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    Dynamics 2

    Uploaded by

    Arpita Dey
    1. This document discusses several examples of oscillations, including: a projectile launched at an angle, a mass attached to a spring, and a simple pendulum. Equations of motion are derived for position, acceleration, and the conservation of mechanical energy in each case. 2. For a mass on a spring, the equation of motion is derived as a harmonic oscillator and the solution is a cosine or sine function. It is shown that the mechanical energy of the spring-mass system is conserved. 3. When a mass on a spring experiences friction, a new equation of motion is derived and the behavior as it comes to rest is analyzed.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Dynamics 2

    Uploaded by

    Arpita Dey
    36 views1 page
    1. This document discusses several examples of oscillations, including: a projectile launched at an angle, a mass attached to a spring, and a simple pendulum. Equations of motion are derived for position, acceleration, and the conservation of mechanical energy in each case. 2. For a mass on a spring, the equation of motion is derived as a harmonic oscillator and the solution is a cosine or sine function. It is shown that the mechanical energy of the spring-mass system is conserved. 3. When a mass on a spring experiences friction, a new equation of motion is derived and the behavior as it comes to rest is analyzed.

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    1. This document discusses several examples of oscillations, including: a projectile launched at an angle, a mass attached to a spring, and a simple pendulum. Equations of motion are derived for position, acceleration, and the conservation of mechanical energy in each case. 2. For a mass on a spring, the equation of motion is derived as a harmonic oscillator and the solution is a cosine or sine function. It is shown that the mechanical energy of the spring-mass system is conserved. 3. When a mass on a spring experiences friction, a new equation of motion is derived and the behavior as it comes to rest is analyzed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    36 views1 page

    Dynamics 2

    Uploaded by

    Arpita Dey
    1. This document discusses several examples of oscillations, including: a projectile launched at an angle, a mass attached to a spring, and a simple pendulum. Equations of motion are derived for position, acceleration, and the conservation of mechanical energy in each case. 2. For a mass on a spring, the equation of motion is derived as a harmonic oscillator and the solution is a cosine or sine function. It is shown that the mechanical energy of the spring-mass system is conserved. 3. When a mass on a spring experiences friction, a new equation of motion is derived and the behavior as it comes to rest is analyzed.

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    DYNAMICS 2 — Oscillations and Further Examples.

    1. Say a projectile of mass m is shot at time t = 0 from the origin with speed V at an angle α to the horizontal.
    Throughout the motion the particle is acted on by gravity so that d2 y/dt2 = −g.
    (i) Write down the initial conditions x(0), y(0), x′ (0), y ′ (0).
    (ii) Determine the particle’s position vector (x(t), y(t)) at time t.
    (iii) Determine where the projectile lands (returns to ground level y = 0).
    (iv) What value of α maximises the distance travelled?
    (v) Show that  
    2  2 
    1 dx dy 1
    m + + mgy = mV 2
    2 dt dt 2
    throughout the motion.
    2. If a spring,with spring constant α, is stretched by an extension x, Hooke’s Law states that the force on the particle
    has magnitude α |x| towards the equilibrium. Thus whether the extension x is positive (an extension) or negative (a
    compression) Newton’s Second Law gives
    d2 x
    m 2 = −αx.
    dt
    Show that the general solution of this equation is
    x(t) = A cos ωt + B sin ωt,
    for constants A and B, and where ω 2 = α/m. Show that
     2
    1 dx 1
    m + αx2 = E
    2 dt 2
    is constant throughout the motion. What does the quantity 12 αx2 represent?
    3. Say that the particle and spring in Question 2 lie on a rough table, so that there is a resistant frictional force of
    magnitude µmg (coefficient of friction µ) when the particle is in motion and we have
    d2 x
    m = −αx + µmg when x  0.
    dt2
    Say that we have initially x(0) = ε > 0 and x′ (0) = 0. What happens if µ  αε/(mg)? Show that if
    εα εα
    <µ<
    2mg mg
    then the particle comes to rest before its normal equilibrium position, and find the value of x where this occurs.
    Show that  2
    1 dx 1 1
    m + αx2 = αε2 + µmg(x − ε),
    2 dt 2 2
    throughout the motion and explain the significance of the terms in this identity.
    4. Consider a mass m at the end of a light inextensible rod of length l making small swings under gravity; let θ denote
    the angle the rod makes with the vertical.
    (i) Note that r = (l sin θ, −l cos θ). What do dr/dt and d2 r/dt2 equal?
    (ii) Use Newton’s Second Law to show that
    d2 θ
    l = −g sin θ,
    dt2
    and find an expression for the tension in the rod.
    (iii) Show throughout the motion that 21 ml2 (dθ/dt)2 − mgl cos θ = E is constant.
    (iv) Say that the pendulum’s oscillations
     are small enough that the approximation sin θ ≈ θ applies. Show that the
    pendulum’s swings have period 2π l/g.
    (v) More generally if the particle starts off with θ = α, dθ/dt = 0, show that the oscillations have exact period
     
    α
    l dθ
    4 √ .
    2g 0 cos θ − cos α

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