PROBLEM SOLVING: DEFINITE INTEGRALS

Evaluate the following definite integrals.

5
1. ∫ (3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
1

5 5
∫ (3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥) |
1 1

= [53 + 2(52 ) + 5] − [13 + 2(12 ) + 1]

= 180 − 4

= 176

9
2. ∫ (2𝑥 + 3√𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4

9 9
∫ (2𝑥 + 3√𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 3/2 ) |
4 4

= [92 + 2(93/2 )] − [42 + 2(43/2 )]

= 135 − 32

= 103

1
6
3. ∫ (5 + ) 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥4

1
6 2 1
∫ (5 + ) 𝑑𝑥 = (5𝑥 − )|
0 𝑥4 𝑥3
0

= [5] − [∞]

=∞

0
4. ∫ 𝑥 3 (1 − 2𝑥 4 )3 𝑑𝑥
−1

0 (1 − 2𝑥 4 )4 0
∫ 𝑥 3 (1 − 2𝑥 4 )3 𝑑𝑥 = − |
−1 32
−1
1 1
= − [( ) − ( )]
32 32
=0

6
5. ∫ (12𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 2) 𝑑𝑥
1

6 6
∫ (12𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 |
1 1

= [3(64 ) − 3(63 ) + 2(6)] − [3(14 ) − 3(13 ) + 2(1)]

= 3252 − 2

= 3250
 1
6. ∫ (5𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥
−2

1
5 7 1
∫ (5𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 |
−2 3 2
−2
5 7 5 7
= [ (1)3 − (1)2 + 3(1)] − [ (−2)3 − (−2)2 + 3(−2)]
3 2 3 2

7 100
= − (− )
6 3
69
=
2
0
7. ∫ (15𝑥 4 − 13𝑥 2 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
3

0
13 3 1 2 0
∫ (15𝑥 4 − 13𝑥 2 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 5 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 |
3 3 2
3
13 1
= [0] − [3(3)5 − (3)3 + (3)2 ]
3 2

1233
= [0] − [ ]
2
1233
=−
2

4
8
8. ∫ ( − 12√𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
1 √𝑥

4
8 24 5/2 4
∫ ( − 12√𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 = (16𝑥 1/2 − 𝑥 )|
1 √𝑥 5
1
24 24
= [16(4)1/2 − (4)5/2 ] − [16(1)1/2 − (1)5/2 ]
5 5

608 56
= [− ]−[ ]
5 5

664
=−
5

2 3
1 √𝑥 2 1
9. ∫ ( + − 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
1 7𝑥 4 2𝑥

2
1
3
√𝑥 2 1 1 3 5/3 1 2
∫ ( + − 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ( ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 2) |
1 7𝑥 4 2𝑥 7 20 4𝑥
1
1 3 1 1 3 1
= [ ln(2) + (2)5/3 + 2 ] − [ ln(1) + (1)5/3 + ]
7 20 4(2) 7 20 4(1)2

= [0.6377] − [0.4]

= 0.2377
 −1
10. ∫ 𝑥 2 (3 − 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
−4

−1 −1
∫ 𝑥 2 (3 − 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 3 − 𝑥 4 ) |
−4 −4

= [(−1)3 − (−1)4 ] − [(−4)3 − (−4)4 ]

= [−2] − [−320]

= 318

Evaluate the following integrals by using techniques of integration mentioned.

A. U – Substitution

1. ∫(8𝑥 − 12) (4𝑥 2 − 12𝑥)4 𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = 4𝑥 2 − 12𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 = (8𝑥 − 12) 𝑑𝑥

∫(8𝑥 − 12) (4𝑥 2 − 12𝑥)4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢4 𝑑𝑢

𝑢5
= +𝐶
5

(4𝑥 2 − 12𝑥)5
= +𝐶
5

2. ∫ 3𝑥 −4 (2 + 4𝑥 −3 )−7 𝑑𝑥

1
𝑢 = 2 + 4𝑥 −3 ; 𝑑𝑢 = −12𝑥 −4 𝑑𝑥; 3𝑥 −4 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑢
4
1
∫ 3𝑥 −4 (2 + 4𝑥 −3 )−7 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢−7 (− 𝑑𝑢)
4

1
= − ∫ 𝑢−7 𝑑𝑢
4

1 𝑢−6
=− ( )+𝐶
4 −6

1 −6
= 𝑢 +𝐶
24
1
= (2 + 4𝑥 −3 )−6 + 𝐶
24

3. ∫(3 − 4𝑥) (4𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 7)10 𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = 4𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 7; 𝑑𝑢 = (8𝑥 − 6) 𝑑𝑥 = −2(3 − 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

1
(3 − 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑢
2
1
∫(3 − 4𝑥) (4𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 7)10 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢10 (− 𝑑𝑢)
2
 1
= − ∫ 𝑢10 𝑑𝑢
2

1 𝑢11
= − ( )+𝐶
2 11

1 11
=− 𝑢 +𝐶
22

1
=− (4𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 7)11 + 𝐶
22

3
4. ∫ 5 (𝑥 − 4)3 √𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 = (2𝑥 − 8)𝑑𝑥 = 2(𝑥 − 4) 𝑑𝑥

1
(𝑥 − 4) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
2

By completing the square;

𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16 − 16
𝑢 = (𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16) − 16
𝑢 = (𝑥 − 4)2 − 16

Rearranging;

(𝑥 − 4)2 = 𝑢 + 16

Thus,

3
∫ 5 (𝑥 − 4)3 √𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ∫(𝑥 − 4)2 (𝑥 2 − 8𝑥)1/3 (𝑥 − 4)𝑑𝑥

1
= 5 ∫(𝑢 + 16) 𝑢1/3 ( 𝑑𝑢)
2

5
= ∫(𝑢4/3 + 16𝑢1/3 ) 𝑑𝑢
2

5 𝑢7/3 16𝑢4/3
= ( + )+𝐶
2 7 4
3 3

15 2 15 2
= (𝑥 − 8𝑥)7/3 + (𝑥 − 8𝑥)4/3 + 𝐶
14 8

4𝑥 + 3
5. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 2+ 6𝑥 − 1

𝑢 = 4𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 1;
𝑑𝑢 = (8𝑥 + 6) 𝑑𝑥 = 2(4𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥
1
(4𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
2
1
4𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2
4𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 1 𝑢
1
𝑑𝑢
= ∫2
𝑢
1 𝑑𝑢
= ∫
2 𝑢
 1
= ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
2
1
= ln |4𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
2

B. Integration by Parts

6. ∫ 4𝑥 cos(2 − 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑣 = cos(2 − 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥; 𝑣 = − sin(2 − 3𝑥)
3
1 1
∫ 4𝑥 cos(2 − 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 4 [− 𝑥 sin(2 − 3𝑥) − ∫ − sin(2 − 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥]
3 3
1 1
= 4 [− 𝑥 sin(2 − 3𝑥) + ∫ sin(2 − 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥]
3 3
1 1
= 4 [− 𝑥 sin(2 − 3𝑥) − ∫ sin(2 − 3𝑥) (−3𝑑𝑥)]
3 9
1 1
= 4 [− 𝑥 sin(2 − 3𝑥) + cos(2 − 3𝑥)] + 𝐶
3 9
4 4
= − 𝑥 sin(2 − 3𝑥) + 𝐶 + cos(2 − 3𝑥) + 𝐶
3 9

1
7. ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4

𝑢 = e2𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
𝑑𝑣 = cos ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥; 𝑣 = 4 sin ( 𝑥)
4 4

1 1 1
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 4 e2𝑥 sin ( 𝑥) − ∫ 4 sin ( 𝑥) 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 4 4
1 1
= 4 e2𝑥 sin ( 𝑥) − 8 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 sin ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4 4

Use integration by parts again:

1
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 sin ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4

𝑢 = e2𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
𝑑𝑣 = sin ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥; 𝑣 = −4 cos ( 𝑥)
4 4

1 1 1
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 sin ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = −4e2𝑥 cos ( 𝑥) − ∫ −4 cos ( 𝑥) 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 4 4

1 1
= −4e2𝑥 cos ( 𝑥) + 8 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4 4

Thus,

1 1 1
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 4 e2𝑥 sin ( 𝑥) − 8 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 sin ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4 4 4

1 1 1 1
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 4 e2𝑥 sin ( 𝑥) − 8 [−4e2𝑥 cos ( 𝑥) + 8 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥]
4 4 4 4

1 1 1
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 4 e2𝑥 sin ( 𝑥) + 32 e2𝑥 cos −64 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4 4 4
 1 1 1
65 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 4 e2𝑥 sin ( 𝑥) + 32 e2𝑥 cos ( 𝑥)
4 4 4

1 4 2𝑥 1 32 1
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 sin ( 𝑥) + 𝑒 2𝑥 cos ( 𝑥) + 𝐶
4 65 4 65 4

8. ∫ 𝑥 2 cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥2; 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑣 = cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥; 𝑣 = sin 4𝑥
4
1 1
∫ 𝑥 2 cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 sin 4𝑥 − ∫ sin 4𝑥 (2𝑥𝑑𝑥)
4 4

1 1
= 𝑥 2 sin 4𝑥 − ∫ sin 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 2

1 1
= 𝑥 2 sin 4𝑥 − ∫ sin 4𝑥 (4𝑑𝑥)
4 8

1 1
= 𝑥 2 sin 4𝑥 − [− cos 4𝑥] + 𝐶
4 8
1 1
= 𝑥 2 sin 4𝑥 + cos 4𝑥 + 𝐶
4 8

C. Partial Fractions
3𝑥 + 2
9. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 𝑥

3𝑥 + 2 3𝑥 + 2 𝐴 𝐵
= = +
𝑥2 + 𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 𝑥 + 1

Multiply both side by 𝑥 2 + 𝑥:

3𝑥 + 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵𝑥
3𝑥 + 2 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥
3𝑥 + 2 = 𝑥(𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝐴

Equating the coefficients:

3 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 → 𝐸𝑞. ①
2=𝐴
Thus,
3 = 2+𝐵
1=𝐵

3𝑥 + 2 2 1
2 = +
𝑥 +𝑥 𝑥 𝑥+1
3𝑥 + 2 2 1
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +𝑥 𝑥 𝑥+1

= 2 ln |𝑥| + ln |𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶

𝑥+9
10. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 2𝑥 − 15

𝑥+9 𝑥+9 𝐴 𝐵
= = +
𝑥2 + 2𝑥 − 15 (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 3) 𝑥 + 5 𝑥 − 3

Multiply both side by 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 15:

𝑥 + 9 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 3) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 5)
𝑥 + 9 = 𝐴𝑥 − 3𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 + 5𝐵
𝑥 + 9 = 𝑥(𝐴 + 𝐵) + (−3𝐴 + 5𝐵)

Equating the coefficients:

1 = 𝐴+𝐵 → 𝐸𝑞. ①
9 = −3𝐴 + 5𝐵 → 𝐸𝑞. ②

Multiply 3 in Eq. ① then add the result to Eq. ②

3 = 3𝐴 + 3𝐵
9 = −3𝐴 + 5𝐵

12 = 8𝐵
12 3
𝐵= =
8 2

Substitute the value of B in Eq.①:

3
1= 𝐴+
2
1
𝐴=−
2

𝑥+9 1 3
=− +
𝑥2 + 2𝑥 − 15 2(𝑥 + 5) 2(𝑥 − 3)

𝑥+9 3 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 2𝑥 − 15 2(𝑥 − 3) 2(𝑥 + 5)

3 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ − ∫
2 𝑥−3 2 𝑥+5

3 1
= ln |𝑥 − 3| − ln|𝑥 + 5| + 𝐶
2 2