CASE STUDY #3 Urinary System (Urninary Tract Infection or UTI)

CASE STUDY #3: URINARY SYSTEM
“URINARY TRACT INFECTION or UTI”
-BRIEF DESCRIPTION
Urinary Tract Infection refers to an infection within the lower urinary tract, usually
affecting the bladder, although the urethra and uterus may be involved. The most
common organisms causing Urinary Tract Infections are: Escherichia coli (are bacteria
found in the environment, foods, and intestines of people and animals), Enterobacter (a
genus of common Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore-
forming bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae), Pseudomonas (a common genus of
bacteria, which can create infections in the body under certain circumstances), and
Serratia (a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria of the
family Yersiniaceae)
Types of UTIs:
An infection can happen in different parts of your urinary tract. Each type has a different
name, based on where it is:
Cystitis (bladder): You might feel like you need to pee a lot, or it might hurt when you
pee. You might also have lower belly pain and cloudy or bloody urine.
Pyelonephritis (kidneys): This can cause fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and pain in
your upper back or side.
Urethritis (urethra): This can cause a discharge and burning when you pee.
-SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

-Frequency, urgency, burning on urination, hematuria
-Inability to void or voiding in small amounts
-Incomplete emptying of the bladder
-Low back, suprapubic, abdominal or flank pain
-Positive urine cultures
-Chills, fever, malaise, nausea, vomiting
-CAUSES
Urinary tract infections typically occur when bacteria enter the urinary tract through the
urethra and begin to multiply in the bladder.
The most common UTIs occur mainly in women and affect the bladder and urethra.
Infection of the bladder (cystitis). This type of UTI is usually caused by Escherichia
coli (E. coli), a type of bacteria commonly found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
However, sometimes other bacteria are responsible.
Sexual intercourse may lead to cystitis, but you don't have to be sexually active to
develop it. All women are at risk of cystitis because of their anatomy — specifically, the
short distance from the urethra to the anus and the urethral opening to the bladder.
Infection of the urethra (urethritis). This type of UTI can occur when GI bacteria
spread from the anus to the urethra. Also, because the female urethra is close to the
vagina, sexually transmitted infections, such as herpes, gonorrhea, chlamydia and
mycoplasma, can cause urethritis.
-PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
UNRINARY TRACT
INECTION
Modifiable Factors:
Non-modifiable Factors:
Salt intake
Age
Poor hygiene
Contamination of the Sex
Sedentary lifestyle urethra of E. Coli
Colonization of the urethra era
Ascending of the bacteria to the

bladder
Invasion and multiplication

of bacteria and leukocytes
Inflammation and cause

UTI
Abdominal pain Urinary Frequency
Dysuria
-RISK FACTORS
Pregnant women are not more likely to develop a UTI than other women, but if one
does occur, it is more likely to travel up to the kidneys. This is because changes in the
body during pregnancy that affect the urinary tract.
As a UTI in pregnancy can prove dangerous for both maternal and infant health, most
pregnant women are tested for the presence of bacteria in their urine, even if there are
no symptoms, and treated with antibiotics to prevent spread.
People of any age and sex can develop a UTI. However, some people are more at risk
than others. The following factors can increase the likelihood of developing a UTI:
-Sexual intercourse, especially if more frequent, intense, and with multiple or new
partners
-Diabetes
-Poor personal hygiene
-Problems emptying the bladder completely
-Having a urinary catheter
-Bowel incontinence
-Blocked flow of urine
-Kidney stones
-Some forms of contraception
-Pregnancy
-Menopause
-Procedures involving the urinary tract
-Suppressed immune system
-Immobility for a long period
-Use of spermicides and tampons
-Heavy use of antibiotics, which can disrupt the natural flora of the bowel and
urinary tract
-COMPLICATIONS
UTI complications often occur as result of an untreated or undertreated infection. The
risk is also high in people with an underlying kidney disorder, diabetes, or diseases that
cause immune impairment (such as HIV).
Complications of a urinary tract infection include:
-Recurrent UTIs occurring at least twice in six months or four times in a year, most
commonly in women
-Urethral narrowing (stricture) in men with recurrent infections
-Increased risk of preterm birth and low birth weight in pregnancy
-Permanent kidney damage
-Sepsis (a potentially life-threatening, whole-body inflammatory response caused
by a severe infection)
In Children
Because a urinary tract infection in newborns will often have few, if any, of the classic
signs of a UTI, a child may only become symptomatic when sepsis (also referred to as
urosepsis) develops. Sepsis is always considered a medical emergency.
-Yellowing of the eyes and skin (jaundice)

-High Fever
-Decreased tone (floppiness)
-Vomiting
-Cloudy or bloody urine
-Irregular breathing
-Pale pallor or even a bluish skin tone (cyanosis)
-A bulging of the soft spot on the back of the head triggered by the development of
meningitis
In the Elderly
Since UTIs are frequently missed in the elderly, the infection may only become apparent
when urosepsis starts to affect the brain and other vital organs.
Symptoms include of this dangerous complication include:
-An abnormally rapid heart rate (tachycardia)

-High fever or hypothermia (body temperatures below 95 degrees)
-Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath (dyspnea)
-Profuse sweating
-Sudden extreme anxiety
-Severe back, abdominal, or pelvic pain
-Dementia-like symptoms triggered by the development of brain inflammation
(encephalitis)
If left untreated, sepsis can lead to septic shock, organ failure, and death.
-PREVENTIONS
There are several measures that can be taken to reduce the risk of developing a UTI:
-Drink lots of water and urinate frequently.

-Avoid fluids such as alcohol and caffeine that can irritate the bladder.
-Urinate shortly after sex.
-Wipe from front to back after urinating and bowel movement.
-Keep the genital area clean. Showers are preferred to baths and avoid using oils.
-Sanitary pads or menstrual cups are preferred to tampons.
-Avoid using a diaphragm or spermicide for birth control. Avoid using any perfumed
products in the genital area.
-Wear cotton underwear and loose-fitting clothing to keep the area around the
urethra dry.

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CASE STUDY #3: URINARY SYSTEM

“URINARY TRACT INFECTION or UTI”

-SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Colonization of the urethra era

Ascending of the bacteria to the

Invasion and multiplication

Inflammation and cause

Complications of a urinary tract infection include:

-Yellowing of the eyes and skin (jaundice)

Symptoms include of this dangerous complication include:

-An abnormally rapid heart rate (tachycardia)

-Drink lots of water and urinate frequently.

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