Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship

A study on effect of entrepreneurship on entrepreneurial intention: Focusing on

ICT majors
Cheolwoo Park,
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Cheolwoo Park, (2017) "A study on effect of entrepreneurship on entrepreneurial intention: Focusing
on ICT majors", Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Vol. 11 Issue: 2, pp.159-170,
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Focusing on
A study on effect of ICT majors
entrepreneurship on
entrepreneurial intention
Focusing on ICT majors 159
Cheolwoo Park Received 1 May 2017
Revised 12 June 2017
Catholic University of Busan, Busan, South Korea Accepted 13 June 2017

Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this study is to show effect of entrepreneurship on entrepreneurial intention.
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Currently, the long-term global economic crisis is accelerating, and the concerns for future uncertainties are
spreading throughout our society. The ICT majors in Busan region are no exception so that business start-up
is being considered as a new alternative to survive and grow in such uncertain environments at home or
abroad. That is, business start-ups and entrepreneurship are being emphasized as a strategy that individuals
can change not only one’s own life but also the fate of a region and even the destiny of a country.
Design/methodology/approach – For this reason, the youth start-ups based on social networks and
leadership have become the focus of our social concern along with the entrepreneurship that can actively cope
with the ever-changing global environments. Thus, some of the major factors (i.e. innovation, enterprise and
risk-taking) which should be considered when promoting the entrepreneurial intention of the ICT majors in
Busan region have been researched, as well as the concept of entrepreneurship itself.
Findings – This demonstrates that young people will be able to successfully lead their start-up companies
through their enterprising spirit, networks and leadership and learning with firm determination. Therefore, it
is important to make such a network and leadership-based entrepreneurship become foundational in
overcoming the long-term Korean economic depression; surviving in such an opaque situation; leading the
growth and development of Busan region; and becoming the driving force for national growth, by developing
the unique characteristics and strength of the students.
Originality/value – In this regard, this study will be useful for understanding the entrepreneurship of the
ICT majors in Busan region more while contributing to the invigoration of a creative economy by studying
the factors essential for the entrepreneurship and development of networks and leadership.
Keywords Leadership, Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial intention, Network
Paper type Research paper

1. Introduction
Currently, the concerns for uncertain future due to a long-term economic depression and
global economic crisis are spreading throughout our society. Moreover, along with the trend
in industrial scale downsizing and profit generation with a small manpower cost, concerns
about the increase of youth unemployment due to jobless growth are deepening. According
to National Statistical Office of Korea, the youth unemployment rate reached the highest

© Cheolwoo Park. Published in the Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship.
Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. This article is published under the Creative Commons Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation
Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative and Entrepreneurship
Vol. 11 No. 2, 2017
works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to pp. 159-170
the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at http:// Emerald Publishing Limited
2071-1395
creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode DOI 10.1108/APJIE-08-2017-024
 APJIE record of 9.8 per cent in 2016. This was the value 0.6 per cent higher than the same rate in
11,2 2015. Many countries agree that the business start-ups are the solution for youth
unemployment so that our government is also expending much effort in developing the
policies to stop the increase in youth unemployment rate and create more jobs by instilling
youth entrepreneurship and creating a positive atmosphere for business start-ups in this
grave period of low economic growth. This method is important and also useful in
160 maintaining steady economic and social growth. The young people at present are living in
an era where a variety of new businesses are being continuously launched through internet
media, and industries are developing according to the stretch of the imagination for contents
and software. Thus, this study attempts to identify what factors of entrepreneurship affect
innovative start-ups like ICT-based businesses that are quite effective in creating jobs.

2. Research background
2.1 Concept of entrepreneurship
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Since the dawn of the twenty-first century, the importance of entrepreneurship started to be
recognized as an element of promoting economic growth so that the researches for finding
how entrepreneurship contributes to the growth have become active. The definitions mainly
used for the studies related to entrepreneurship are as following: “Seizing an opportunity
regardless of available resources” (Stevenson and Jarillo, 1986); “The way of inferring,
thinking and behaving focusing on overall approach and specific leadership based on the
importance of recognizing the opportunities” (Timmons, 1999); and “The spirit of challenge
and adventure that commercializes the opportunities seized at risk” (Peter F. Drucker).
Meanwhile, Hisrich and Peters (1998) described entrepreneurship as a discernment that an
enterpriser considers necessary, rather than defining it as his/her psychological state. Song
(2011) defines the term as an enterpriser’s will to create a new business through
management innovation by showing his/her challenging spirit. Park and Ahn (2016)
explained to the young CEOs that entrepreneurship is an important factor in improving
their business performances, and they need to expend the effort to cultivate their business
competency. Although the definition of entrepreneurship varied depending on the situations
which individual business, country or generation faced, the definition mainly used for recent
studies is Miller’s (1983) concept of definition which states that entrepreneurship is a
behavior that re-combines or re-distributes resources with innovativeness, enterprising
spirit and risk-taking mind to create a new value. The core of entrepreneurship is a positive
energy that challenges or changes existing conventions by acutely responding to the
changing environments with an innovative and creative mind. Cultivating entrepreneurship
for young people will be effective in solving the problems concerning youth unemployment,
low and falling economic growth rates while contributing to Korean economic growth.

2.2 Elements of entrepreneurship

There are varied opinions about the elements of entrepreneurship among the scholars.
Schumpeter (1939) defined entrepreneurship as the driving force of modernization having
the characteristics such as innovation-seeking spirit, pro-activeness and risk-taking
tendencies. Lassen et al. (2006) distinguished the characteristics of entrepreneurship as
autonomy, adventurousness, innovativeness and future-orientation. Based on the recent
detailed and systematic researches conducted for the nature of entrepreneurship, the
definition of entrepreneurship by Miller (1983), who has claimed that the elements such as
pro-activeness, innovativeness and risk-taking consist entrepreneurship, became the
dominant view. Thus, this study also considers these three characteristics as core elements.
 2.2.1 Innovativeness. Van de Ven (1992) defined that innovativeness, which can be Focusing on
regarded as the most critical element of entrepreneurship, is an organizational and cultural ICT majors
management to recognize the necessity of new ideas and behaviors, while Lumpkin and
Dess (1996) maintained that it is a crucial element for promoting new products and services,
novel experience, technological leadership, R&Ds for new methods and creativeness.
Meanwhile, Lee (1999) argued that innovativeness is one that an organization emphasizes
the technological innovation or actively conducts product designing, market survey as well
as product advertisement through product or market innovation based on process 161
innovation and experimental management technique. Kang (2011) suggested that
innovation is one of the elements of entrepreneurial strategies which can be an important
means of promoting investments for consistent development of new technologies and
improvement of products to gain a competitive advantage. Therefore, with all of these
definitions and contentions, innovativeness should be considered as a critical element of
entrepreneurship with which companies can adapt themselves to the rapidly changing
environment in the age of forth industrial revolution.
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2.2.2 Risk-taking. Risk-taking is one’s or organization’s desire to actively capture and

pursue opportunities in an uncertain environment accepting the risks involved. Jung (2015)
defined this term as a risk preferring decision-making behavior in an uncertain
environment.
While the entrepreneurs with low risk-taking tendency try to avoid risks or make
decisions cautiously, ones with high risk-taking inclination tend to make decisions faster to
capture opportunities (Bin and Park, 2002). Meanwhile, Sexton and Bowman-Upton (1986)
maintained that risk-taking indicates the degree of entrepreneur’s will or tendency to boldly
challenge uncertainties or enjoy them. Risk-taking is meaningful only if an entrepreneur is
proactive in seizing an opportunity, not just accepting the risks.
2.2.3 Pro-activeness. Pro-activeness is a future-oriented disposition that allows an
entrepreneur to forecast future when he is supposed to make a decision strategically. The
entrepreneur takes active behaviors after forecasting future opportunity and market
demands. Lumpkin and Dess (1996) maintain that pro-activeness means a company
preoccupying the market opportunity or holding a predominant position in the market.
Thus, with pro-activeness, companies develop new products and attempt to find new
opportunities in a highly uncertain environment or actively endeavors to secure a leading/
discriminative position in a newly created market (Kim, 2015). Covin and Slevin (1991)
claimed that pro-active entrepreneurs compete more aggressively than the others. This
means that they are not just simply counteracting their competitors but also consistently
trying to introduce some new products/services development and management techniques
into their companies. That is, pro-activeness can be defined as a tendency or behavior of
actively participating in the market changes one step ahead of their competitors (Kim, 1994).

2.3 Leadership
It is possible to say that leadership is an important element in many success factors for start-
ups and their continuous growth, but it is not easy to define them with a few words and its
definition varies depending on the approaches taken individual researchers. Bass (1990)
considered leadership as an interaction process among the group members to structure or
restructure their perceptions and expectations. Meanwhile, Northouse (2013) defined
leadership as a process where an individual attempt to affect group members to achieve
their common goal. However, Katz and Kahn (1978) defined it as one’s influence that allows
to produce more results than the results obtained from just carrying out everyday orders. A
strong leadership that leads to harmonious and organized business activities is essential to
 APJIE achieve more than expected. This study attempts to analyze and substantiate the impact of a
11,2 strong leadership on the entrepreneurial intentions and the success of start-ups.

2.4 Network
In a complex information-oriented society like present, it is not easy for small-scale
companies to satisfy economic demands while maintaining their competitiveness just by
162 themselves, as they often lack some of the necessary resources. Creative ideas and networks
are essential for achieving a successful business performance.
Huggins and Johnston (2010) claimed that it is indispensable to use some of the external
resources to surmount the difficulties in start-up businesses caused by the lack of internal
resources. Similarly, Choi (2010) supported this by suggesting that start-ups will be able to
optimize their performance by using the resources they lack by establishing some external
networks. According to Jang (2013), the network activities that can be regarded as the
personal and social activities of an entrepreneur refer to the behavior of using external
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resources for his/her start-up process depending on his/her internal capability. The
importance of networks and their roles are being emphasized in many types of research
conducted for start-ups. Thus, this study also attempts to identify how network
establishment and their activities affect the entrepreneurial intention of ICT majors in Busan
area.

2.5 Entrepreneurial intention

The concept most widely used to understand the phenomena associated with the establishment
of a business is entrepreneurship. Analyzing the definition of entrepreneurship found in
Morris’s (1998) studies, it was possible to find that entrepreneurship has been often emphasized
when one plans to establish a company. Yoon (2004) considered entrepreneurial intention as the
first step in establishing one’s business and a positive attitude and experience toward business
start-up should be preceded prior to actually making a decision to start his/her business.
Krueger et al. (2000) defined entrepreneurial intention as an individual’s effort to start his/her
business so that without it, one would not be able to proceed further. Considering that starting a
business can be fulfilled through calculate and intentional activities, the first step,
entrepreneurial intention, is essential for understanding overall phenomena involved in
business start-up, as it is a key element in determining the early characteristics of start-ups
(Bird, 1988; Katz and Garter, 1988). Shapero (1981) claimed that the roles of entrepreneurs with
entrepreneurial intentions are important for the nation, region or organization to have their
power of recuperation to ride out economic downturns and self-reforming traits. Therefore, it is
important for our society to contribute to continuous economic growth by inculcating a positive
perception in the minds of students with entrepreneurial intentions to promote and activate
start-ups and let the ones with potentials to challenge and succeed.

3. Research method
To study the magnitude of influence factors of entrepreneurship of Busan-area ICT majors
over their entrepreneurial intentions, we have randomly extracted the samples from the ICT
majors in Busan area during the period from November 1, 2016 to February 15, 2017. A five-
point scale was used for the survey. A total of 250 questionnaires were distributed, and 147
(71.70 per cent) of them were collected eventually, excluding unreliable responses. For the
empirical analysis of influence factors, the SPSS 23.0 program was used. Based on the study
model shown in Figure 1, a series of hypotheses were developed to deduce the influence
factors and put to verification afterward.
 Focusing on
ICT majors

163
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Figure 1.
The study model

4. Result of empirical analysis

In this study, the effect of the independent variables, entrepreneurship, leadership and
network promotion factors on entrepreneurial intention were analyzed using Pearson’s
correlation analysis. The result of the analysis shows that the correlation coefficient between
network and entrepreneurial intention is very high, and overall, the measurement factor has
a positive (þ) relationship Table I.
A multiple regression analysis was used in this study to verify the effect of facilitating
factors of entrepreneurship on the entrepreneurial intention (dependent variable). Here,
independent variables were also included for analysis (i.e. simultaneous input).
From the results obtained from the multiple regression analyses performed against all
the respondents, the applied regression equation was effective in explaining the dependent
value, as the overall explanatory power for activation of entrepreneurial intention was 49.4
per cent, F-value of analysis model was 38.352 and P-value 0.000. Also, as the variance
inflation factor (VIF) showed the maximum value of 1.616 while minimum tolerance was
0.619, it was determined that there was no multicollinearity problem. Specifically, the factors
such as pro-activeness in entrepreneurship, leadership, and network were analyzed to the
statistically significant variables at P = 0.05. However, innovativeness and risk-taking
factors were excluded at this level. Observing the relative effect of each independent
variable on entrepreneurial intention through a standardized regression coefficient, the pro-
activeness in entrepreneurship was most influential (=0.603) from the positive (þ) side
Table II.
For the study, some hypotheses for the influential factors of entrepreneurship which
should be considered to promote the entrepreneurial intentions of ICT majors in Busan area
have been developed and put to empirical analysis using a statistical technique. First, as for
the verification by regression analysis, H1, which assumes that entrepreneurship will give a
positive influence on entrepreneurial intention was partially accepted compared to
leadership which was fully accepted. Innovativeness and risk-taking in H1-1 and H1-3,
respectively, were rejected as they did not have a positive influence, whereas pro-activeness
(H1-2) was accepted. Such results are quite the contrary to the results presented in Hwi-Yeol
Choi’s (2016) study where he concluded that innovativeness and risk-taking tendencies had
a significant influence on entrepreneurial intention while pro-activeness did not. This may
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11,2

164

intention
APJIE

Table I.
The correlation

of entrepreneurship
over entrepreneurial
analysis for the effect
Measurement factors
Innovativeness Pro-activeness Risk sensitivity Leadership Network Entrepreneurial intention

Innovativeness
Pearson correlation 1
Significance probability
(two tailed)
N 147

Pro-activeness
Pearson correlation 0.528** 1
Significance probability
(two tailed) 0.000
N 147 147

Risk sensitivity
Pearson correlation 0.150 0.396** 1
Significance probability
(two tailed) 0.070 0.000
N 147 147 147

Leadership
Pearson correlation 0.306** 0.580** 0.340** 1
Significance probability
(two tailed) 0.000 0.000 0.000
N 147 147 147 147

Network
Pearson correlation 0.240** 0.499** 0.255** 0.525** 1
Significance probability
(two tailed) 0.003 0.000 0.002 0.000
N 147 147 147 147 147
(continued)
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Measurement factors
Innovativeness Pro-activeness Risk sensitivity Leadership Network Entrepreneurial intention

Entrepreneurial intension
Innovativeness
Pearson correlation 0.369** 0.646** 0.296** 0.530** 0.678** 1
Significance probability
(two tailed) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Pearson correlation 147 147 147 147 147 147
Note: **The correlation is significant at 0.01 level (two tailed)

Table I.
165
ICT majors
Focusing on
 APJIE have resulted from the fact that his survey was conducted for the general college students
11,2 rather than for the ICT majors. The difference is that this study has targeted the ICT majors
who have sufficient knowledge and experience that the high-tech industries involving
artificial intelligence, robotics or other cutting-edge technologies can lead to a social
innovation after being internalized as a foundation of our current society. It is true that the
knowledge associated with the 4th Industrial Revolution and in their potentials also
166 contributes to such an innovation. Thus, this study has empirically proven that both
innovativeness and risk-taking are not that influential, at least for the ICT majors in Busan
area.
Meanwhile, H1-1 was accepted such that it is possible to determine that pro-activeness of
entrepreneurship has a positive influence on entrepreneurial intention. This result is consistent
with most other research results which concluded the same (Yoon, 2012b; Park and Kim, 2009;
Yoon, 2012a; Kim, 2016). Pro-activeness can be considered as the tendency that actively solves
problems by positively dealing with changes and pursues something distinctively novel to find
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new opportunities. The above result also means that pro-activeness is necessary for all the
business founders for them to occupy a dominant position in a fluid and rapidly changing
market on the threshold of the 4th Industrial Revolution.
Next, for the H2, the studies on correlations between leadership and entrepreneurial
intention are quite insufficient in the ROK. Yoo (2014a, 2014b) and Kang and Ha (2015) are the
typical researchers who claim that leadership has a significant influence on entrepreneurial
intentions. Likewise, this study accepted the hypothesis that assumes the same.
Finally, as for the H3, most of the researches conducted for entrepreneurial intention find
that network(s) do have a positive influence on entrepreneurial intention (Burt, 1992; Yoo,
2012; Yoon, 2004) also maintains that the network environments are essential for producing
a large number of start-ups. These researchers verified that various types of networks
actually stimulate entrepreneurial intention. As these precedent studies, the hypothesis in
this study which made the same assumption was accepted. This means that a practical and
operational network(s) are vital to students’ business success. It is also true that
entrepreneurial intentions can be highly inspired when the student business founders
themselves endeavor to understand and perceive various aspects of start-ups by actively
participating in a variety of experimental environments or network/leadership activities
with a positive mind and attitude (Table III).

5. Conclusion and policy proposal

Current young people in the Republic of Korea (ROK) are in the midst of the 4th Industrial
Revolution which goes beyond the information-oriented society. This new era focuses on a

Non-standardized Standardized Multicollinearity

coefficient coefficient statistic
Category B Standard error b t Significant Tolerance limit VIF
Table II.
The result of Entrepreneurship
Innovativeness 0.044 0.077 0.043 0.567 0.572 0.717 1.394
regression analysis
Pro-activeness 0.519 0.070 0.603 7.455 0.000 0.619 1.616
for the influence Risk-taking 0.036 0.049 0.051 0.735 0.464 0.839 1.192
factors on Leadership 0.526 0.066 0.551 7.968 0.000 0.724 1.381
entrepreneurial Network 0.227 0.065 0.241 3.480 0.001 0.724 1.381
intention R 0.708 R2 0.501 2
Radi 0.494 F 38.352 Significant. 0.000
 variety of novel ideas including artificial intelligence and advanced robotics. The ROK Focusing on
government and most Korean universities should foster intelligence information industry to ICT majors
respond to the requirements of this era and enhance global competitiveness of start-ups by
promoting an appropriate start-up ecosystem to create more jobs. Many developed countries
around the world view creating quality jobs as the most important measurement for conflict
resolution and income imbalance. Developed countries such as the EU, America, Japan and
as well as emerging countries such as China are pursuing on the development of existing
industries and the creation of new industries as core policies (Ministry of Science, ICT and
167
Future Planning, 2014) based on ICT development. The Korean government also needs to
make efforts, basing on ICT, to expand the employments and also the number of young
entrepreneurs who have a proper entrepreneurship or a challenging spirit to contribute to
the national economy. Thus, a study was conducted to determine what factors of
entrepreneurship promote the entrepreneurial intention of ICT majors in Busan area. Also,
an empirical analysis was performed by deducing the factors that need to be considered to
activate the entrepreneurial intention in the universities. The existing factors that affected
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the entrepreneurial intention of university students were mostly structurally defined ones
such as entrepreneurship education, support policies for start-ups and relevant educations
which would drive the students to pursue start-up businesses. However, these factors, or
impact categories, were often theoretical and indoctrinating that they were somehow
ineffective as a base for creating jobs for college students or realizing the creative economy.
For this reason, the importance of entrepreneurship which can give a positive impression to
these people’s entrepreneurial intentions has been studied and verified not only in prior
treatises (Byong Geun, JO 2013, KIM, 2016 etc.) but also in this research paper.
In the study, pro-activeness of entrepreneurship was found to be most influential to
students’ entrepreneurial intentions. In Finland, innovative entrepreneurs are deliberately
cultivated based on the saying, “entrepreneurs are not born but are trained through education”.
This means that without entrepreneurship education, students’ entrepreneurial spirit cannot be
cultivated (Park, 2010). This paper also considered that efforts to review the means to foster
pro-activeness at the practical level and expanding them are critical to improving
the entrepreneurial intentions of the students. It has been also verified that the substantive
indirect experiences such as leadership and network activities are highly influential to the
entrepreneurial intentions of ICT majors. Existing studies (Yoon, 2004; Yoo, 2012) showed that
establishment of networks from which the students can receive help while they are preparing
for their start-ups or afterward are significantly important to the improvement. This study also
proves that, which is focused on ICT departments in Busan, the student with high pro-activity
and enhanced leadership actually respond more effectively to the difficulties or the fluidal
variables during their start-up preparations than those who received the lecture-oriented start-
up education. Therefore, entrepreneurship education that will boost pro-activity and practical
experience which can lead to actual start-ups are essential, in addition to well-trained leadership

Hypothesis Accept/reject Table III.

Verification result of
H1. Entrepreneurship will have a positive influence on entrepreneurial intention Partially acceptable
hypothetical
H1-1. Innovativeness will have a positive influence on entrepreneurial intention Rejected
H1-2. Pro-activeness will have a positive influence on entrepreneurial intention Accepted influence factors of
H1-3. Risk-taking will have a positive influence on entrepreneurial intention Rejected entrepreneurship on
H2. Leadership will have a positive influence on entrepreneurial intention Accepted entrepreneurial
H3. Networks will have a positive influence on entrepreneurial intention Accepted intention
 APJIE and well-organized networks. The government and relevant authorities should focus on
11,2 providing more diverse educational programs to invigorate youth start-ups, and we expect that
this study will be useful for that purpose.

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170 Further reading

Huh, J.H. and Seo, K. (2016a), “Smart grid framework test bed using OPNET and power line
communication”, 2016 Joint 8th International Conference on Soft Computing and Intelligent
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Huh, J.H., Koh, T. and Seo, K. (2015), “NMEA2000 ship area network (SAN) design and test bed using
power line communication (PLC) with the 3-phase 3-line delta connection method”, SERSC
ASTL, Vol. 94 (Networking and Communication 2015), pp. 57-63.
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Doctor’s thesis, Graduate School of Venture Hoseo University.
Park, J., Koh, T., Huh, J.H., Kim, T., Lee, J., Kang, J., Ju, D., Kim, J., Lee, J., Hwang, T., Park, Y. and Seo, K.
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working”, Advances in Computer Science and Ubiquitous Computing, LNEE, Springer,
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Corresponding author
Cheolwoo Park can be contacted at: cwpark@cup.ac.kr

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