A DISSERTATION ON

NUTRITIONAL INTAKE AND ITS IMPACT ON

HEALTH OF RURAL WOMEN: A STUDY IN
CHAURPUR VILLAGE OF DHANKAUDA BLOCK,
SAMBALPUR DISTRICT, ODISHA

A
Dissertation submitted In Partial fulfilment
Of the requirements
For the Degree of

MASTER OF ARTS
IN
SOCIOLOGY

Sambalpur University

Under the Supervision Of: Submitted By:

Dr. Srimati Nayak Nibedita Sahu
Associate Professor in Roll No-16/SOC/013
Dept. of Sociology, S.U. Regd. No. 11351/12

POST GRADUATE DEPT. OF SOCIOLOGY

SAMBALPUR UNIVERSITY, JYOTI VIHAR,
BURLA, ODISHA – 768019.
1
P.G. Department of Sociology
Sambalpur

University
Jyoti Vihar, Burla

Orissa – 768019

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that NIBEDITA SAHU has done this dissertation work
entitled “NUTRITIONAL INTAKE AND ITS IMPACT ON HEALTH OF RURAL
WOMEN: A STUDY IN CHAURPUR VILLAGE OF DHANKAUDA BLOCK,
SAMBALPUR DISTRICT”. I further certify that this thesis is the record of
the original works conducted by her and that to the best of my
knowledge. No part of the content has been submitted to any other
institution/university before for award of any degree or diploma

Dr. Srimati Nayak

DATE:
PLACE: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR IN DEPT.Of
SOCIOLOGYS.U.

2
 DECLARATION

I Mis.Nibedita Sahu, a student of P.G. Department of Sociology do

hereby declare that the dissertation entitled “Nutritional intake and its
impact on health of rural women: a study in Chaurpur village of
Dhankauda block, Sambalpur district” has been submitted in partial
fulfillment for the degree of Master of Sociology. The dissertation is
prepared by my own efforts. All the information are true to the best of my
knowledge.
 

Nibedita Sahu
Roll No. -16/SOC/013
P.G.Department of Sociology,
Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar Burla

3
This thesis is dedicated

To my

Loving parents

And

Respected Guide

4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I acknowledge my sincere gratitude to my Supervisor Dr. Srimati

Nayak, Associate Professor in Department of Sociology, Sambalpur
University, Jyotivihar, Burla, for her valuable and inspiring guidance.

I also express my deep sense of gratitude to Prof. Tattwamasi

Paltasingh, HOD and Dr. Saswat Chndra Pujari, Assistant Profesor in
Department of Sociology, Sambalpur University, Jyotivihar, Burla, for their
valuable suggestions and encouragement.

I am also thankful to our PhD scholars Kiran Jamdalia, Sujita Sethy and
Madhusmita Barwa, of the Department of Sociology, for their co-
operation during my field work.

I further thank to Anganwadi Karmi, Asha Karmi, staff of PHC and all
the respondents who gave me their valuable information for the
completion of this thesis.

Nibedita Sahu

5
 PREFACE
Poor women’s nutrition has negative consequences on her health and
that of the entire family. However, despite the central role that a woman
plays in the health and well-being of members of her household, little
attention has been paid to her nutrition needs as other development
challenges have been viewed as more important. Available evidence from
Demographic and Health Surveys suggest deteriorating nutritional status.

The result showed that factors such as: employment status, marital
status, education level, age of the women, types of family, height, weight,
toilet facility, food consumption pattern and socioeconomic status are
significant to under nutrition in Chaurpur Village.

The study findings points to be need to implement combination

policies to address malnutrition. In combating under nutrition, there is
need to: scale up social protection to target rural poor women; carry out
awareness creation on the importance of nutrition education among
women.

The government also needs to rural upgrading programs as a long

term solution to improve nutrition status. The rural upgrading can help in
the provision of publicly provided inputs to nutrition production such as
sewerage, portable water and electricity in these areas.

6
 CONTENTS

Certificate
Declaration
Acknowledgement
Preface

Chapter-I Introduction

1.1: Introduction

1.2: Review of literature and gaps in literature

1.3: Statement of the research problem

1.4: Sociological relevance of the study

1.5: Objectives

1.6: Hypotheses

1.7: Methodology of the study

1.8: Problems encountered during the field work

Chapter-II Description of the field

2.1 Introduction
2.2 India Map
2.3 Map of Odisha
2.4 Map of Sambalpur District
2.5 Social map of Chaurpur villag
2.6 History of the village
2.7 Households data
7
 2.8 Total male and female population data
2.9 Children population data (0-6years)
2.10Infrastructure facilities
2.11 Health care facilities

Chapter-III Social Background of the respondent

3.1 Social category of the respondents

3.2 Religion

3.3Age
3.4Education
3.5Types of family
3.6Marital status
3.7Occupation
3.8Annual income

Chapter IV living condition of the respondents

4.1Number of rooms in their home
4.2Material of the roof
4.3Material of the wall
4.4Material of the floor
4.5Household cattle shed
4.6Main fuel use for cooking
4.7Main fuel for lighting
4.8Source of drinking water
4.9Toilet facility

Chapter V Land ownership status

8
 5.1 Cultivable, homestead and un-cultivable
land

Chapter VI Data Analysis

6.1Height of the respondents

6.2 Weight of the respondents

6.3 Recipe of breakfast item

6.4 Recipe of lunch

6.5 Recipe of snacks

6.6 Recipe of dinner

6.7 Amount of food they intake per week

6.8Frequency of food intake per day

6.9Take food at proper time

6.10Do exercise per day

6.11Taking any types of drugs

6.12Taking food away from home

6.13Types of drinking water intake

6.14Doing fast in a year

6.15Satisfy with food consumption pattern

9
 6.16Impact of food on health

6.17Getting benefit through government scheme

6.18Accessibility of health care facilities

Chapter VII Summary of the findings, conclusion and

suggestions

References

Photography

Annexure- Copy of Interview Schedule

List of tables and figures:

 India map
 Odisha map
 Sambalpur district map
 Chaurpur village map
 Village households data
 Chaurpur village population data
 Chaurpur village infrastructure
 Social category of the respondents
 Religion of the respondents
 Marital status
 Educational qualification
 Occupation
 Annual income
 Living condition
 Types of family
 Land ownership status
 Height
 Weight

10
  Food consumption pattern
 Source and types of drinking water facility
 Toilet facility
 Accessibility of Health care facility

CHAPTER I

1.1 INTRODUCTION:
Nutrition level is one of the main determinants of an individual health. Health
depends in part to nutrition. Thus in improving health, societies strive to
eliminate malnutrition that is a condition that results either from eating a diet
in which certain nutrients are lacking or is in excess.

Woman nutrition has important implications for her health as well as the
health of her children. The importance of health care of women is of vital
importance as they have to hold the responsibility of motherhood. They
represent poor pre-pregnancy status and constitute the vulnerable group
because of poor intake of food and heavy work at home and at farm. Rural
women mostly suffer from chronic energy deficiency and their body weight
always maintained at 40-45 kg. Motherhood for the majority of poor Indian
women has always been a period of fraught with difficulties, given the low
nutrition and harsh living conditions.

Thus the present study indicates that the rural women would not have
optimum nutrition; therefore the findings of the study reveal that there is an

11
 urgent need to initiate nutrition supplementary intervention measures as well
as nutrition education programs to improve the health and nutrition of women
from deprived community.

1.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

The scientific inquires based on systematic thinking; factual observation and past
experience becomes a sound base of knowledge for the future research work to be
undertaken. Review of literature has not only widened to the understanding the
theme related to the study, but also has Sharpe the method of arranging the
components in the framework of the study. Thus there are some reviews of literature
based on nutritional intake of women as following:
 Kusin JA, et al. Trop Geogr Med. (1979), they conducted a study in the rural
parts of nine regencies of the province of East Java Indonesia, women nutrition
surveys was carried out. Their diet, including consumption frequency of staple
and secondary foodstuffs, was registered by interview. Of a total of 3,828
mothers of children 0-15 years old 37% were lactating and 6.7% were
pregnant. Of the latter some 10% were still nursing a child.
 Bishoni (2002), His study conducted in Haryana that intake of pulses, roots
and other vegetables by the respondents were significantly lower than the
prescribed Indian Recommended dietary intake(RDI).
 Girma and Gebebo(2002)-Their study showed that unprotected water source
and non availability of toilet facility could lead to malnutrition as diarrhea
prevents adequate absorption of nutrients.
 Hossien Shabanali Fami, V. Veerabhadraiah, and Kamal G. Nath (2002)-They
studied in the Tafresh area of Iran to assess the dietary patterns, time
allocation, and nutritional status of rural women in relation to their
participation in mixed farming activities. Result showed that, cereals and grains
were the major source of energy intake. According to measurements of body
mass index (BMI), the respondents were well nourished. However, despite the
high level of BMI, analysis suggested a negative energy balance.

12
 A study conducted by Verma et al. (2003), on 320 females representing rural
populations of selected areas of district Shimla of Himachal Pradesh found that
wheat and maize were the main cereals consumed by the respondants. Among
pulses, black gram, and dal was below and protein intake was above the
recommended levels but this different was not statistically significant. The iron
consumption was below the recommended levels. The intake of calcium
vitamin C and vitamin A was lower when compared with recommended level.
The BMI calculation suggested that majority of were normal nutritional status.
 Marinda (2006), his study conducted in rural Kenya indicated that at equal
levels of income household in which women have greater control over their
income are well nourished as they are likely to spend their earnings on health
and nutrition.
 Pongou et al. (2006), he noted that unclean water may affect nutritional status
through diarrheal diseases.
 Singh (2006), he conducted a study in Haryana, it revealed that milk intake was
so poor that only 18% reported taking milk daily, once in a week 43% and
majority had never taken during the lactation.
 Girma (2007), she found that environmental factors like assess to modern
toilet and clean water is highly significant in the nutritional status of both
children and women.
 A study on knowledge and adoption of selected health and nutritional
practices by rural women in Belgaum district, Karnatak Vani (2007) found that
31.33% of the respondants had high, 49.34% had medium and the remaining
19.33% had low knowledge level regarding health and nutritional practices.
 Ajieroh (2009), he has noted that unhygienic environment due to inadequate
water and sanitation can increase chances of infection diseases thus indirectly
cause certain types of malnutrition.
 In West Africa, Ajieroh (2010) noted that malnutrition is higher among rural
households rather than urban.
 Betew and Telake (2010), they examined under nutrition among rural women
was 1.5 times higher than women in urban areas.

13
 K. Mallikharjuna Rao, N. Bakakrishna, N. Arlappa, A. Laxmaiah and
GN.V.Brahmam (2010), they conducted a study on diet and nutritional status
of tribal and rural population respectively in nine states of India. The intake of
all the foods except for other vegetables and roots and tubers was lower than
the suggested level among rural as well as tribal women. The study revealed
inadequate dietary intake, especially micronutrient deficiency during
pregnancy and lactation. Tribal women were particularly vulnerable to under
nutrition compared to women in rural areas.
 L.H. Madhavi, H.K.G. Singh (2011), they were conducted a cross-sectional
community based study in pregnant women in the field practice area of
RCHTC, Hebbal. Result behind the study was majority of women had
inadequate protein & calorie consumption during pregnancy. Anemia was
found to be more common whose age at 1 st pregnancy was <20years.
Government hospital services were utilized by 78.63% but only 58.97%
received iron and folic acid tablets and 70.94% had taken injection Tetanus
Toxic (TT).
 A study in Kenya, Steyn et al. (2011), found that malnutrition was significantly
more likely for unmarried women.
 A study in Bangladesh, Hossain B (2013), conducted that malnutrition among
the rural Bangladeshi women reproductive age is still very high.
 Agugo UA, Onuador L, Okere TO, Uchegbulem ANP, Iheme GO (2017), they
were conducted a study in 2016 to determine the influence of work load and
food consumption pattern on the nutritional status of rural women farmers in
Ukwuube in Nkwere, LGA Imo state, Nigeria. It was observed that majority of
the respondents regularly skip breakfast meals while hurrying to get to the
farm. About 48% rarely consume three meals in a day.
 Mahfuza Khanom Sheema, Md. Redwanur Rahman, Zakia Yasmin, Md.
Shahidur Rahman Choudhary, Md. Yeamin Ali, Md. Fozla Rabbi, Akib Jved
(2017), they conducted a study on food habit and dietary nutritional status of
rural women in Bangledesh. Result showed that rice is the staple food where
38.6% respondents took rice 3 times per day. Around 64% too fruits daily 80%

14
 have chicken on weekly basis. 2% women drink milk daily and 50.3% on daily
basis.
 Nihar Ranjan Rout (2017), he was conducted a study on food consumption
pattern and nutritional status of rural and urban women in Orissa. 33% of
urban women and 48% of rural women were found to be in the low BMI group.
As far as food consumption was concerned, urban women enjoyed a better
position in all the food items rather than rural women.
 Vatsala L, Prakash J, Prabhavati SN (2017), they were conducted a study
regarding the nutritional and food security status of women selected from a
village in Maysuru district situated in South India. Result showed that majority
of respondents belonged to low income group and availed facilities under
different welfare schemes. Cereals and pulses were major agricultural product.
Most of it was sold and a small portion retained for household use. An overall
assessment of food security indicated that the diets needed qualitative
improvement and despite being engaged in agriculture, protective foods were
missing from diet.

GAPS IN LITERATURE:
From the review of literature there is a gap in the studies of different researcher in
different places. The main gap of their studies is that, they only determined the
nutritional intake and its impact on health of women but not on men.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM:

15
 • Women represent half of the world populations and contribute greatly to the
functioning of society. Their poor nutrition presents adverse health and
socioeconomic consequences in society. The potential consequences include
poor reproductive health outcomes such maternal death during or after child
birth (Gemeda et al. 2013).

• Women nutrition does not only affect them but the family at large especially
the children. For example the nutrition of babies and infants is closely linked to
the health of their mother before, during and after pregnancy (Smith and
Haddad, 2000).

• However ,little attention has been put to address the cause of women mal
nutrition as other development challenges have been viewed as more
important thus given priority (Loaiza, 1997).

• This study, observing the dearth of literature, seeks to provide understanding

of the key determinates of women malnutrition in Chaunprur village using
national representative data. The study is premised on the understanding that
food intake only affects in part of nutrition and there is other underlying
determinants women malnutrition that needs to be investigated.

1.4 SOCIOLOGICAL RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY:

SYMBOLIC INTERACTION THEORY:
Nutrition intake of women is related to the food production, consumption and
distribution among them as well as to their children and family. Through the symbolic
internationalist, there are many symbols that have to do with the sociology of food.
Food, in many cultures brings people together and connects them on multiple
different levels. For example, the tradition of eating with the family around the table.

16
It represents togetherness with one another and communication. Food itself could
symbolize something greater than what it is. In America, fast food could represent the
busy family that needs a quick dinner to some. So it determines their health and
nutritional status.
FEMINIST THEORY:
• Nutrition intake of women is also determined from the feminist theory. For
instance, women are not treated equal to men in many ways in particular to
health. They are not allowed to own property, they had no freedom to choose
their work or job, they intake lees amount of protein food rather than men and
so on. In this way they are discriminated and suffering from their health and
nutrition.
• But in day to day the constitutional makers and national leaders strongly
demand equal social position of women with men. Today we have seen
women occupied the respectable position in all work of the field and they lead
to a good health and nutrition.

1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

 To assess socioeconomic status of the respondents.

 To analyze the food consumption pattern and nutritional intake of women in
chaurpur village.
 To study the general awareness and practices of rural women regarding
nutrition and health.
 To suggest appropriate policies and preventive measures to combat problems
of malnutrition required to maintain good health.

17
1.6 HYPOTHESES:

 Based on my research, the lower socioeconomic groups are taking lack of

nutritional food. They only take carbohydrates, such as rice, potato etc.
 I saw the different types of food consumption pattern among different class.
The higher class women are taking all types of nutritious foods but the lower
class women are taking same varieties of food as per their food consumption
pattern in day to day life.
 Among all of the women, some are more aware about their nutrition and
health and also they know the government policies and programmes about
malnutrition but some have lack of awareness about malnutrition policies and
programmes through the government.

1.7 METHODOLOGY:
Research is expert, systematic and accurate investigation. An expert researcher
gathers data through systematic planning and correct execution of his plans. As such
methodology is one of the main procedures to be adopted by the researcher.

50 sample sizes were taken of women from the household. The age of sample ranges
from 20 to 80 years. The sample was selected by stratified random sampling
techniques from the exhaustive source lists supplied by the caste association in the
respective regions. The stratification was done based on the economic levels of the
population. As there were more number of people who belong to lower income group
rather than middle and upper, proportionate sample was selected from each strata.

The primary data was collected from the field work and the secondary data from the
Anganwadi center, block office, PHC, and experienced people from that village.

Before finalizing the schedule, wherever the questions were not suited and ambiguous
so, more questions were added to include the aspects not covered by the tentative
schedule. Thus the schedule was brought up into a final format.

Collection of data:
The investigator’s main function is to collect data in an accurate manner without
committing errors. Impartial collection of data with an open mind and presentation of
the facts, are also important in the research surveys. Before administrating the
schedule, rapport was established by making a few visits to the field area, where he

18
explained the purpose of study and aims and objectives, and the researcher gathered
information from the people in general about various aspects concerning the topic.

The investigator separately met the key person of the people and explained the aim of
collecting the data and sought their fullest co-operation in conducting the research
work.

The interviews were conducted personally by going from door to door. As the
questions were simple and easy, it became very easy for the collection of data. The
work was completed in a quick manner.

 Selection of area: chaunrpur village is one of the developing village of

sambalpur district, hence it was selected for the present study.
 Selection of sample: The stratified random sampling was selected on the
caste basis from chaurpur village. (sample size N=50)
 Method of study: Interview schedule, observation, focused group
discussion and face to face interaction methods were used to obtain the
information.
 Formation of the Interview schedule : Mostly simple open ended
questions were used to base on the objectives of the study.
 Data collection techniques: Observation and close interaction with the
respondents.

19
1.8 Difficulties encountered during the fieldwork:
As the study was a unique one for the respondents most of them were
showing great enthusiasm in giving information besides questioning the
researcher a number of times on various things. In certain places interviews
were held for more than two hours.

In the case of getting annual income particulars most of the people have not
revealed their correct income. However cross questions were put to them and
elicited the maximum information.

20
 CHAPTER II

2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE FIELD:

The description of the field gives us the overall knowledge regarding the
area of study, the population, religion and culture, natural resources, education
facilities, health facilities and the infrastructural facilities in the area and also
communication available to the area. Field study is a part of our course. Through
this field study, we interact with the various types of people and their problems in
society. The description of the field gives us the overall knowledge regarding the
area of study. The field work should be carried on natural setting in a form of
experiment. The Important aspect of field work is the training of adjustment in
alien situation and to find out the local problems with the help of various tools and
techniques. Village means group of people living in restricted area separated from
other group. They depend upon agricultural activities.

Chaunrpur village is a small village, which is located in Dhankouda block of Sambalpur

district, Odisha with total 273 families residing there. The Chaunrpur village
population has of 1123 of which 550 are males which make up 48.97% while 573 are
females which make up 51.02%.

In Chaunrpur village population of children with age 0-6 is 85. The male children are
44 which make up 51.76% while female children are 41 which make up 48.23% of total
population. Literacy rate of Chaunrpur village is 69.30%. Male literacy rates are at
78.30% while female literacy rate is 59.67%

In chaurpur village the infrastructure facilities including Health care center, Anganwadi
Kendra, U.P School, High school, telecom network and water tank are Avalable.

COMMUNICATION:
Post office, land line, mobile coverage and private courier facilities are
available in this village. There is no internet center in less than 5 km.
TRANSPORTATION:

21
 Autos, bike, tractor and man pulled bicycles are available in this village. There
is no public bus and railway station in less than 5 km.
DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION:
Tap water supply, well and tube well are available in this village.
No drainage system available in this village. There is no system to collect
garbage on street.
COMMERCE:
There is no ATM, commercial and cooperative bank in less than 10 km.

2.2 INDIA MAP:

2.3 ODISHA MAP:

22
2.4SAMBALPUR DISTRICT MAP:

2.5 CHAUNRPUR VILLAGE MAP:

23
2.6 History of Chaurpur village:

Every village has its own history, with the passage of the time the history becomes
vast and it becomes a story for everyone. And the history of the village passes
through generation to generation. In course of time this history becomes a story.
The village chaurpur has its own history.

Chaurpur village is located at 4k.m. distance from Sambalpur district. It has a large
historical significance in developing the western culture of Odisha, with the course of
time its identity has been lost. The emergence of western culture can be known by
deeply examine the history of this village.

In the traditional period, whole Sambalpur district came under the Balangir king. After
death of the king the the king divided the region into two parts made border as Anga

24
river. The Sambalpur part given to Balaram Deo, who became the king of Sambalpur
and the Balangir region given to Narasingha Deo who was became the king of
Balangir.

One day Balaram Deo came to the village Jhankar pali on the hunting purpose with his
soldiers. During that time they felt hungry and try to collect the rice from the villagers.
It was very difficult for them to collect the rice because as the less number of people
were living at that time. In this situation suddenly an old woman came in front of the
king and asked him, what amount of rice have you required and gave him one hand
full amount of rice to feed and it is unbelievable for king that, this handful rice made
satisfy the king and the soldiers also. Thus the village name in such incident called as
Chaulpur village (chaul-rice) and became modified to Chaunrpur.

There was another incident shocked by the king that, when he was coming to the
village suddenly a rabbit came across to him and immediately he tried to returning the
Sambalpur. In same day at night he saw a dream that about the Devi Samlei told him,
she has came across by changing her look as rabbit. And message to the king that she
is in Chaurpur. Then the king was starting worship to her by coming everyday from
Sambalpur. At the rainy season with the increasing the level of water of river, he did
not come to the village in order to worship the Goddess. In that case he remembered
the goddess and the goddess again dream to him and told that, “ if you cannot reach
to me, I will reach near to you”. So goddess Samleswari was 1 st event in Chaunrpur
village then shifted to Sambalpur.

Table 2.7: Household data of Chaurpur village:

Sl .NO Category Households Percentage (%)
1 SC 188 68.86%
2 ST 45 16.48%
3 OBC 35 12.82%
4 General 5 1.83%
Total 273 100%
Source: Field Survey conducted in Chaurpur Village of Sambalpur District,
Odisha-2018.

25
Table 2.7 shows that the household data of Chaunrpur village. Therefore the
total households are 273. SC households are 188 which make up 68.86%, ST
are 45 which make up 16.48%, OBC are 35 which make up 12.82% and General
are 5 which make up 1.83%.
200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
SC ST OBC General

Table 2.8: Population data of Chaurpur village:

Sl.NO. Category Male % Female % Total %
1 SC 313 27.87 349 31.07 662 58.94%
% %
2 ST 101 8.99% 77 6.85% 178 15.85%
3 OBC 117 10.41 136 12.11 253 22.52%
% %
4 General 19 1.69% 11 0.97% 30 2.67%
Total 550 48.97 573 51.02 1123 100%
% %

Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur Village of Sambalpur

district, Odisha-2018.
Table 2.8 shows that 48.97% are male and 51.02% are female in Chaurpur
village.

26
 350

300

250

200
male
Series 3
150

100

50

0
SC ST OBC General

Table 2.9: Child population data (0-6years):

Sl.NO. Category Male % Female % Total %
1 SC 21 24.70% 30 35.29% 51 60%
2 ST 11 12.94% 6 7.05% 17 20%
3 OBC 9 10.58% 4 4.70% 13 15.29%
4 General 3 3.52% 1 1.17% 4 4.70%
Total 44 51.76% 41 48.23% 85 100%

Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur

district, Odisha-2018.
Table 2.9 reveals that the child population of Chaurpur village.
There are 44 male children and 41 female children residing in that
village.

27
 30

25

20

15
male
Series 3
10

0 Series 3
SC
ST male
OBC
General

Table 2.10: Infrastructure facility in chaurpur village:

Sl. Infrastructure No
No
1 Primary school 01
2 M.E School 01
3 High School 01
4 Anganwadi Kendra 01
5 Post office 01
6 PHC 01
7 Temple 06
8 Club 02
9 ANM centre 01
10 Telecom Network 01
11 Tube-well 09
12 Well 06
13 Tap 12
Source: Field survey
14 Shops 05
conducted in Chaurpur
village of Sambalpur district-2018.
In chaurpur village the infrastructure facilities including Health care center,
Anganwadi Kendra, U.P School, High school, telecom network, shops, temple, post
office, club and water tank are available.

2.11 Health care facilities:-

Staffs in Hospital:
28
Sl Hospital staff No.
No.
1 MBBS doctor 01
2 Ayush doctor 01
3 Pharmacist 01
4 ANM 01
5 ASHA 01
6 Nurse 01
7 Public health 01
manager
Total 06
Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur
district, Odisha-2018.

Infrastructure facilities in Hospital:

Sl Infrastructure NO.
No.
1 Bed 03
2 Wheel-chair 02
3 Stethoscope 03
4 Hemoglobin 01
testing mechine
5 Gluco-meter 01
6 Medicine store 01

CHAPTERIII
Socioeconomic status of the respondents
Table3.1: Distribution of women on the basis of their social
category:
Sl.No Social category N=50 Percentage (%)

29
 1 General 2 4%

2 OBC 4 8%

3 ST 0 0%

4 SC 44 88%

Total 50 100%

Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur district,

Odisha-2018.
How much and what people eat and what work they do differs significantly by caste or
their social category. It is divided in to 4 categories, such as: SC, ST, OBC and GENERAL.
One on household consumption expenditure by a social group and the other on
employment and unemployment by a social group. The food items that the different
social groups spend on, changes with caste. Higher castes spend significantly more on
milk and milk products. But spending on cereals and eggs and meat does not change
significantly by caste in absolute terms.

While in general SC and ST households spend substantially less than OBC and upper
castes ones.SC households are most likely to be engaged in causal labor in rural areas.
SC and ST households are among India’s poorest, and both the occupational profile
and consumption patterns should be seen as a function of poverty.
Table-3.1 shows that distribution of women according to their social categories, 4% of
women are belonging to General category, 8% of women are belonging to OBC, 88%
of women are belonging to Scheduled Caste and there have no Scheduled Tribe
respondent.

30
 A Pie chart of distribution of women according to social
category:
4%
8%
General
OBC
SC
ST

88%

Table3.2: Distribution of women as per their religion:

Sl.NO Religion N Percentage
1 Hindu 49 98%
2 Christian 1 2%
Total 50 100%
Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur district,
Odisha-2018.
Religion is defined as a cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, World
views, texts, sanctified places, prophesies, ethics or organizations that relate humanity
to the supernatural, transcendental or spiritual. The World’s population is affiliated
with one of the five largest religions, namely Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and
Buddhism.
Many religious customs and laws may also be traced to early concerns for health and
safety in consuming foods or Liquids.
Hindus do not consume any foods that might slow down spiritual or physical growth.
The eating of meat is not prohibited, but pork, fowl, ducks, snails, crabs and camels
are avoided. The cow is sacred to Hindus, and therefore no beef is consumed. Other
products from the cow, however, such as milk, and butter are considered innately
pure and are thought to promote purity of the mind, spirit and body.
Table-3.2 reveals that distribution of women according to religion, therefore 98% of
women are belonging to Hindu Religion and only 2% of women are belonging to
Christian Religion.

31
 Religion of the respondent:

2%

Hindu
Christian

4th Qtr

98%

Table3.3: Distribution of women on the basis of their age

group:
Sl.No. Age group(years) N=50 Percentage (%)

1 20-25 3 6%
2 26-30 7 14%
3 31-35 3 6%
4 36-40 2 4%
5 41-45 4 8%
6 46-50 5 10%
7 51-55 6 12%
8 56-60 6 12%
9 61-65 4 8%
10 66-70 3 6%
11 71-75 4 8%
12 76-80 3 6%
Total 50 100%
Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur district,
Odisha-2018.
Age is one of the important characteristics of human beings. It not only indicates the
physical and psychical maturity of people but it also indicates their knowledge,
wisdom and experiences.

Table 3.3 shows that distribution of women according to their age group. Therefore
6% of women are belonging to 20-25, 31-35, 66-70 and 46-50 age, 14% are belonging
to 26-30 age, 4% are belonging from 36-40 age, 8% are belonging to 61-65, 41-45, 10%
are belonging from 46-50 and 12% are belonging from 51-55 and 56-60 age.

32
 Age of the respondent:

8% 6% 6% 14%
6% 20-25 26-30
31-35 36-40
8% 6% 41-45 46-50
51-55 56-60
61-65 66-70
4% 71-75 76-80

12% 12% 8%
10%

Table 3.4: Distribution of women on the basis of their

education:
SL.NO. Education N=50 Percentage (%)

1 Illiterate 7 14%

2 Primary education 16 32%

3 Upper primary education 5 10%

4 Secondary education 14 28%

5 Intermediate 6 12%

6 Graduate 2 4%

Total 50 100%
Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur district,
Odisha-2018.
Education is the consciously controlled process whereby changes in behavior are
produced in the person and through the person within the group. The level of literacy

33
is also one of the significant indicators of social appraisal. It provides equal
opportunities to the individuals for their economic and social development. It also
provides the efficient human resources needed for development in various fields.

Education is commonly divided formally into such stages as preschool, secondary

school, college and university. It is a powerful driver of development and one of the
strongest instruments for reducing poverty and improving health, gender equality,
peace and stability.

Table-3.4 shows that distribution of women according to education, therefore 14%

women are illiterate, 32% women have completed primary education, 10% women
have completed upper primary education, 28% women have completed secondary
education, 12% women have completed intermediate course and 4% of women have
completed graduation.

4%
14%
12%

Illiterate
primary education
upper primary
secondary
28% 32% intermediate
graduate

10%

Table3.5: Distribution of women as per their types of

family:
Sl.NO Types of family N =50 Percentage (%)
1 Nuclear family 19 38%
2 Joint family 31 62%
Total 50 100%
Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur district,
Odisha-2018.
A joint family or undivided family is an extended family arrangement prevalent
throughout the Indian subcontinent, particularly in India, consisting of many
generations living in the same household, all bound by the common relationship.

34
A nuclear family or elementary family is a family group consisting of parents and their
children.
Table-3.5 reveal that distribution of women on the basis of their types of family, 38%
of women are belonging to nuclear family and 62% of women are belonging to joint
family.
types of Family

Nuclear family
38%

Joint family
62%

Table 3.6: Distribution of women on the basis of their

marital status:
Sl.NO. Marital status N=50 Percentage (%)

1 Married 35 70%

2 Un-married 3 6%

3 Divorce 3 6%

4 Widow 9 18%

Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur district,

Odisha-2018.
Marital status is any of several distinct options that describe a person’s relationship
with a significant other. Married, single, divorce and widow are examples of marital
status.
A status of married means that a person was wed in a manner legally recognized by
their jurisdiction. A person’s specified marital status might also be married if they are
in a civil union or common-law marriage.
In addition to those who have never married, single status applies to people whose
relationship with a significant other is not legally recognized.

35
Table 3.6 shows that 70% of women are married, 6% are unmarried and another 6%
are divorce and 18% are widows.

Marital status

18%

married
6% un-married
divorce
6% widow

70%

Table 3.7: Distribution of women on the basis of their

occupation:
SL.NO. Occupation N=50 Percentage (%)

1 Farming 4 8%

2 Domestic business 7 14%

3 labor 16 32%

4 Service 2 4%

5 House wife 21 42%

Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur district,
Odisha-2018.
Table 3.7 reveals that 8% of women are engaged in farming, 14% are domestic
business, 32% are laborers and 42% are house wife.

36
 occupation
8%

14% farming
domestic business
42% labour
service
house wife

32%
4%

Table 3.8: Distribution of women on the basis of their

annual income:
Sl.N0 Annual income N=50 Percentage (%)
1 Up to 15,000 21 42%
2 15,001-20,000 3 6%
3 20,001-25,000 4 8%
4 25,001-30,000 2 4%
5 30,001-35,000 5 10%
6 35,001-40,000 3 6%
7 40,001-45,000 2 4%
8 45,001-50,000 10 20%
Total 50 100%
Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur district,
Odisha-2018.
Income is the consumption and saving opportunity gained by an entity within a
specified timeframe, which is generally expressed in monetary terms. However, for
households and individuals, “income is the sum of all the wages, salaries, profits,
interest payments, rents, and other form of earning received in a given period of time.

Table number 3.8 shows that, 42% of women have no income, 6% of women are
Earning Rs.15,001-20,000, 8% of women 20,001-25,000, 4% of women 25,001-30,000,
10% of women 30,001-35,000, 6% of women 35,001-40,000, 4% of women 40,001-
45,000 and 20% of women are Earning 45,001-50,000 annually.

37
 CHAPTER IV
Living condition
Living condition constitutes one of the most universal forms of material culture
in human society. It also an important element in all capital formation,
whether for the individual or for the nation. Here is an also a social aspect.
Housing plays a major part in ensuring the continuity of community life. It is
the house which gives the family its organization, stability and continuity
(Kuppuswamy).
House condition not only provides shelter but also provides security against
natural hazards and also serves the psychological, economic and status needs
in society. The standard of living, style of life, attitudes and values and degree
of tolerance are greatly affected by the nature of housing have considered
housing as an essential part of man’s life. Here in the analysis the researcher
has included questions pertaining to the housing condition. The following is
the analysis concerning the housing condition.

Table 4.1: Distribution of women as per the number of

rooms in their home:
SL.NO. Number Rooms N=50 Percentage (%)

1 2 10 20%
2 3 18 36%
3 4 12 24%

38
 4 5 8 16%
5 6 2 4%
Total 50 100%
Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur district,
Odisha-2018.
On the living condition of the respondents of table 4.1 shows that 20% women have 2
rooms, 36% of women have 3 rooms, 245 have 4 rooms 16% have 5 rooms and 4%
have 6 rooms.

Number of rooms
4%
20%
16%
2
3
4
5
6

24%

36%

Table 4.2: distribution of women as per the material of

the wall in their house:
SL.NO. Material of the wall N=50 Percentage (%)

1 Burnt bricks with mud 4 8%

2 Stone with mud 17 34%

3 Burnt bricks with cement plaster 14 28%

4 Stone with cement plaster 15 30%

Total 50 100%

Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur district,

Odisha-2018.

39
 Material of the wall

stone with mud

stone with cement

plaster

burnt bricks with

cement plaster

burnt bricks with mud

Table 4.3: Distribution of women as per the material of

the floor in their home:
SL.NO. Material of the floor N=50 Percentage (%)

1 Mud 29 58%

2 Cement 21 42%

Total 50 100%

Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur district,

Odisha-2018.
Table 4.3 shows that 58% of the respondents have mud floor and 42% have cement
floor of the house.

Material of floor

mud
42% cement

58%

Table 4.4: Distribution of women on the basis of their

cattle shed:

40
 SL.NO. Cattle shed N=50 Percentage (%)

1 yes 3 6%
2 no 47 94%
Total 50 100%
Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur district,
Odisha-2018.
Table 4.4 shows that 94% of the respondents have not cattle shed and only 6% have
cattle shed.
on the basis of cattle shed

cattle shed
6%

no cattle
shed
94%

Table 4.5: Distribution of women on the basis of main

fuel used for their cooking:
SL.NO. Main fuel used for cooking N=50 Percentage (%)
1 Collected wood 2 4%
2 Purchased wood 3 6%
3 Gas 38 76%
4 electricity 7 14%
Total 50 100%
Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur district,
Odisha-2018.
Table 4.5 reveals that 76% of the respondents are using gas, 14% are using electricity,
6% are using purchased wood and 4% are using collected wood for cooking purpose.

41
 Cooking fuel

9%
10%
Gas
electriicity
purchased wood
colected wood
23% 59%

Table 4.6: Distribution of women on the basis of the main

fuel they used for lighting:
SL.NO. Mail fuel for lighting N=50 Percentage(%)
1 kerosene 2 4%
2 electricity 48 96%
Total 50 100%
Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur district,
Odisha-2018.
Table 4.6 shows that 96% of the respondents are using electricity and 4% are using
kerosene for lighting.
Main fuel for lighting

kerosene
4%

electricity
96%

Table 4.7: Sources of drinking water:

SL.NO. Source of drinking water N=50 %
1 Tube well 16 32%
2 PhD. Water 31 62%
3 River 3 6%
Total 50 100%
Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur district,
Odisha-2018.
Table 4.7 shows that 32% of the respondents are using tube well water, 62% are using
PhD water and other 6% are using river water for drinking purpose.

42
 Source of drinking water
river
6% tube well
32%

ph.D water
62%

Table 4.8: Toilet facility:

SL.NO. toilet facility N=50 %
1 Latrine system 6 12%
2 Open field 13 26%
3 River side 31 62%
Total 50 100%
Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur district, Odisha-
2018.
Using proper toilets and hand washing preferably with soap-prevents the transfer of
bacteria, viruses and parasites found in human excreta which otherwise contaminate
water resources, soil and food. This contamination is a major of diarrhea, the second
biggest killer of children in developing countries, and leads to other major diseases
such as cholera, schistisomiasis and trachoma.
Table 4.8 shows that 12% of the respondents have latrine system, 26% go to the open
field and rest 62% go to the river side for toilet.
Toilet facility:

12%

latrine system
26% open field
river side

62%

CHAPTER V
Land ownership status

43
Table 5.1: Distribution of women on the basis of their land
types:
SL.NO. Types of land Land in acres N=50 %

1 Cultivable land 0-2 acres 9 18%

3-5 acres 22 44%

6-8 acres 14 28%

9-11acres 3 6%

12-14 acres 2 2%

2 homestead land Land in decimal

1-3 decimal 17 34%

4-6 decimal 20 40%

7-9 decimal 13 26%

3 Uncultivable land Land in acres

1 acre 3 6%

2 acres 3 6%

3 acres 1 2%

Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur district, Odisha-

2018.
Ownership of property may be private, collective or common, and the property may
be of objects, land or real estate or intellectual property. Determining the land
ownership in law involves determining who has certain rights and duties over the
property.
The process of mechanism of land ownership is fairly complex: one can gain, transfer
and lose ownership of property in a number of ways. To acquire property one can

44
purchase it with money, trade it for other property, win it in a bet, receive it as gift,
inherit it, find it or homestead it.

25

20

15

10

CHAPTER VI
DATA ANALYSIS
Table 6.1: Height of the respondents:
Sl.No Height N=50 %

1 4’5”-5’ 6 12%

2 5’1”-5’5” 42 84%

3 5’6”-6’ 2 4%

Total 50 100%

Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur district, Odisha-

2018.
Human height is the distance from the bottom of the feet to the top of the head in a
human body. It is measured using a stadiometer, usually in centimeters when using
the metric system, or feet and inches when using the imperial system.

45
The development of human height can serve as an indicator of two key welfare
components, namely nutritional quality and health. In regions of poverty,
environmental factors like malnutrition during childhood or adolescence may result in
delayed growth.
Table 6.1 shows that 4% of the respondents are 5’6”-6’, 12% have 4’5”-5’ and 84%
have 5’1”-5’5” on the basis of their height.

height
4'5
4% 12%

;
84%

Table 6.2: Weight of the respondents:

Sl.No Weight in kg N=50 %

1 35-40kg 2 4%

2 41-45kg 5 10%

3 46-50kg 23 46%

4 51-55kg 17 34%

56-60kg 3 6%

Total 50 100%

Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur district, Odisha-

2018.
Human body weight refers to a person’s mass or weight. Body weight is measured in
kilogram. Strictly speaking, body weight is the measurement of weight without items
located on the person. Excess or reduced body weight is regarded as an indicator of
determining a person’s health.

46
 25

20

15

10

0
35-40kg 41-45kg 46-50kg 51-55kg 56-60kg

Distribution of women on the basis of their food

consumption pattern:
Good food like vegetables, fruits, grains, cereals, pulses, everything that provides us
with required nutrients for the body make up a good diet. Healthy diets are low in fats
and calories. Healthy eating also means avoiding fast foods like pizzas, pastas, burgers,
fries etc as they mostly contain unhealthy fats and high in calories. Alcohol and soft
drinks also are to be avoided.
What to include in a healthy diet: plenty of water, starchy food, vegetables, fruits, milk
and dairy products, proteins and right portion size.
Healthy eating has long term benefits. It is good for the whole body. It keeps the
brain, heart, bones, mind and all the allied systems working in good condition.

Table 6.3: BREAKFAST Items:

47
 SL.NO. Breakfast N %
1 tea 48 96%
2 roti 49 98%
3 Chakuli 47 94%
4 Idli 47 94%
5 Suji upma 9 18%
6 Chuda upma 9 18%
7 Simei 7 14%
8 Oily food 50 100%
9 Noodles 3 6%
Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur district, Odisha-
2018.
Table 6.3 show that, 96% of women are taking tea, 98% of women are taking roti, 94%
of women are taking chakuli and idli, 18% women are taking suji upma and chuda
upma, 14% Women are taking simai, 100% women are taking oily food and only 6% of
women are taking Noodles in their breakfast.

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
tea chapati(roti) chakuli idli suji upma chuda upma

Table 6.4: Lunch Recipe:

SL.NO. Lunch N %
1 Rice 50 100%
2 Pulses 50 100%

48
 3 Mix curry 50 100%
4 Green leafy vegetable 50 100%
5 Sam bar 40 80%
6 Soya beans 30 60%
7 Salad 3 6%
8 Fish, meat and egg 47 94%
Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur district, Odisha-
2018.
Table 6.4 reveals that, 100% of women are taking rice, pulses, mix curry and green
leafy Vegetables, 80% are taking sambar, 60% are taking soya beans, 94% are taking
fish, meat and egg and only 6% are taking salad in their lunch.
60

50

40

30

20

10

0
rice pulses mix curry green leafy sambar soya beans
vegetables

Table 6.5: snacks:

SL.NO. Snacks N=50 %

1 Tea 49 98%
2 Puffed rice 44 88%
3 Mixture 7 14%
4 Biscuits 2 4%
5 Chaowmin 3 6%
6 Oily food 50 100%

49
 7 Ground nut 1 2%
Table 6.5 reveals that, 98% of women are taking tea, 88% are taking foft rice, 14% are
taking Mixture, 4% are taking biscuits, 6% are taking chawmin, 100% are taking oily
food and only 2% are taking ground nut in their snacks.

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
tea foft rice mixture biscuits chawmin oily food

Table 6.6: Dinner:

SL.NO. Dinner N=50 %
1 Rice 50 100%
2 Roti 5 10%
3 Mix curry 50 100%
4 Soya beans 30 60%
5 Brinjal fry 18 36%
6 Potato fry 18 36%
7 Egg, meat and fish 47 94%
Table 6.6 show that, 100% are taking rice and mix curry, 10% are taking roti, 60% Are
taking soya beans, 36% are taking brinjal and potato fry and 94% are taking Egg, meat
and fish in their dinner.

50
 60

50

40

30

20

10

0
rice roti mix curry soya beans brinjal fry potato fry

Table 6.7: Distribution of women on the basis of the

amount of food they take per week:
SL.NO. Types of food amount N %
1 Rice 2-3kg 28 56%
4-5kg 22 44%
2 Pulses 200-300gm 20 40%
301-400gm 27 54%
401-500gm 3 6%
3 Wheat 100-200gm 3 6%
201-300gm 9 18%
301-400gm 29 58%
401-500gm 8 16%
4 Green leafy vegetables 200gm 4 8%
250gm 43 86%
300gm 2 4%
350gm 1 2%
5 Other vegetables 500-800gm 6 12%
801-1000gm 44 88%

51
6 Meat and fish 80-100gm 25 50%
101-120gm 5 10%
121-140gm 17 34%
7 Egg 1piece 47 94%

8 Milk ½ liter 8 16%

1 liter 2 4%
Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur district,
Odisha-2018.
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

Table 6.8: Frequency of food intake per day:

SL. NO. Frequency of food intake per day N=50 Percentage (%)
1 2 times 1 2%
2 3 times 3 6%
3 4 times 28 56%
4 More than 4 8 16%
Total 50 100%
Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur district, Odisha-
2018.
Table 6.8 shows that 56% of the respondents eat 4 times, 16% eat more than 4 times,
6% eat 3 times and 2% respondent eats 2 times per day.

52
 How many times to eat per day

9%
10%
4 times
more than 4 times
3 times
2 times
23% 59%

Table 6.9: Eat food at proper time:

SL.NO. Eat food at proper time N=50 %
1 Yes 12 24%
2 No 38 76%
Total 50 100%
Table 6.9 show that 24% of women eat food at proper time and 76% of women do not
eat food at proper time because, they wait their family members to take food.
Eat food at proper time

eat food at proper time

do not eat food at proper time

Table 6.10: Do exercise per day:

SL.NO. Do exercise per day N=50 %
1 Never 48 96%
2 1 time 2 4%
Total 50 100%
Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur district, Odisha-
2018.
Physical exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and
overall health and wellness. It is performed for various reasons, including increasing
growth and development, preventing aging, strengthening muscles and the
cardiovascular system, and also honing athletic skills.
Frequent and regular physical exercise boosts the immune system and helps prevent
certain diseases such as coronary heart disease, diabetes and obesity. It may also help

53
prevent stress and depression, increase quality of sleep, improve mental health,
maintain steady digestion and regulate the fertility health.

Apart from the health advantages, these benefits may include different social rewards
for staying active while enjoying the environment of one’s culture.
Proper nutrition is important to health as exercise. When exercising, it becomes even
more important to have a good diet to ensure that body has the correct ratio of
macronutrients.
Active recovery is recommended after participating in physical exercise because it
removes lactate from the blood more quickly than inactive recovery.
Table 6.10 shows that 96% of women never do exercise and 4% of women do exercise
1 time per day, motivation behind that, they want to get physical fitness.
Do exercise per day
1 time
4%

never
96%

Table 6.11: Distribution Of women on the basis of use or

not use drugs (tobacco):
SL.NO. Using drugs (tobacco) N=50 Percentage (%)

1 Yes 8 16%
2 No 42 84%
Total 50 100%
Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur district, Odisha-
2018.
Tobacco use has predominantly negative effects on human health. It leads most
commonly to diseases affecting the heart, liver and lungs.

54
Table 6.11 reveals that 16% of the respondents are using tobacco and 84% are not
using tobacco.

using tobacco
yes
16%

no
84%

Table 6.12: Taking Food away from home:

Sl .No. Take food from outside N=50 %

1 Yes 43 86%
2 No 7 14%
Total 50 100%
Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur district, Odisha-
2018.
Table 5.12 show that, 86% of women take food from outside and 14% do not
Take food from outside.
do not take food
from out side
14%

take food from out side

86%

Table 6.13: Types of drinking water:

SL.NO. Drinking water N=50 %
1 Normal water 49 98%
2 Boiled water 1 2%
Total 50 100%
Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalur district, Odisha-
2018.

55
Table 6.13 reveals that 98% of the respondents are taking normal water and only 2%
are taking boiled water for drinking.

types of drinking water

boiled water
2%

normal water
98%

Table 6.14: Doing fast in a year:

SL.NO. Fasting in a year N=50 %

1 2 times 2 4%
2 4 times 15 30%
3 More than 4 times 30 60%
4 Never 3 6%
Total 50 100%

Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur district, Odisha-

2018.
Laws regarding fasting or restricting food and drink have been described as a call to
holiness by many religions. Fasting has been identified as the mechanism that allows
one to improve one’s body, to earn the approval of Allah or Buddha, or to understand
and appreciate the sufferings of the poor.
Fasting has also been presented as a means to acquire the discipline required to resist
temptation, as an act of atonement for sinful acts, or as the cleansing of evil from
within the body. Fasting may be undertaken for several hours, at a specified time of
the day.
Certain groups of people must necessarily be excused from fasting and restrictive
practices. These groups include pregnant or nursing women; individuals with diabetes
or other chronic disorders; malnourished individuals and frail elderly or disabled
persons. Most fasting practices allow certain intakes of liquid, particularly water/milk.

56
Those who fast without liquids increase their risk of a number of health problems.
Symptoms of dehydration include headache, dry mouth, nausea fever etc.
Table 6.14 shows that 4% of the respondents are doing 2 times, 30% are doing 4
times, 60% are doing more than 4 times and only 6% never do fasting in a year.

30

25

20

15

10

0
2 times 4 times more than 4 times never

Table 6.15: Satisfy with food consumption pattern:

Sl.No. Satisfy with food pattern N=50 %
1 Yes 24 48%
2 no 26 52%
Total 50 100%
Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur district,
Odisha-2018.
Table 6.15 reveals that 48% of respondents satisfy with their food consumption
pattern and 52% are not satisfied about their food consumption pattern.

Satisfy with food consumption pattern:

satisfy
with
food
do not consu
satisfy mptio
with n
food patter
consu n
mptio 32%
n
patter
n
68%

57
Table 6.16: Impact on health through the intake of food:
SL.NO. Impact on health through the intake of food N=50 %
1 Anemia 3 6%
2 Acidity 14 28%
3 Diarrhea 5 10%
4 Malnutrition 3 6%
5 None 25 50%
Total 50 100%
Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur district,
Odisha-2018.
Malnutrition:
Malnutrition frequently causes abnormal growth, development and body
weight. Inadequate food intake or under nutrition can lead to stunned
growth and mental development.
Diarrhea:
Diarrhea is defined by the World Health Organization as having three or
more loose or liquid stools per day, or as having more stools than is
normal for that person.
Acute diarrhea is defined as an abnormally frequent discharge of
semisolid or fluid fecal matter from the bowel, lasting less than 14 days,
by World Gastroenterology Organization.
Contraction of diarrhea disease as a result of poor sanitation and hygiene.
Open defecation is a leading cause of infectious diarrhea leading to death.
Poverty is a good indicator of the rate of infectious diarrhea in a
population. This association does not steam from poverty itself, but
rather from the conditions under which improvised people live. The
absence of certain resources compromises the ability of the poor to
defend themselves against infectious diarrhea.

58
Poverty is associated with poor housing, crowding, dirt floors, lack of
access to clean water, co habitation with domestic animals that may carry
human pathogens and a lack of refrigerated storage of food, all of which
increase the frequency of diarrhea.
Poverty also restricts the ability to provide nutritionally balanced diets or
to modify diets when diarrhea develops so as to mitigate and repair
nutrient losses.
Proper nutrition is important for health and functioning, including the
prevention of infectious diarrhea.
Acidity in the stomach is the result of excess gastric acid production that
may cause heartburn and other problems. The purpose of the acid
secreted in moderate quantities in the stomach is to aid in the digestion
of proteins that are consumed.
Junk food, deep fried foods, foods rich in oil and butter remain in the
stomach for a long time and more acid production.
Table 6.16 reveals that 6% of the respondents are suffering from anemia
disease, 28% are suffering from acidity, 10% are suffering from diarrhea,
another 6% are malnourished and 50% are not suffered from any diseases
through their food consumption pattern.

Impact on health

anemia
6% acidity
28%
none
50%

59
diarrhoea
malnutrition 10%
6%
Table 6.17: Benefit through government scheme:
SL.NO. Benefit through government scheme N=50 %
1 Chhatua and egg from Anganwadi 10 20%
2 Rice and wheat 25 50%
3 Iron tablets 5 10%
4 None 10 20%
Total 50 100%
Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur district,
Odisha-2018.
Table 6.17 reveals that 20% are getting chhatua and egg, 50% are getting rice
and wheat, 10% are getting iron tablets and another 20% are not getting any
benefit through the government scheme.

Benefit through government scheme

no benefit chhatua and egg

20% 20%

iron tabelets
10%

rice and wheat

50%

Table 6.18: Accessibility of health care facilities:

SL.NO Health facility Frequency in year
1 ANM Working weekly 6 days
2 PHC Every day open(9am-2pm)
3 District hospital Open in every day
4 Mobile health 2 times
5 Immunization 12 times
6 Health awareness program me 12 times
7 Ambulance facility All time available
8 Anganwadi center 12 times
9 ASHA 36 times

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10 Medical store Every day open(9am-2pm)
Source: Field survey conducted in Chaurpur village of Sambalpur district,
Odisha-2018.

CHAPTERVII

Summary of the findings, conclusion and suggestions:

FINDINGS:
• Based on my research analysis, 88% of women are belonging to
schedule castes in chaurpur village, 8% of women OBC and 4% are
general. Using a single measure of social class, they are assessing
one component of the socioeconomic position. Result is showing
that, different types of food consumption pattern prevail among
different classes.
• Working classes eat large meal, the aim being to fill themselves,
being on a lower budget the food is not always healthy but its aim
is to their occupy or fill of one’s stomach.
• Middle classes tend to eat higher price foods. Not necessarily
healthy but usually contains a lot more fruits and vegetables their
diets tend to include salad and other costly foods. Although they
have less snacks, tending to eat 3-4 small meals a day. However
they are more likely to go out to higher priced restaurants.

61
• Higher classes tend to eat much smaller meals but regularly. Their
foods tend to be of high quality and freshly prepared. They are less
likely to snack on junk foods and mostly avoid food from outside.
• An inverse relation between education and health has suggested
the importance of examining the health status through food
consumption pattern. Lower educational level is associated with
unhappiness, poor social relationships and poor-self assessed
health. They consume fewer vegetables and meat products. They
have a lower contribution of proteins and lipids to their energy
intake as well as a lower vitamin intake. Thus the educational level
of people has a strong influence on their quality of life, nutrient and
food consumption.
• Lower education and lower occupation solely contributes to
determining differences in dietary habits and that the effect of the
two indicators is cumulative. The lower socioeconomic position of
women consume less amount of non-veg product and green
vegetables. Lower intake of iron, calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin D
present among lower socio-economic groups.
• The major finding from the socioeconomic profile is that, majority
of women are using Gas as the main fuel for cooking. They have got
gas from the Ujala scheme and properly utilize that.
• Another finding is that, 88% of households have no toilet facility.
They are going to toilet in open field and face various types of
infection.
• I also found that, out of 50 respondents one respondent is taking
boiled water and milk regularly and maintained her health in a
proper way.

62
 • 48% are eating food at proper time and 52% are not eating at
proper time, because of this they mostly wait their family members
to take food and late to eat but some are earlier to eating.
• 12% of women are avoiding food from outside, because they do
not want to take unhygienic and spicy food from outside, they only
want their local areas of producing vegetables.
• 16% of women are taking tobacco. They mostly try to leave it, but it
leads to a habit for them. Therefore some time they suffer from
head ache.
• One major finding is that all are depending open the hospital, when
they feel serious condition they immediately go to the hospital and
some of them go weekly for their health checkup.
• One another major finding Is that, 52% of women are not satisfy
with their food consumption pattern, because they belong to a
poor family, so they do not get all varieties of food due to their
lower socio-economic status. But 48% are mostly satisfied because
they belong to a middle class or rich family and also a nuclear
family. So they always take their own choice of all varieties.
• Based on the health status I found that, 6% of the women are
suffering from anemia, 28% are facing acidity problem, 10% are
suffering Diarrhea disease and 6% are malnourished women.

CONCLUSION:

One of the foremost objectives of our nation building activity is

the maintenance, sustenance and improvement of the health and
nutritional status of the people. If a country is to be healthy,

63
 community or society should be healthy. So it is required to
conduct the educational programs on health and nutritional
aspects. But the society heavily depends on women for its
economic support and family health care.

In dealing with overweight and obesity, this study suggests the

need to establish policies that will discourage aggressive marketing
of junk food culture. National development policies should also
incorporate food, nutrition and lifestyles issues, with programs that
empower women to make healthy dietary decisions, including the
consumption of local foods and vegetables.

SUGGESTIONS:
Based on study finding, a set of suggestions or policy
recommendations to improve women nutritional status as well as
household socioeconomic status can be drawn.
• The study findings show that rural women are more likely to be
underweight than those in urban areas which can be attributed to
lack of education. Though the government is already implementing
free primary and secondary education, it is important to come up
with ways to strengthen and ensure sustainability of the programs.
• Another variable affecting the nutritional status of women is
poverty. There is need for the government to put in place measures
to support the very poor areas and for long-term solution, fast
truck the development agenda under rural areas so as to bring
rapid economic growth at the national level.
• Women’s employment alongside marriage is found to be important
determinants of under nutrition. Therefore, strategies must be

64
 developed to empower women so that they can increase their
incomes without compromising their own health and nutritional
status. The government has put in place policy that ensures 30% of
its contract is given to women and youth. Aggressive sensitization
program to the women to enable them take up these opportunities
should be considered. This can be done with the help of non-
governmental organizations. Awareness creation on the
importance of nutrition education among women needs to be
undertaken.
• National development policies need to incorporate food, nutrition
and lifestyles issues, with program that empower women to make
healthy dietary decisions, including the consumption of local foods
and vegetables.
• Women should be encouraged to physical activity/exercise to help
increase body fat/energy conversion.
• Education policy makers also need to incorporate dietary and
healthy living topics in schools. This should also include primary
schools to inculcate healthy life styles right from childhood.
• Aggressive family planning campaigns by both government and
non-governmental organizations and programs aimed at preventing
early marriages among girls should be undertaken to help reduce
dependents in households.
• Every person has a right to clean safe water in adequate quantities
reasonable standards of sanitation. To actualize this right and
improve household socioeconomic status, both government and
non-governmental agencies should provide piped water to all

65
 households and undertake health campaigns on the importance of
use of improved toilet facilities.
• It should be noted that a combination of these policies would help
reduce malnutrition among women and also improve household
socioeconomic status. This therefore requires efforts across
government and non-government actors for realization of optimal
results.

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70
71
 INTERVIEW SCHEDULE
Nutritional Intake and its Impact on Health of rural women: A Study in
Chaurpur village of Dhankouda Block, Sambalpur district, Odisha
Miss. Nibedita Sahu

Date of interview: P.G. 4th Semester

Starting Time of Interview: P.G. Department of Sociology

Sambalpur University

Section 1: General information:

1.1. Schedule No. 1.5 Code No.

1.2. Name of the District Sambalpur 1.6 Name of the Block Dhankouda

1.3. Name of the G.P Chaurpur 1.7 Name of the Sub-division

1.4. Name of the Village Chaurpur 1.8 Name of the Hamlet

Section 2: Identification of the House-Hold:

2.1. Name of the respondent:

2.2. Religion: (Hindu-1, Muslim -2, Chiristian-

3,Other-7)

2.4. Name of the Caste: 1-S.C., 2-S.T., 3-OBC, 4-

General

Sl Name of S Relati A Mari Education Occupatio Annual

. e on g tal n
The person Income
N x with e
Statu
o HOH
s

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Comp Co Pri Sec
leted nti ma ond
nu ry ary
e

72
 2
3
4
5

Section 3. A: Identification of the House-Hold Members:

Section 3.B. LIVING CONDITION:

Section 4. LAND OWNERSHIP STATUS:

Sl. Living Condition of The People Particulars

No.

1 Number of rooms in your home?

2 What is the material of the roof of the house? 1-thatch, 2-tile, 3-Khapar,4-iron sheet, 5-asbesto
6-concrete, 7-Other(Specify)

3 What is the material of the wall of the house? 1-mud/mud brick, 2-wood/bamboo, 3-burnt
bricks/stone with mud, 4-burnt bricks/stone wit

73
 cement plaster, 5-other (specify

4 What is material of the floor of the house? 1-mud, 2-cement, 3-other (specify)

5 Does your household have cattle shed? 1-yes, 2-no

7 What is the main fuel used for cooking? 1-animal waste, 2-crop residue, 3-collected woo
4-purchesed wood, 5-wood charcoal, 6-kerosen
gas, 8-electricity, 9-other(specify)

8 What is the main fuel for lighting? 1-kerosene, 2-candel, 3-firewood, 4-ectricity, 5-
other(specify)

9 What is the main source for drinking water? 1-tubewell, 2-open well, 3-pond/stream/, 4-pipe
water, 5-other (specify)

10 Does your household have toilet facility? 1-Yes, 2- No

Sl.No. LAND OWNERSHIP STATUS Types of Land

Govt. Land Private Land

01 Home Stay Land (in Decimal/Acer)

02 Cultivable land owned

(in Acres/Decimal)
03 Uncultivated land (in acre)

04 Total land

Section.5. Food consumption pattern:

Sl. Types of food Daily weekly occasionally Never

No.

1 Milk/curd

2 Pulses/Beans

3 Green leafy vegetable

4 Other vegetables

5 Fruits

6 Egg, meat/fish

7 Rice

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9 Chapati (Roti)

10 Any other

Section 6. What kinds of food they intake of their daily routine?

Break fast Lunch Snacks Dinner

1
2
3
4
5
6

Section 7. Amount of food intake per week?

Rice Meat
Pulses Fish
Wheat Egg
Green leafy Milk
Green vegetables Curd

1. How many times a day do you eat?

a. 2 times b. 3-4 times c. more than 4 d. not response

2. Do you eat your breakfast, meal and snacks at proper time?

a. yes b. No

3. How many times a week do you eat meals and snacks away from home?

a. never b. rarely c.1 time d.2 times e. more than 2 f. not

response

4. Do you follow any kind of special diet?

a. if yes please specify b. No

5. Which of these do you drink every day?

a. milk b. water c. fruit juice d. tea e. coffee f. cold drink g. other

75
6. How many times do you exercise per day?

a. never b. 1time c. 2times d. 3times e. more than3 f. not response

7. Which of these do you do?

a. tobacco b. drink alcohol c. none

8. Drinking water intake?

a. normal, b. cold water. 3. Boil water.

9. Do you take any fast?

a. yes b. No

10. If yes, how many days a week?

a.1time b.2 times c.3 times d.4 times e.more than 4

11. Are you satisfied with your food pattern?

yes/ No, please specify?

12. Do you think that food intake impact on your health?

a. yes b. No

13. What types of diseases you face in your food intake?

a. anemia b. malnutrition c. other

14. What you do, when you face any kind of health problems?

a. home remedies b. hospital c. nothing

15. When you go for your health checkup?

a. daily b. monthly c. when you feel your condition is serious d.

never

16. Do you know, Govt. provides nutritional facilities for women?

a. yes b. No

76
17. If yes, which type of facility do you get?

a. Chhatua and egg from Anganwadi b. rice and wheat from Panchayat c. iron
tablets d.non of these

18. Are you getting health education by health personnel’s in your village?

a. yes b. No

Section 8. Accessibility of Health Services:

Sl. Health Distance Cost of Health Frequency of

Services Yes- Check up visit/ Year
No Services 1/No-2

01 AnganWadi center

02 ASHA(Accredited Social
Health Activist)

03 ANM

04 CHC/PHC

05 District Hospital

06 Private Clinic

Section 9. Availability of health facility:

Sl. Health Facility Yes/No Frequency in Month Frequency in Year

No
01 Mobile Health
02 PHC
03 Immunization
04 Health Awareness program
05 Ambulance facility

77
Comments of the respondent:

Comments of the researcher : Signature of the researcher

Closing time of the interview: Signature of the Supervisor:

Date:

78