Minggu ke-12 (3 Juni 2021)

KELAS BISPRO 1A MATA KULIAH PENDALAMAN TATA BAHASA INGGRIS

SEMESTER GENAP 2020/2021
DOSEN: SUPRIATNOKO
supriatnoko@yahoo.co.id

PERTEMUAN M-12-13: INFINITIVE PHRASES

GENERAL FORMS
TO OFFER, TO BE OFFERING, TO BE OFFERED

These forms express time that is simultaneous with , or future form, that of the main verb.

Supply the required form of the infinitive.

EXAMPLE: a. They expect (see) their new grandson soon.
They expect to see their new grandson soon.
b. He gave the report to his secretary (type)
He gave the report to his secretary to be typed.

1. The children quarreled over who was (get) the candy.

Ans : The children quarreled over to be getting the candy.

2. I don’t know how (do) this exercise.

Ans : I don’t know how to do this exercise.

3. (understand) is (forgive)
Ans : To understand is forgiving

4. At the present time, he is believed (recuperate) from a serious illness.

Ans : At the present time, he is believed to be recuperated from a serious illness.

5. Please give me a vase (put) the flowers in.

Ans : Please give me a vase to put the flowers in.

6. In order (gain) the child’s confidence, you must be strict but fair with him.
Ans : In order to gain the child’s confidence, you must be strict but fair with him

7. In all athletic contest, it is important (not lose) sight of the opponent.

Ans : In all athletic contest, it is important not to lose sight of the opponent.
8. The child needs (reassure) that he is loved.
Ans : The child needs to reassure that he is loved.

9. He was happy (relieve) of some of his duties.

Ans : He was happy to relieve of some of his duties.

10. I expect (see) him soon.

Ans : I expect to see him soon.

PERFECT FORM

Supply the prefect infinitive form

EXAMPLE: a. I seem (lose) my key
I seem to have lost my key
b. The boy was too young (expose) to such a dangerous situation.
The boy was too young to have been exposed to such a dangerous situation

1. I would have given my life (save) hers.

Ans : I would have given my life to be saved hers

2. He was found (misappropriate) the funds.

Ans : He was found to have been misappropriated the funds.

3. We believe there (be) an accident at the corner a short while ago.

Ans : We believe there to be an accident at the corner a short while ago.

4. He appeared (circulate, progressive) many lies about the company he was working for.
Ans : He appeared to have been circulated and progressived many lies about the company he was
working for.

5. I would like (see) your wife’s face when you gave her the diamond ring for her birthday.
Ans : I would like to be seen your wife’s face when you gave her the diamond ring for her birthday.

6. He is said (be) unscrupulous in his business dealings in his youth.

Ans : He is said to have been unscrupulous in his business dealings in his youth.

7. He seems (not understand) the instructions that were given him.

Ans : He seems to have not understand the instructions that were given him.

8. The accused man said that it was impossible for him (be) at the scene of the crime because he was
in another town.
Ans : The accused man said that it was impossible for him to have been at the scene of the crime
because he was in another town.
9. He was shrewd enough (not deceive) by the promises made at the meeting last night.
Ans : He was shrewd enough to have not deceived by the promises made at the meeting last night

FOR “SUBJECT” OF INFINITIVE PHRASES

Many infinitive phrases do not have “subject” included within them. If the “subject” is contained
within the phrase, it takes a prepositional form that precedes the infinitive. The most usual
preposition in such a use is for.

EXAMPLE: a. It is not easy (I, get up, early).

It is not easy for me to get up early.
b. (she, swim, English Channel) took a lot of courage.
For her to swim, English Channel took a lot of courage.

1. In order (the children, get, plenty, rest), they all went to bed early every night during their trip.
Ans : In order for the children to get plenty of rest, they all went to bed early every night during
their trip.

2. Her teacher is anxious (the girl, make up, work, she missed, during her illness).
Ans : Her teacher is anxious the girl used the make up when she missed to have worked during
her illness

3. It will be necessary (we, get, our passports, this week).

Ans : It will be necessary for us to get our passports in this week

4. This question is too difficult (the students, answer).

Ans : This question is too difficult for the students to answer

5. What I would like is (you, give, I, objective opinion, this matter).

Ans : What I would like is you to be given me an objective opinion on this matter

6. It is not possible (anyone, visit, the patient, now).

Ans : It is not possible for anyone to visit the patient now

7. There is too much work (they, take, coffee break).

Ans : There is too much work for them to take a coffee break

8. It is useless (we, complain, our neighbor, their loud music).

Ans : It is useless for us to complain to our neighbor because of their loud music
ANTICIPATORY IT WITH INFINITIVE PHRASE SUBJECTS

Infinitive phrase subjects occur chiefly with the verb be, causative verbs, verbs of emotion, and a few other
verbs like require, take, mean.

For him to get the money now is impossible.

To dress that way requires courage.

Such infinitive phrase subjects appear commonly after anticipatory it.

It is impossible for him to get the money now.

It requires courage to dress that way.

Change the following sentences so that the infinitive subjects are used after anticipatory it.

EXAMPLE: a. For them to lose their only son was a great tragedy.
It was a great tragedy for them to lose their only son.

1. For him to open up his own restaurant business would require a great deal of money.
Ans : It would require a great deal of money ror him to open up his own restaurant business

2. To be seen in public without a coat and tie would embarrass him.

Ans : It would embarrass him to be seen in public without a coat and tie

3. To grow line trees in a cold climate is impossible.

Ans : It is impossible to grow line trees in a cold climate

4. To pursue this train of thought would be worthwhile.

Ans : It would be worthwhile to pursue this train of thought

5. For anyone to do better than he does irritates him.

Ans : He does irritate for anyone to do better than him

6. Never to see him again would make her very sad.

Ans : It would make her very sad because she never to see him again

7. To keep looking young forever is an ideal of many woman.

Ans : It is an ideal of many woman to keep looking young forever

8. To cook tasty but economical dishes requires much ingenuity.

Ans : It requires much ingenuity to cook tasty but economical dishes

9. To get him to come with us won’t be easy.

Ans : It won’t be easy to get him to come with us

10. For anyone to have made such a mess of thigs is shocking.

Ans : It is shocking for anyone to have made such a mess of thigs
OF, TO “SUBJECTS” OF INFINITIVE PHRASES

After anticipatory it, the preposition used with the subject of the infinitive may be not only for, but of or to.

Of “subjects” of infinitives after certain adjectives:

1. Foolish, impertinent, polite, proper, rude, stupid, wicked, wise (less commonly also with for).
2. Generous, good, intelligent, kind, unworthy.

To “subjects” of infinitives after –ing participial adjectives expressing emotional states—alarming, amusing,
disappointing, embarrassing, irritating, shocking (with some of these adjectives, for is also occasionally used).
Of or to “subjects”, unlike for “subjects”, must remain after the predicate adjectives.
Make infinitive phrases from the words in parentheses. Use of or to before the “subject” of the infinitive.

EXAMPLE: a. It would be foolish (you, stop, now).

It would be foolish of you to stop now.
b. It was amazing (I, learn, how young, mayor, be).
It was amazing to me to learn how young the mayor was.

1. It was very impertinent (the child, make, such, remark).

Ans : It was very impertinent for the child to make such a remark

INFINITIVE PHRASES AS OBJECTS OF VERBS

Verbs taking infinitive objects may be divided into three groups according to what functions as the “subject”
of the infinitives.

1. The subject of the main verb is the “subject” of the infinitive

afford endeavor resolve

arrange expect seek
aother fail strive
care forget struggle
choose learn tend
claim manage threaten
consent mean undertake
decide pretend venture
deserve proceed volunteer
determine refuse

I can’t afford to buy a new coat

(the infinitive to buy refers to I, the subject of the main verb can’t afford).

2. The object of the main verb is the “subject” of the infinitive

 advise empower motivate
allow enable oblige
cause encourage order
caution entitle permit
challenge forbid persuade
coerce force remind
compel get (=cause) request
condemn implore require
convince incite teach
dare (=challenge) induce tell
defy instruct tempt
direct invite urge

I advise you to buy a new coat

(The infinitive to buy refers to you, the object of the main verb advise.)

3. Either the subject or the object of the main verb may be the “subject” of the infinitive.

Ask expect promise

Beg (dis)like want
Desire prepare wish

I want to buy a new coat

(to buy refers to you, the object of want.)

Form an infinitive phrase from the words in parentheses.

Infinitives Referring to Subjects of Main Verbs.

EXAMPLE: a. We expect (receive, his letter, few weeks).

We expect to receive his letter in a few weeks.
b. He deserves (punish, what he did).
He deserves to be punished for what he did.

1. He failed (appear, court, when, he, suppose to).

= He failed to have appeared in court when he supposed to

2. We hope (improve, this machine, near future)

= we hope to improve this machine in near future

3. They are planning (cross, ocean).

= they are planning to cross the ocean

4. Would you care (have, your car, wash)?

= would your cate to have your car washed?
5. He claims (descend, a royal family).
= he claims to descend a royal family

6. They were resolved (carry through, plan, they, make).

= they were resolved to carry through the plan they made

7. He always manages (assign, easiest task).

= he always manages to assign the easiest task

8. She desires (not, disturb, an hour).

= she desires not to be disturbed for an hour

9. The boy is pretending (be, son, millionaire).

= the boy is pretending to be son of a millionaire

10. The accused man has refused (sign, confession).

=The accused man has refuse to sign the confession

INFINITIVE REFERRING TO OBJECTS OF MAIN VERBS

EXAMPLE: a. The doctor advised her (get, more rest).

The doctor advised her to get more rest. (active main verb)
b. He was advised (get, more rest)
He was advised to get more rest. (passive main verb)

1. He has defied his landlord (evict, he)

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2. The accident caused the victim (lose, eyesight).

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3. This coupon will entitle you (receive, 10% discount).

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4. She implored her husband (not, leave, she)

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5. He was invited (lecture, subject, ecology).

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6. He was finally permitted (leave, country).

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7. The speaker incited the mob (loot, burn).

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8. The court permitted her (have, custody, child).

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9. The boy was encouraged (continue, his studies)

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10. The doctor is trying to persuade the patient (remain, hospital, few more days).
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INFINITIVE VS GERUND SUBJECTS

The greatest choice between the infinitive and the gerund is a subject. The infinitive generally represents
an act or state as a whole, whereas the gerund represents an act or state in progress. This kind of choice is
usually possible if the main verb is present or future.

To learn (or learning) a new language is difficult.

For us to back out (or our backing out) of the agreement would create much resentment.

If the main verb indicates a past single action, or if the verb is in the passive voice, the gerund is
usually required.

Finding the answers presented the problem. (past main verb)

Her stealing merchandise from the store will eventually be noticed (passive main verb)

Where possible, replace the verb in the parentheses with both a gerund and infinitive. Keep in mind that
the infinitive is more restricted in its use as a subject than gerund is.

EXAMPLE: a. (Locate) a suitable place for a meeting will take some time.
To locate (or Locating) a suitable place for a meeting will take some time.
b. (Interrogate) by the police is quite an ordeal.
To be interrogated or Being interrogated by the police is quite an ordeal.
c. (He, put) on parole was recommended by the prison authorities.
His being put on parole was recommended by the prison authorities.
(The infinitive is not used with a past verb or passive main verb.)

1. (the committee, investigate) the matter now would only cause the government embarrassment.
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2. (Live) at home would save that student a lot of money.

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3. (Inherit) money one doesn’t expect is a pleasant surprise.

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4. (He, insult) money the officer resulted in his arrest.

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5. (She, take) so long to dress always annoyed her husband.

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6. (Entertain) the troops is the only thing the singer does now.
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7. (Plant) a garden takes skill and patience.

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8. (Save face) is more important in some cultures than in others.

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9. (Type) that long report will be expensive.

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10. (Rebuild) the cathedral that was bombed will cost a great deal of money.
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