Baltic 2015 P

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BALTIC WAY 2015 1 2 1

Allotted time: 9.0013.30 1 3 3 1
Questions may be asked 9.009.30.
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Only writing materials allowed.
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1 B AL TI C 1
1 W AY 20 15 6 1
1. For n ≥ 2, an equilateral triangle is divided into n2 congruent smaller equilateral triangles. Determine all
ways in which real numbers can be assigned to the (n+1)(n+2)
2 vertices so that three such numbers sum to zero
whenever the three vertices form a triangle with edges parallel to the sides of the big triangle.
2. Let n be a positive integer and let a1 , . . . , an be real numbers satisfying 0 ≤ ai ≤ 1 for i = 1, . . . , n. Prove the
inequality
(1 − an1 )(1 − an2 ) · · · (1 − ann ) ≤ (1 − a1 a2 · · · an )n .
3. Let n > 1 be an integer. Find all non-constant real polynomials P (x) satisfying, for any real x, the identity
n(n+1)
P (x)P (x2 )P (x3 ) · · · P (xn ) = P x 2 .
4. A family wears clothes of three colours: red, blue and green, with a separate, identical laundry bin for each
colour. At the beginning of the rst week, all bins are empty. Each week, the family generates a total of 10 kg
of laundry (the proportion of each colour is subject to variation). The laundry is sorted by colour and placed
in the bins. Next, the heaviest bin (only one of them, if there are several that are heaviest) is emptied and
its contents washed. What is the minimal possible storing capacity required of the laundry bins in order for
them never to overow?
5. Find all functions f : R → R satisfying the equation
|x|f (y) + yf (x) = f (xy) + f (x2 ) + f (f (y))
for all real numbers x and y .

6. Two players play the following game. At the outset there are two piles, containing 10, 000 and 20, 000 tokens,
respectively. A move consists of removing any positive number of tokens from a single pile removing x > 0 or
tokens from one pile and y > 0 tokens from the other, where x + y is divisible by 2015. The player who cannot
make a move loses. Which player has a winning strategy?
7. There are 100 members in a ladies' club. Each lady has had tea (in private) with exactly 56 of her lady
friends. The Board, consisting of the 50 most distinguished ladies, have all had tea with one another. Prove
that the entire club may be split into two groups in such a way that, within each group, any lady has had tea
with any other.
8. With inspiration drawn from the rectilinear network of streets in New York, the Manhattan distance between
two points (a, b) and (c, d) in the plane is dened to be
|a − c| + |b − d|.
Suppose only two distinct Manhattan distances occur between all pairs of distinct points of some point set.
What is the maximal number of points in such a set?
n(n−1)
9. Let n > 2 be an integer. A deck contains 2 cards, numbered
n(n − 1)
1, 2, 3, . . . , .
2
Two cards form a magic pair if their numbers are consecutive, or if their numbers are 1 and n(n−1)
2 .
For which n is it possible to distribute the cards into n stacks in such a manner that, among the cards in any
two stacks, there is exactly one magic pair?
1
10. A subset S of {1, 2, . . . , n} is called balanced if for every a ∈ S there exists some b ∈ S , b 6= a, such that
2 ∈ S as well.
a+b
(a) Let k > 1 be an integer and let n = 2k . Show that every subset S of {1, 2, . . . , n} with |S| > 3n
4 is
balanced.
(b) Does there exist an n = 2k , with k > 1 an integer, for which every subset S of {1, 2, . . . , n} with |S| > 2n
3
is balanced?
11. The diagonals of the parallelogram ABCD intersect at E . The bisectors of ∠DAE and ∠EBC intersect at
F . Assume that ECF D is a parallelogram. Determine the ratio AB : AD.
12. A circle passes through vertex B of the triangle ABC , intersects its sides AB and BC at points K and L,
respectively, and touches the side AC at its midpoint M . The point N on the arc BL (which does not contain
K ) is such that ∠LKN = ∠ACB . Find ∠BAC given that the triangle CKN is equilateral.
13. Let D be the footpoint of the altitude from B in the triangle ABC , where AB = 1. The incentre of triangle
BCD coincides with the centroid of triangle ABC . Find the lengths of AC and BC .
14. In the non-isosceles triangle ABC the altitude from A meets side BC in D. Let M be the midpoint of BC
and let N be the reection of M in D. The circumcircle of the triangle AM N intersects the side AB in P 6= A
and the side AC in Q 6= A. Prove that AN , BQ and CP are concurrent.
15. In triangle ABC , the interior and exterior angle bisectors of ∠BAC intersect the line BC in D and E ,
respectively. Let F be the second point of intersection of the line AD with the circumcircle of the triangle
ABC . Let O be the circumcentre of the triangle ABC and let D0 be the reection of D in O. Prove that
∠D0 F E = 90◦ .
16. Denote by P (n) the greatest prime divisor of n. Find all integers n ≥ 2 for which
√ √
P (n) + b nc = P (n + 1) + b n + 1c.
(Note: bxc denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x.)
17. Find all positive integers n for which nn−1 − 1 is divisible by 22015 , but not by 22016 .
18. Let f (x) = xn + an−1 xn−1 + · · · + a0 be a polynomial of degree n ≥ 1 with n (not necessarily distinct)
integer roots. Assume that there exist distinct primes p0 , p1 , . . . , pn−1 such that ai > 1 is a power of pi , for
all i = 0, . . . , n − 1. Find all possible values of n.
19. Three pairwise distinct positive integers a, b, c, with gcd(a, b, c) = 1, satisfy
a | (b − c)2 , b | (c − a)2 and c | (a − b)2 .
Prove that there does not exist a non-degenerate triangle with side lengths a, b, c.
20. For any integer n ≥ 2, we dene An to be the number of positive integers m with the following property: the
distance from n to the nearest multiple of m is equal to the distance from n3 to the nearest multiple of m.
Find all integers n ≥ 2 for which An is odd.
(Note: The distance between two integers a and b is dened as |a − b|.)

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BALTIC WAY 2015 1 2 1

|x|f (y) + yf (x) = f (xy) + f (x2 ) + f (f (y))

for all real numbers x and y .

19. Three pairwise distinct positive integers a, b, c, with gcd(a, b, c) = 1, satisfy

a | (b − c)2 , b | (c − a)2 and c | (a − b)2 .

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