SHS

Philippine Politics and

Governance
Quarter 1: Week 5 - Module 5

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Philippine Politics and Governance
Grade 12 Quarter 1: Week 5 - Module 5
First Edition, 2020

Copyright © 2020
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without
written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Mario V. Mariano Jr, T-III

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team

Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II

Management Team:

Atty. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent

Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, Ph.D.

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

German E. Flora, Ph.D., CID Chief

Virgilio C. Boado, Ph.D., EPS in Charge of LRMS

Mario B. Paneda, Ed.D., EPS in Charge of Araling Panlipunan

Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II

Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II

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Philippine Politics and
Governance
Quarter 1: Week 5 - Module 5

iii
 Target

State, nation, government and administration are concepts or words defined

interchangeably by some. But what really these words mean? What are the
differences of these words? Have you encountered these words/concepts already in
your social science subjects in your junior high school? People used these words
interchangeably however these words have different meaning in Political Science.

In your previous learning material, you have learned the nature,

dimensions/types, and consequences of power. You learned that power is the
ability to influence others and it is what exercise in politics is. It has various forms
and dimensions, and it exists in different levels of relationships: from the personal
level, to the governmental, and up to the international level. Power involves who
gets what, when, and how much. It has different consequences, but what is notable
is that it defines all types of relationships.

Now, for you to better understand the concept of state and nation in relation
to globalization, we have to delve in into their definitions and their elements. These
elements or components served as an integral part in the overall perception of state
versus nation and government versus administration. You may wonder how state
was created and what will be its status in the global community; these will be
discussed in this learning material. You will have an overview of why it is important
for certain state to cooperate and have amity to other states. Furthermore, you will
learn how important a certain administration run the government for progress.

For you to have a better grasp on the ideas and concepts in this learning
material, you have to perform and answer the activities given.

After studying this module, you are expected to:

 analyze the relationship among nations and states in the context of

globalization

SUBTASK
 define state, nation, government and administration;
 differentiate state from nation; government from administration;
 apply the concepts of state, nation, government and
administration by illustrating and giving examples;

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 Jumpstart

Are you now set to perform the activity, answer the questions, and read the
texts? If so, then you may now answer the questions included herein. Use another
sheet of paper for your answer.

ACTIVITY 1: LETTER ARRANGEMENT. Arrange the jumbled letters to form the

correct word that was described on each number.

DISARRANGED DESCRIPTION ANSWER

LETTERS
OIANNT 1. a group of people bound together
by commonalities in language,
history, traditions, and religion
REVTNENMOG 2. agency or instrumentality,
through which the will of the state
is formulated, expressed and
realized
TTAES 3. a group of people, living together
in a fixed territory, organized for
political ends under independent
government, and capable of
entering into international
relations
DMIARONATIN 4. the act of governing or
I ST administering the government; it
is the aggregate act of persons
working to run the government
REYSINTOVEG 5. refers to both jurisdiction (the ability
of a state to exercise its authority over
its territory and people) and
independence (the freedom from
external control)
RRRTTEIOY 6. fixed portion of the surface of the
earth which people of the state reside
EOPPL 7. member of both sexes for perpetuity
and more or less numerous for defense

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ACTIVITY 2: CROSSWORD PUZZLE. Below are the concepts how state is created
and how state acquires territory. Fill in the crossword puzzle with the words
describe below. Match the number of the words from the boxes.

ACROSS DOWN
4. ____ of independence - act of stating 1. two words that describes the acquisition
something or exercising authority of territory which belonging to no one (2
confidently and forcefully words)
6. refers to the movement, often violent 2. negotiated and typically legally binding
to overthrow an old regime and effect arrangement between parties as to
a complete change in the course of action
fundamental institution of society 3. formal annexation of a territory after it
8. log, continued, and adverse has been conquered or occupied in the
possession to vest acquisitive title in course of war
the claimant 5. the process of being united or made into
9. transfer of territory from one state to a whole
another by agreement 7. act of separating from a nation or state
11. process by which society or place and become independent
reach an advance stage of civility 10. accomplished through both natural or
artificial processes, as by the gradual
and imperceptible deposit of soil on the
coast of the country through the action
of water or more effectively, by
reclamation process

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ACTIVITY 3: GUESS WHAT. Below is the list of states in the world and previous
president of the Philippines. Choose among the lists which were described in the
box. You write as many as you deemed appropriate. You may get a world map for
your reference. Answer the process questions after it.

Saudi Arabia Lebanon Joseph Ejercito – Estrada

Taiwan Iran Gloria Macapagal – Arroyo
Japan Iraq Benigno Aquino III
United States Timor-Leste Rodrigo Roa-Duterte
Hong Kong Philippines

NATION- NOT a
NATION STATE
STATE STATE
With same A country A country Not
religion with same having considered by
across the religion all different other state as
country. throughout. culture all – a state or it
though out was governed
by other
state.

Who is the Who is the Who is the Who is the

President in President in President in President in
1999? 2009? 2014 2017?
ADMNISTRATION

Did the Did the Did the Did the

structure of structure of structure of structure of
the the the the
Philippines Philippines Philippines Philippines
GOVERNMENT change change during change change
during this this time? (yes during this during this
time? (yes or or no) time? (yes or time? (yes or
no) no) no)

Guide Questions:

1. From your activity, what can you say about a nation, nation-state, state and
not state?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________.

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 2. Do government change even if the administration changes or vice-versa?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________.

3. Based from your activity, what do you think is the difference of

administration form government?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________.

4. Based from your activity, what do you think is the difference of state and
nation?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________.

5. When can we say that a certain place is not considered as state?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________.

RUBRIC FOR SCORING

POINTS REQUIREMENTS
Provides an insightful and detailed/opinion that includes or extends
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ideas for the text
Provides some explanation/opinion that includes ideas from the text for
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support.
Uses text incorrectly or with limited success and includes an
3
inconsistent or confusing explanation.
Demonstrate minimal understanding of the task and provide an unclear
2
reference or no use of the text for support.
1 Response is completely irrelevant or off-topic.

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 Discover

CONCEPT OF STATE and NATION

What is a nation?

Nasci is a Latin word where the term nation came from which means “born”;
giving it a racial or ethnic in meaning. Etymologically, it refers to a birthplace;
therefore, it is generally used to describe an ethnic, linguistic, or cultural
community. Thus, it may also define as group of people bound together by
commonalities in language, history, traditions, and religion.

As a nation they share common identity as a people (cohesion) that enables

them to think themselves as a member of homogenous community. Like for
example, we Filipinos, we have different ethnic group however we have that
oneness of being Filipino. We belong to one descent and share the same culture of
being Filipino. Not always that for a nation to be called such they have the same
and exact culture, religion or tradition as to the other. What important is the
willingness to live together as one. There instances that even if they have same
religion, physical feature and culture they are separate as a nation because of their
inability to live together.

2 Classification of Nation

1. Ethnic Nation – is an entity that is united on the basis of ethnicity. It is

populated more or less by a single ethnic group. Like for example, the
community of our Muslim brothers who shares same ethnicity even with
different territories. Japan also is one example of ethnic nation.

2. Territorial Nation – an entity that covers a predefined territory which was

populated by different ethnic group that have assimilated as a nation. For
example, the Philippines, we have different ethnic groups but we assimilate
our self as a Filipino. Also, the Asian nation, we are considered as Asian
even with different ethnicity and descent but we are one as Asian.

What is a state?

A state is a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently

occupying a definite portion of territory, having a government of their own to which
the great body of inhabitants render obedience, and enjoying freedom from external
control.

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 In international law, the concept of State was established in the Montevideo
Convention, an agreement signed by countries in Montevideo, Uruguay, they set a
standard of definition of state. It stipulated that all states were equal sovereign
units consisting of (1) permanent population; (2) defined territorial boundaries; (3)
a government and (4) an ability to enter into agreements.

ELEMENTS OF A STATE

For a certain State to be honored as state by others, it should possess the

following elements:

1. PEOPLE. There must be people residing who should be numerous to

be governed and self-sufficient. It should also be more or less
numerous for defense and both sexes present for perpetuity.

Example: Vatican; a state within a state, they are less

numerous but can govern and self-sufficient.

2. TERRITORY. An area over which territory has effective control. A

fixed portion of the surface of the earth in which people reside that is
sufficient to provide the needs of the inhabitants. It is big enough to
be self-sufficient but small enough to administered and defended.

COMPONENTS:

 Aerial Domain
 Terrestrial Domain
 Maritime and Fluvial Domain

MODES OF ACQUIRING TERRITORY

The following are the ways or modes how a state can acquire its
territory:

a) Discovery and Occupation – A state can acquire a certain

territory when it discovers a certain place and occupy it for a
long period of time. The place should be terra nullius or land
belonging to no one. A certain territory cannot be acquired only
by discovery, it should be possess and administered by the
state that discovered it.

Example: Spartly Island: this is the basis of the

Philippines why we are claiming it as our own.

b) Prescription. It is a long, continued, and adverse possession to

vest acquisitive title in the claimant. The acquisition of territory
by an adverse holding through a long term of years requires
two essential facts; (1) continuous; (2) undisturbed possession.

Example: Las Palmas case: even if Spain discovered

and occupied this territory, the Netherlands acquires the

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 same by virtue of prescription as it exercised sovereign
rights over the island for more than two hundred years
after its discovery by Spain.

Question: Why do the Philippines not under Spain since we

are occupied for more than 300 years?

c) Cession. It is the transfer of territory from one state to another

by agreement. It may be a bilateral agreement whereby one
state transfer sovereignty over a definite portion of territory to
another state. This may be voluntary or by force.

Example: Sabah, Malaysia ceded by British Empire.

d) Subjugation/ Conquest. Formal annexation of a territory after

it has been conquered in the course of war. This mostly happen
during early times.

Example: Colonies of countries; Philippines during

Spanish Era

e) Accretion. Increase in the land area of a State caused by the

operation of the forces of nature or, artificially, through human
labor.

Example: Chinese Reclamation in West Philippine Sea;

Mischief Reef or some part of Spratly Islands.

3. GOVERNMENT. It is an agency or instrumentality, through which the

will of the state is formulated, expressed and realized. It was
established by inhabitants which was organized in exercising control
over, and capable of maintaining law, and other within the territory. It
is the system that put in place to govern the state. In the Philippines,
the government is governed by the constitution. The action of all the
people based from the constitution.

The way how the government is managed is what we call as

administration. The management of the affairs of the government is
administration. In the Philippines, the one we voted in office are the
ones mostly administering the government. Administration changes
over time but government will not if it will not change by the people
through referendum.

4. SOVEREIGNTY. The supreme and uncontrollable power in a state by

which that state is governed. An entity is NOT a state UNLESS it has
competence, within its own constitutional system, to conduct
international relation with other states, as well as the political, and
financial capabilities to do so.

2 ASPECTS

a. Internal – the ability of a state to exercise its authority over its

territory and people

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 Example: the totality on how the government rules its people

b. External – the relationship of the State with other States; the

freedom from external control.

Example: No other States dictates how the government should

be governed or run

How State is created?

A state may be created by:

a. Revolution. It refers to a movement, often violent to overthrow an old

regime and effect a complete change in the fundamental institution of
society.
Example:
o American Revolution
o EDSA Revolution – there is a change in the structure of
government
b. Unification. The process of being united or made into a whole. Many
states joined together to form as one.
Example: Germany
c. Secession. The act of separating from a nation or state and become
independent.
Example: Timor-Leste with the help of UN, Indonesia ceded its
claim. This is what Taiwan wants from China, also those pro-
democracy in Hong Kong.
d. Assertion of Independence. The act of stating something or
exercising authority confidently and forcefully.
Example: former Yugoslavia, Kosovo
e. Agreement – It is negotiated and typically legally binding
arrangement between parties as to course of action.
Example: Netherlands
f. Attainment of Civilization – process by which society is or place
reach an advance stage of social civilization.

Example: Mesopotamia by is now Iran and Iraq.

CONCEPT OF NATION – STATE

Nation-state is a term refers a political institution that combines the

concepts of nation and state. It refers to a state inhabited by people who identify
themselves as a nation on account of common culture, history, language, ethnicity,
or other factors. Nation-state coincides with same language and religion, however
not all. A nation is composed of many states like the Muslim Nation; it is composed
of Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan and many more. There also states with
minorities which separates themselves with the others. It is in this point where
debate comes in if Philippines is a nation-state or not because of our brothers in

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the south establishing Bangsamoro which means Moro nation. In middle east also,
the Kurdish which are minorities in Turkey, Iran, and Iraq.

Always remember that if we are talking of Nation-State combine the concepts

of nation and the concept state, oneness in one state.

Explore

ENRICHMENT 1: Complete the table by writing the difference of the following

terms and concepts. Differentiate the terms given using the point of reference.

POINT OF
STATE NATION
REFERENCE

a. Nature

b. Definition

c. Example

POINT OF
GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION
REFERENCE

a. Nature

b. Definition

c. Example

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 POINT OF
STATE GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION
REFERENCE

a. scope

b. permanency

c. representation

d. example

ENRICHMENT 2: Identify and Reason Out. Identify one country which was
describe in the box and discussed why you choose that as an example of the
description given.

STATE NATION NATION -STATE NON-STATE

Example: Example: Example: Example:

Explanation:

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ENRICHMENT 3: FOLLOW THROUGH. Using the diagram below, conceptualize
how you will show the concept of State. Use your creativity in doing this activity.
Every box and line has its own purpose. Focus on the elements of the state and its
description.

Deepen

At this point, you are required to demonstrate the skills you acquired from
the lesson and activities given. Your output from this activity will show the extent
to which you can apply what you have learned from the lesson.

ACTIVITY 1: ESSAY. Answer the following questions.

1. Do you consider Taiwan as a state? Why?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________.

2. Can you consider the Philippines as a nation-state?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________.

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 3. Why do some past government officials like Associate Justice Carpio, Former
Foreign Secretary Del Rosario urging the Duterte Administration the Arbitral
Ruling won by the Philippines against China in the Internal Court of Justice
(or the assertion of ownership of the Philippines in the West Philippine Sea)?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________.

4. What cultural belief and value systems do you share with the larger
Philippine society which makes you feel that you belong to the Filipino
nation?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________.

5. What makes a certain community a nation and what makes it a state?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________.

ACTIVITY 2: Creating a State. If you are given a chance to establish your own
country, a state specifically, how are you going to do it? Write down the ways on
how you acquire territory and how are you going to create it. Also establish the
necessary elements needed to create a state. Do this in an essay form. Use a
separate sheet of paper.
Rubrics for Scoring for Both Activity 1 And 2

Area of Assessment 5 Points 4 Points 3 Points 2 Points

Present ideas Present ideas in Present ideas

in less below average Present ideas
IDEAS comprehensive comprehensive comprehension vaguely and
and logical and logical and logical poorly
manner manner manner
Original Some of the Most of the All of the
ORIGINALITY concept and details were details were details were
not copied. copied. copied. copied.
Less 50%
NEATNESS and 100% neat and 75% neat and 50% neat and
neatness &
COMPLETENESS complete complete complete
completeness

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ACTIVITY 3: EXIT SLIP. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED. Fill in the blanks inside the
table honestly. There are phrases written as your guide. Your answer will reflect the
level of your understanding and appreciation of the lesson.

The three new things I learned are:

1. _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________.
3 2. _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________.
3. _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________.
The two things I don’t agree are: ______ because __________
1. _______________________________________________________________________
2 _____________________________________________________________________.
2. _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________.
One thing that I want to ask is:
1 _____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________.

Gauge

Directions: Read carefully each item. Use a separate sheet of paper for your
answers. Write only the letter of the best answer for each test item.

I. Modified TRUE or FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is correct. If incorrect,

replace the underlined word or words to make the statement correct. Write your
answer before the number.
1. A nation functions as a cultural and psychological entity, whereas
state exists as a political unit.
2. One example of revolution that creates a state is EDSA Revolution 2.
3. A territorial nation is composed of single ethnic group.
4. There aspects of sovereignty are internal and viewed sovereignty.
5. Administration is one of the elements of a state, without which a state
will not exist.
6. One example of a state created under unification is the United States of
America.
7. State came from the Latin word nasci which means born.
8. Sovereignty is the inherent power of the state to impose its will on its
people, free from outside control.
9. Japan is an example of a nation-state.
10. Bangsamoro is considered as a state since they have their own
government.

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II. Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer among the choices. Write your answer
before the number.

1. What element of the state that is referring to a fixed portion of the surface of
the earth in which people reside that is sufficient to provide the needs of the
inhabitants?
A. government B. people C. sovereignty D. territory
2. Japan is a state inhabited by people who identify themselves as a nation on
account of common culture, history, language, ethnicity, or other factors.
Which of the following best describe Japan?
A. nation B. state C. nation-state D. non-state
3. Which of the following is not a mode in acquiring territory?
A. Cession C. Prescription
B. Discovery and Occupation D. Unification
4. Which of the following statement is TRUE?
A. Administration is an element of a state.
B. State, Nation and government have the same meaning.
C. Nation refers to ethnical bases while State is based on legal concept.
D. Nation-states are those states with only one ethnicity, language and religion.
5. Which of the following is NOT true about the government?
A. Government is the same as administration.
B. Government is an element of the state, without it state will not exist.
C. Government is an agency or instrumentality, through which the will of the
state is formulated, expressed and realized.
D. Government will not change even if the people composing it will change
through the vote of people.
6. What do you call the group of people who feel bound into a single body by
shared culture, values, folkways, religion and/or language?
A. nation B. state C. nation-state D. non-state
7. What refers to a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently
occupying a definite portion of territory, having a government of their own to
which the great body of inhabitants render obedience, and enjoying freedom
from external control?
A. nation B. state C. nation-state D. non-state
8. What is the basis of the Philippines in claiming the Spratly Islands?
A. discovery and occupation C. Prescription
B. cession D. unification
9. What is NOT included in the territory of a state?
A. aerial domain C. fluvial and maritime domain
B. terrestrial domain D. outer space
10. Why Hong Kong is not considered as a state?
A. because it is not considered as a state by other states
B. because there is external force that dictates its action
C. because it has no sovereignty
D. all of the above

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I. Modified True or False.
1. True
2. EDSA Revolution 1
3. Ethnic Nation
4. External
5. Government
6. Germany
7. Nation
8. True
9. True
10. Malaysia
II. Multiple Choice
1. D
2. C
3. D
4. C
5. A
6. A
7. B
8. A
9. D
10. D
Answer Key
References:
Printed:

Ramos, Renan E. (2017) Philippine Politics and Governance, Quezon Ave., Quezon
City, Philippines: Vibal Publishing House

Villanueva, Prince Aian G. (2017) DIWA Senior High School Series: Philippine
Politics and Governance, Makati City, Philippines: DIWA Learning System Inc.

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