eccentricity and torsional moment.

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Dynamic analysis of structure

EARTHQUAKE ENGG EARTHQUAKE ENGG

•1 1. Dynamic analysis is compulsory for all

structure in Zone II, III, IV and V.
1. except for structure of height less than 15m in Zone II.
Centre of Mass
2. Dynamic analysis can be performed by
Centre of Stiffness 1. 1. Response spectrum method
2. 2. Time History Method.
3. The building behavior is checked for different mode of
movement due to Earthquake

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EARTHQUAKE ENGG EARTHQUAKE ENGG Oscillation

Oscillation

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EARTHQUAKE ENGG Natural frequency EARTHQUAKE ENGG Free and force vibration / resonance
1. Natural frequency, also known as eigen-frequency, is 1. Free vibrations of an elastic body are called natural
the frequency at which a system tends to oscillate in the vibrations and occur at a frequency called the
absence of any driving or damping force.
natural frequency.
2. The motion pattern of a system oscillating at its natural
frequency is called the normal mode. 2. Natural vibrations are different from forced
vibrations which happen at the frequency of an
applied force (forced frequency).
3. If the forced frequency is equal to the natural
frequency, the vibrations amplitude increases
manyfold. This phenomenon is known
as resonance.

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EARTHQUAKE ENGG EARTHQUAKE ENGG Fundamental frequency

Oscillation 1. In general, the system has a number of natural frequency
modes. However, first mode of natural frequency is known
as fundamental frequency.
2. The fundamental frequency is just the lowest possible
frequency among all the natural frequencies of vibration of
an object.
3. In a natural vibration, you just excite the object once. Then it
will vibrate for a while. Those are the “natural” vibrations of
the object.

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EARTHQUAKE ENGG DAMPING EARTHQUAKE ENGG
Shear Wall
• Damping is a phenomenon in which the energy of the
system is gradually reduced or Vibration is gradually • When a RCC wall is provided from
reduced and finally eliminated completely. foundation level to top of the building
• Types :- to resist lateral forces and other
1. Viscous dampers forces / Moments it is called a shear
2. Friction dampers wall.
Benefits of Dampers :- • A Brick work may also act as shear
1. Reduces the Movement of building to large scale wall if the Forces and Moment are
immediately reducing the damage. acting in the direction of plane of the
2. Reduces Base shear force and Storey drift Brick wall called In plane forces.
3. Reduces the displacement of building.

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EARTHQUAKE ENGG EARTHQUAKE ENGG

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EARTHQUAKE ENGG EARTHQUAKE ENGG

Is 13920
Ductile Design and Detailing of RCC
structures subjected to Seismic loads

M K SINGH
IES MADE EASY

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EARTHQUAKE ENGG Ductile detailing EARTHQUAKE ENGG
Ductile detailing
1. Ductile detailing is must • Ductility :- Ability of a material to undergo large
1. For all Buildings in Zone – III , IV & V. deformation without failure or damage.
2. For Zone –II it is optional. May be or may • Structural Ductility :- Ability of Structure or its
not be adopted. Depends on choice of component to undergo large inelastic deformations
owner of the building. without significant loss of strength or stiffness.
• Deformation may be measured :-
1. Deflection
2. Rotation
3. Curvature

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EARTHQUAKE ENGG
Ductile RCC structure EARTHQUAKE ENGG Ductile detailing - IS 13920
1. In RCC two material is used : - • Design & detailing of RCC structure done such that :-
1. Concrete :- Brittle material 1. The members behave ductile at the time of failure
2. Steel :- Ductile material 2. Failure of member ( Beam / Column ) shall not be sudden.
2. To make the structure Ductile we need to provide 3. Sustain heavy vibration due to earthquake without showing failure of
structure.
1. Suitable main reinforcement
4. Provide much time before failure of structure if failed.
2. Close stirrups / ties
3. Sizes of Columns and beams are also important to make the
structure ductile.

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EARTHQUAKE ENGG Grade of concrete and steel EARTHQUAKE ENGG Longitudinal steel
1. Minimum Grade of Concrete = M20 • 6.2.3 Longitudinal steel
But it shall be Minimum M25 for buildings - • on bottom face of a beam framing into a column
(a) Height > 15 m in zone – III / IV /V • at the face of the column
• shall be at least half of the steel on its top face.
Grade of concrete shall be not less than as required by
IS 456 based on exposure condition • 6.2.4 Longitudinal steel in beams at any
3. Grade of steel = Fe 415 or Less.
section
• on top or bottom face shall be
Fe 500-D and Fe 550-D may also be used • at least ¼th of longitudinal steel provided at the top face
 if the steel is ductile and of the beam at the face of column.
 % elongation of steel > 14.5% • As per Larger steel of at the two corner.

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EARTHQUAKE ENGG Splicing of bars in beams EARTHQUAKE ENGG Beam stirrups
• 6.2.6.1 Closed links shall be provided at spacing not •Spacing of stirrups in Beam
more than 150mm at the location of splice.
• Spacing of hoops over a length of 2d at either end of
Lap splice length > Ld
Not more than 50 % shall be lapped at one location
the beam shall not exceed-
• Lap shall not be provided in
1. d/4
Joint 2. 8 times the diameter of the smallest main bar,
Up to 2d distance from face of column 3. 100 mm
Within a quarter length of beam • Elsewhere, the beam shall have vertical hoops at a
spacing not exceeding d/2.

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Clause 6.3.5, IS13920

EARTHQUAKE ENGG Minimum size of column EARTHQUAKE ENGG LAP SPLICES IN COLUMN BARS
• 7.3.2.1 Closed links shall be provided at spacing
not more than 100mm at the location of splice.
Lap splice length > Ld as per Largest dia of bars.
Not more than 50 % shall be lapped at one
location
Lap shall not be used for dia > 32 mm
• Lap shall not be provided in
Joint
Up to 2d distance from face of beam

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EARTHQUAKE ENGG Transverse reinforcement EARTHQUAKE ENGG

8.1 Special confining reinforcement

• 7.4.2 (a) The diameter of ties shall not be • Special confining reinforcement shall be provided over a
length L0, from each joint face
less than 8mm for main reinforcement upto
• 8.1 (a) The length (L0) shall not be less than
32mm and 10mm for main bars more than 32
mm. ( a ) larger lateral dimension
( b ) 1/6 of clear span
• (b) The max spacing of links 300mm
( c ) 450 mm.
• (c) A cross tie shall be provided if length of • 8.1 (b) Spacing of hoops used as special confining
any leg exceed 300mm. reinforcement shall not exceed
• (d) Maximum spacing shall be half of the ( a) 1/4 of minimum dimension
minimum dimension of the member ( b) 6 times the dia of smallest bar
( c) 100 mm.
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