AESA BASED IPM Package No. 23

AESA BASED IPM Package No.
23
AESA based IPM – Okra

Important Natural Enemies of Okra Insect Pests
Parasitoids
Good insectary plants belonging to Compositae,
Leguminaceae, Umbelliferae, Brassicaceae etc. families
French bean Marigold Carrot
Sunflower Buckwheat Maize
Predators
Mustard Castor Rye Grass
Alfalfa Chrysanthemum Cowpea

The AESA based IPM - Okra, was compiled by the NIPHM working group under the
Chairmanship of Dr. K. Satyagopal DG, NIPHM, and guidance of Shri. Utpal Kumar Singh JS
(PP). The package was developed taking into account the advice of experts listed below on
various occasions before finalization.
NIPHM Working Group:
Chairman : Dr. K. Satyagopal, IAS, Director General
Vice-Chairmen : Dr. S. N. Sushil, Plant Protection Advisor
: Dr. P. Jeyakumar, Director (PHM)
1. Er. G. Shankar, Joint Director (PHE), Pesticide Application Techniques Expertise.
2. Dr. O. P. Sharma, Joint Director (A & AM), Agronomy Expertise.
3. Dr. Dhana Raj Boina, Assistant Director (PHM), Entomology Expertise.
4. Dr. Richa Varshney, Assistant Scientific Officer (PHM), Entomology Expertise.
Other Members :
1. Dr. Satish Kumar Sain, Assistant Director (PHM), Pathology Expertise.
2. Dr. N. Srinivasa Rao, Assistant Director (RPM), Rodent Pest Management Expertise.
3. Dr. B. S. Sunanda, Assistant Scientific Officer (PHM), Nematology Expertise.
Contributions by DPPQ&S Experts:
1. Shri. Ram Asre, Additional Plant Protection Advisor (IPM),
2. Dr. K. S. Kapoor, Deputy Director (Entomology),
3. Dr. Sanjay Arya, Deputy Director (Plant Pathology),
4. Dr. Subhash Kumar, Deputy Director (Weed Science)
5. Dr. C. S. Patni, Plant Protection Officer (Plant Pathology)
Contributions by External Experts:
1. Dr. A. Krishnamurthy, Principal Scientist & Head, Division of Entomology
and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore,
Karnataka.
2. Dr. Uma Devi, Professor of Pathology, Agricultural College, ANGRAU,
Hyderabad. Andhra Pradesh.
3. Dr. Koteshwar Rao, As. Prof. of Entomology, ANGRAU, Hyderabad, Andhra
Pradesh.
4. Dr. M. Vijaya, Principal Scientist, Pathology, Vegetable Research Station,
YSR Horticultural University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.
5. Dr. K. Sireesha, Scientist, Entomology, Vegetable Research Station,
YSR Horticultural University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.
6. Dr. Madhavilatha, Scientist, Agronomy, Vegetable Research Station, YSR Horticultural
University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.
7. Prof. S. Sreedharan, Department of Entomology, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.
8. Dr. R. P. Chandel, Professor of Entomology, YS Parmar University of Agriculture and
Horticulture, Sholan, Himachal Pradesh.
9. Dr. Y. S. Kotikal, Professor of Entomology, University of Horticultural Sciences,
Bhagalkot, Karnataka.

Citation Satyagopal, K., S. N. Sushil, P. Jeyakumar, G. Shankar,

O. P. Sharma, D. Boina, R. Varshney, S. K. Sain, B. S. Suna-
nda, Ram Asre, K. S. Kapoor, Sanjay Arya, Subhash Kumar,
C. S. Patni, A. Krishnamurthy, Uma Devi, Koteshwar Rao,
M. Vijaya, K. Sireesha, Madhavilatha, S. Sreedharan, R. P. Chan-
del, Y. S. Kotikal. 2014. AESA based IPM package for okra.
pp. 62.
Front cover picture Model AESA chart for okra
Back cover picture NIPHM PGDPHM students taking AESA observations in okra
field
Published by National Institute of Plant Health Management,

Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500 030
Copies: 500
For internal circulation only. Not for sale.
Contact APPA - IPM, Directorate of Plant Protection,

Quarantine & Storage, CGO Complex, NH IV,
Faridabad, Haryana - 121 001.
Tel : 0129 2413020, e-mail: ppa@nic.in
Printed at Balaji Scan Pvt. Ltd., A.C. Guards, Hyderabad.

Tel : 040-23303424, balajiscan.com; bsplpress@gmail.com
Avinash K Srivastava
Additional Secretary
Government of India
Ministry of Agriculture
(Department of Agriculture & Cooperation)
Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi - 110 001
FOREWORD
Intensive agricultural practices relying heavily on chemical pesticides are a ma-
jor cause of wide spread ecological imbalances resulting in serious problems of
insecticide resistance, pest resurgence and pesticide residues. There is a growing
awareness world over on the need for promoting environmentally sustainable ag-
riculture practices.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a globally accepted strategy for promot-

ing sustainable agriculture. During last century, IPM relied substantially on eco-
nomic threshold level and chemical pesticides driven approaches. However, since
the late 1990s there is conscious shift to more ecologically sustainable Agro-Eco
System Analysis (AESA) based IPM strategies. The AESA based IPM focuses on the
relationship among various components of an agro-ecosystem wtih special focus
on pest-defender dynamics, innate abilities of plant to compensate for the dam-
ages caused by the pests and the influence of abiotic factors on pest buildup. In
addition, Ecological Engineering for pest management - a new paradigm to en-
hance the natural enemies of pests in an agro-ecosystem is being considered as an
important strategy. The ecological approach stresses the need for relying on bio
intensive strategies prior to use of chemical pesticides.
Sincere efforts have been made by resource personnel to incorporate ecologi-

cally based principles and field proven technologies for guidance of the exten-
sion officers to educate, motivate and guide the farmers to adopt AESA based IPM
strategies, which are environmentally sustainable. I hope that the AESA based IPM
packages will be relied upon by various stakeholders relating to Central and State
government functionaries involved in extension and Scientists of SAUs and ICAR
institutions in their endeavour to promote environmentally sustainable agricul-
ture practices.
Date : 6.3.2014 (Avinash K. Srivastava)

Joint Secretary
Government of India
Ministry of Agriculture
(Department of Agriculture & Cooperation)
Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi - 110001
FOREWORD
IPM as a holistic approach of crop protection based on the integration of multiple

strategies viz., cultural, physical, mechanical, biological, botanical and chemical.
Over the years IPM underwent several changes, shifting its focus from damage
boundary, economic injury to economic threshold. Currently most stake holders
rely upon economic threshold levels (ETL) and tend to apply chemical pesticides
at the first instance in the event of a pest attack, through Government of India
has advocated need based and judicious application of chemicals. This approach
is likely to cause adverse effects on agro-ecosystems and increase the cost of agri-
cultural production due to problems of pest resurgence, insecticide resistance and
sustainability.
During the late 90s FAO started advocating Agro-Ecosystem Analysis

(AESA) based IPM. Experience in different countries have sine show that AESA,
which takes into account ecological principles and relies on the balance that is
maintained by biotic factors in an ecosystem has also resulted in reduction in cost
of production and increase in yields. AESA based IPM also takes into account the
need for active participation of farmers and promotes experiential learning and
discovery based decision making by farmers. AESA based IPM in conjunction with
ecological engineering for pest management promotes bio-intensive strategies as
against current chemical intensive approaches, while retaining the option to apply
chemical pesticides judiciously as a measure of last resort.
The resource persons of NIPHM and DPPQ&S have made sincere efforts
in revising IPM packages for different crops by incorporating agro-ecosystem
analysis, ecological engineering, pesticide application techniques and other IPM
options with the active cooperation of crop based plant protection scientists work-
ing in state Agricultural Universities and ICAR institutions. I hope this IPM package
will serve as a ready reference for extension functionaries of Central / State Gov-
ernments, NGOs and progressive farmers in adopting sustainable plant protection
strategies by minimizing the dependence on chemical pesticides.
(Utpal Kumar Singh)

National Institute of Plant Health Management

Department of Agriculture & Cooperation
Dr. K. SATYAGOPAL, IAS Ministry of Agriculture
Director General Government of India
Telephone : +91-40-24015346, Rajendranagar
E-mail : dgniphm@nic.in Hyderabad-500030
Tele-Fax : +91-40-24015346 http://niphm.gov.in
PREFACE
Need for environmentally sustainable agricultural practices is recognised worldwide
in view of the wide spread ecological imbalances caused by highly intensive agri-
cultural systems. In order to address the adverse impacts of chemical pesticides on
agro-ecosystems, Integrated Pest Management has evolved further from ETL based
approach to Agro-ecosystem Analysis based Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
In AESA based IPM the whole agro-ecosystem, plant health at different

stages, built-in-compensation abilities of the plant, pest and defender population dy-
namics, soil conditions, climatic factors and farmers’ past experience are considered.
In AESA, informed decisions are taken by farmers after field observation , AESA chart
preparation followed by group discussion and decision making. Insect zoo is created
to enable the farmer understand predation of pests by Natural Enemies. AESA based
PHM also results in reduction of chemical pesticide usage and conserves the agro-
ecosystems.
Ecological Engineering for Pest Management, a new paradigm, is gaining

acceptance as a strategy for promoting Biointensive Integrated Pest Management.
Ecological Engineering for Pest Management relies on cultural practices to effect hab-
itat manipulation and enhance biological control. The strategies focus on pest man-
agement both below ground and above ground. There is growing need to integrate
AESA based IPM and principles of ecological engineering for pest management.
There is a rising public concern about the potential adverse effects of

chemical pesticides on the human health, environment and biodiversity. The inten-
sity of these negative externalities, through cannot be eliminated altogether, can be
minimized through development, dissemination and promotion of sustainable bioin-
tensive approaches.
Directorate of Plant Protection Quarantine and Storage (DPPQS), has devel-

oped IPM package of practices during 2001 and 2002. These packages are currently
providing guidance to the Extension Officers in transferring IPM strategies to farmers.
These IPM package of practices, have been revised incorporating the principles of
AESA based IPM in detail and also the concept of Ecological Engineering for Pest
Management. It is hoped that the suggested practices, which aim at enhancing biodi-
versity, biointensive strategies for pest management and promotion of plant health,
will enable the farmers to take informed decisions based on experiential learning and
it will also result in use of chemical pesticides only as a last resort & in a safe and judi-
cious manner.
(K. SATYAGOPAL)
Contents
I. Pests ........................................................................................................................................................... 1
A. Pests of National Significance ...................................................... 1
1. Insect and mite pests ........................................................... 1
2. Diseases .................................................................................................. 1
3. Weeds ......................................................................................................... 1
B. Pests of Regional Significance ...................................................... 2
1. Insect pests ........................................................................................ 2
2. Diseases .................................................................................................. 2
3. Nematodes ......................................................................................... 2
II. Agro-ecosystem analysis (AESA) based IPM ..................................... 2
A. AESA .................................................................................................................................. 2
B. Field scouting ....................................................................................................... 1
C. Surveillance through pheromone trap
catches for Earias and Helicoverpa ....................................... 11
D. Yellow pan water trap/sticky traps ......................................... 11
E. Light traps ................................................................................................................ 11
F. Nematode sampling ..................................................................................... 11
III. Ecological engineering for pest management ............................ 12
A. Resistant/tolerant varieties .............................................................. 17
IV. Crop stage-wise IPM ......................................................................................................... 17
V. Insecticide resistance and its management ...................................... 26
VI. Nutritional deficiencies/disorders ............................................................... 28
VII. Description of common weeds ....................................................................... 30
VIII. Description of insect, mite and nematode pests ................. 34
IX. Description of diseases ................................................................................................ 48
X. Safety measures ....................................................................................................................... 52

A. At the time of harvest .............................................................................. 52
B. Post-harvest storage ................................................................................... 52
XI. Do’s and Don’ts in IPM ................................................................................................... 52
XII. Safety parameters in pesticide usage ................................................... 55
XIII. Basic precautions in pesticides usage ................................................. 58
XIV. Pesticide application techniques ............................................................... 59
XV. Operational, calibration and maintenance
guidelines in brief ............................................................................................................ 61
XVI. References .................................................................................................................................. 62
10
AESA based IPM Package for Okra

I. PESTS
A. Pests of National Significance
1. Insect and mite pests
1.1 Shoot and fruit borer: Earias vitella (Fabricius)
E. insulana (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
1.2 Gram pod borer: Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
1.3 Jassids: Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida (Hemiptera:
Cicadellidae)
1.4 Aphids: Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
1.5 Whitefly: Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera:
Aleyrodidae)
1.6 Red spider mite: Tetranychus spp. (Acarina: Tetranychidae)
2. Diseases
2.1 Damping off: Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp
2.2 Yellow vein mosaic disease: Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus
2.3 Powdery mildew: Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.
2.4 Leaf spot: Cercospora malayensis F. Stevens & Solheim
3. Weeds
3.1 Major Kharif weeds
Broadleaf weeds
3.1.1 Pigweed: Amaranthus viridis Hook. F. (Amaranthaceae)
3.1.2 Swine cress: Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. (Brassicaceae)
3.1.3 Black nightshade: Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae)
3.1.4 Common purselane: Portulaca oleracea L. (Portualacaceae)
3.1.5 False amaranth: Digera arvensis Forssk. (Amaranthaceae)
Grassy weeds
3.1.6 Rabbit/Crow foot grass: Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.)
Beauv. (Poaceae)
3.1.7 Crabgrass: Digiteria sanguinalis (L.) Willd. (Poaceae)
3.1.8 Barnyard grass: Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Scop. (Poaceae)
Sedges
3.1.9 Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cypraceae)
3.1.10 Flat sedge: Cyperus iria L. (Cypraceae)
3.2 Major Rabi weeds

Broadleaf weeds
3.2.1 Lamb’s quarter: Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae)
3.2.2 Scarlet Pimpernel: Anagallis arvensis L. (Primulaceae)
3.2.3 Sweet clover: Melilotus indica (L.) All. (Fabaceae)
3.2.4 Fine leaf fumitory: Fumaria parviflora Lam. (Fumariaceae)
3.2.5 Corn spurry: Spergula arvensis L. (Caryophylliaceae)
Grassy weeds
3.2.6 Blue grass: Poa annua L. (Poaceae)
3.2.7 Canary grass: Phalaris minor Retz. (Poaceae)
B. Pest of Regional significance
1. Insect pests
1.1 Red cotton bug: Dysdercus cingulatus (Fabricius)
(Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae)
1.2 Ash/gray weevils: Myllocerus subfaciatus Guerin
(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
1.3 Stem fly: Melanagromyza hibisci Spencer (Diptera:
Agromyzidae)
2. Diseases
2.1 Wilt: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Vasinfectum Schlecht
2.2 Collor rot: Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid
3. Nematodes
3.1 Root-knot nematode: Meloidogyne spp.
3.2 Reniform nematode: Rotylenchulus reniformis (Linford &
Oliveira)
II Agro-ecosystem Analysis (AESA) based IPM
A. AESA
The integrated pest management (IPM) has been evolving over the decades to
address the deleterious impacts of synthetic chemical pesticides on environment
ultimately affecting the interests of the farmers. The economic threshold level (ETL)
was the basis for several decades but in modern IPM (FAO 2002) emphasis is given
to AESA where farmers take decisions based on larger range of field observations.
The health of a plant is determined by its environment which includes physical
factors (i.e. soil, rain, sunshine hours, wind etc.) and biological factors (i.e. pests,
diseases and weeds). All these factors can play a role in the balance which exists
between herbivore insects and their natural enemies. Understanding the intricate
interactions in an ecosystem can play a critical role in pest management.
Decision making in pest management requires a thorough analysis of the
agro-ecosystem. Farmer has to learn how to observe the crop, how to analyze the
field situation and how to make proper decisions for their crop management. This

process is called the AESA. Participants of AESA will have to make a drawing on a
large piece of paper (60 x 80 cm), to include all their observations. The advantage of
using a drawing is that it requires the participants/farmers to observe closely and
intensively. It is a focal point for the analysis and for the discussions that follow, and
the drawing can be kept as a record.
AESA is an approach, which can be gainfully employed by extension
functionaries and farmers to analyze the field situations with regards to pests,
defenders, soil conditions, plant health and the influence of climatic factors and
their relationship for growing a healthy crop. The basic components of AESA are
• Plant health at different stages
• Built-in compensation abilities of plants
• Pest and defender population dynamics
• Soil conditions
• Climatic factors
• Farmers past experience
Principles of AESA based Integrated Pest Management (IPM):
Grow a healthy crop
• Select a variety resistant/tolerant to major pests
• Treat the seed with recommended pesticides especially biopesticides
• Select healthy seeds and seedlings
• Follow proper spacing
• Soil health improvement (mulching and green manuring)
• Nutrient management especially organic manures and biofertilizers
based on the soil test results. If the dosage of nitrogenous fertilizers is
too high the crop becomes too succulent and therefore susceptible to
insects and diseases. If the dosage is too low, the crop growth is retarded.
So, the farmers should apply an adequate for best results. The phosphatic
fertilizers should not be applied each and every season as the residual
phosphate of the previous season will be available for the current season
also.
• Proper irrigation
• Crop rotation
Observe the field regularly (climatic factors, soil and biotic factors)
Farmers should
• Monitor the field situation at least once a week (soil, water, plants, pests,
natural enemies, weather factors etc.)
• Make decisions based on the field situation and P: D ratio
• Take direct action when needed (e.g. collect egg masses, remove infested
plants etc.)

Plant compensation ability

Compensation is deﬁned as the replacement of plant biomass lost to herbivores
and has been associated with increased photosynthetic rates and mobilization of
stored resources from source organs to sinks (e.g., from roots and remaining leaves
to new leaves) during active vegetative growth period. Plant tolerance to herbivory
can arise from the interaction of a variety of plant traits and external environmental
factors. Several studies have documented such compensation through increased
growth and photosynthetic rate.
Understand and conserve defenders
• Know defenders/natural enemies to understand their role through
regular observations of the agro-ecosystem
• Avoid the use of chemical pesticides especially with broad-spectrum
activity
Insect zoo
In field various types of insects are present. Some are beneficial and some may be
harmful. Generally farmers are not aware about it. Predators (friends of the farmers)
which feed on pests are not easy to observe in crop field. Insect zoo concept can
be helpful to enhance farmers’ skill to identify beneficial and harmful insects. In
this method, unfamiliar/unknown predators are collected in plastic containers with
brush from the field and brought to a place for study. Each predator is placed inside
a plastic bottle together with parts of the plant and some known insect pests.
Insects in the bottle are observed for certain time and determined whether the
test insect is a pest (feeds on plant) or a predator (feeds on other insects).
Pest: Defender ratio (P: D ratio):
Identifying the number of pests and beneficial insects helps the farmers to make

appropriate pest management decisions. Sweep net, visual counts etc. can be
adopted to arrive at the numbers of pests and defenders. The P: D ratio can vary
depending on the feeding potential of natural enemy as well as the type of pest.
The natural enemies of okra pests can be divided into 3 categories 1. parasitoids;
2. predators; and 3. pathogens. The important natural enemies in okra are given
ecological engineering table on page number 15-17
Model agro-ecosystem analysis chart
Date:
Village:
Farmer:
Decision taken based on the analysis of field situation

Soil conditions :
Weather conditions :
Diseases types and severity :
Weeds types and intensity :
Rodent damage (if any) :
No. of insect pests :
No. of natural enemies :
P: D ratio :
The general rule to be adopted for management decisions relying on the
P: D ratio is 2: 1. However, some of the parasitoids and predators will be able to
control more than 2 pests. Wherever specific P: D ratios are not found, it is safer to
adopt the 2: 1, as P: D ratio. Whenever the P: D ratio is found to be favourable, there
is no need for adoption of other management strategies. In cases where the P: D
ratio is found to be unfavourable, the farmers can be advised to resort to inundative
release of parasitoids/predators depending upon the type of pest. In addition to
inundative release of parasitoids and predators, the usage of microbial biopesticides
and biochemical biopesticides such as insect growth regulators, botanicals etc. can
be relied upon before resorting to synthetic chemical pesticides.

Predators/ Feeding potential/ Egg laying capacity
Parasitoids
Predatory rate of adult coccinellid on aphids is 50 aphids per
day
Lady bird beetle

1st instar larva can consume 15-19 aphids/day
2nd instar larva can consume 45-52 aphids/day
3rd instar larva can consume 80-90 aphids/day
In total life cycle they can consume approx. 400 aphids.
Hover fly
Each larva can consume 100 aphids, 329 pupa of whitefly and
288 nymphs of jassids during entire larval period.
Green Lace wing

1st & 2nd nymphal instars can consume 1 small larva/day
3rd & 4th nymphal instars can consume 2 to 3 medium larvae/
day
5th nymphal instar & adult can consume 3 to 4 big larvae/day
In total life cycle they can consume approx. 250 to 300 larvae
Reduviid bug
5 big larvae/day
Spider
Predatory rate of adult is 20-35 phytophagous mites/female/
day
Predatory mite
http://www.eduwebs.org/bugs/
predatory_mites.htm
Egg laying capacity is 100-200 eggs/female. 1-8 eggs/larva
Bracon hebetor

Egg laying capacity is 20-200 eggs/female.
Trichogramma sp
Decision making
Farmers become experts in crop management
Farmers have to make timely decisions about the management of their crops.
AESA farmers have learned to make these decisions based on observations and
analysis viz. abiotic and biotic factors of the crop ecosystem. The past experience
of the farmers should also be considered for decision making. However, as field
conditions continue to change and new technologies become available, farmers
need to continue improving their skills and knowledge.
• Farmers are capable of improving farming practices by experimentation
• Farmers can share their knowledge with other farmers
AESA methodology
• Go to the field in groups (about 5 farmers per group). Walk across the
field and choose 20 plants/acre randomly. Observe keenly each of these
plants and record your observations:
• Plant: Observe the plant height, number of branches, crop
stage, deficiency symptoms etc.
• Pests: Observe and count pests at different places on the plant.
• Defenders (natural enemies): Observe and count parasitoids
and predators.
• Diseases: Observe leaves and stems and identify any visible
disease symptoms and severity.
• Rats: Count number of plants affected by rats.
• Weeds: Observe weeds in the field and their intensity.
• Water: Observe the water situation of the field.
• Weather: Observe the weather condition.
• While walking in the field, manually collect insects in plastic bags. Use a
sweep net to collect additional insects. Collect plant parts with disease
symptoms.
• Find a shady place to sit as a group in a small circle for drawing and
discussion.
• If needed, kill the insects with some chloroform (if available) on a piece
of cotton.

• Each group will first identify the pests, defenders and diseases collected.
• Each group will then analyze the field situation in detail and present
their observations and analysis in a drawing (the AESA drawing).
• Each drawing will show a plant representing the field situation. The
weather condition, water level, disease symptoms, etc. will be shown
in the drawing. Pest insects will be drawn on one side. Defenders
(beneficial insects) will be drawn on another side. Write the number
next to each insect. Indicate the plant part where the pests and
defenders were found. Try to show the interaction between pests and
defenders.
• Each group will discuss the situation and make a crop management
recommendation.
• The small groups then join each other and a member of each group will
now present their analysis in front of all participants.
• The facilitator will facilitate the discussion by asking guiding questions
and makes sure that all participants (also shy or illiterate persons) are
actively involved in this process.
• Formulate a common conclusion. The whole group should support the
decision on what field management is required in the AESA plot.
• Make sure that the required activities (based on the decision) will be
carried out.
• Keep the drawing for comparison purpose in the following weeks.
Data recording
Farmers should record data in a notebook and drawing on a chart
• Keep records of what has happened
• Help us making an analysis and draw conclusions
Data to be recorded
• Plant growth (weekly)
• Height of plant
• Number of leaves
• Crop situation (e.g. for AESA)
• Plant health
• Pests, diseases, weeds
• Natural enemies
• Soil condition
• Irrigation
• Weather conditions
• Input costs

• Seeds
• Fertilizer
• Pesticides
• Labour
• Harvest
• Yield (kg/acre)
• Price of produce (Rs./kg)
Some questions that can be used during the discussion
• Summarize the present situation of the field?
• What crop management aspect is most important at this moment?
• Is there a big change in crop situation compared to last visit? What kind
of change?
• Is there any serious pest or disease outbreak?
• What is the situation of the beneficial insects?
• Is there a balance in the field between pests and defenders?
• Were you able to identify all pests and diseases?
• Do you think the crop is healthy?
• What management practices are needed at this moment?
• When will it be done? Who will do it? Make sure that responsibilities for
all activities are being discussed.
• Are you expecting any problems to emerge during the coming week
such as congenial weather conditions for pest buildup?
• What problems? How can we avoid it? How can we be prepared?
• Summarize the actions to be taken.
Advantages of AESA over ETL

One of the problems of the ETL is that it is based on parameters that are changing
all the time, and that are often not known. The damage or losses caused by a certain

density of insects cannot be predicted at all. In ETL the due recognition of the role
of natural enemies in decreasing pest population is ignored. Farmers cannot base
their decisions on just a simple count of pests. They will have to consider many
other aspects of the crop (crop ecology, growth stage, natural enemies, weather
condition, etc.) and their own economic and social situation before they can make
the right crop management decisions. In ETL based IPM, natural enemies, plant
compensation ability and abiotic factors are not considered. In AESA based IPM
emphasis is given to natural enemies, plant compensation ability, abiotic factors
and P: D ratio.
AESA and farmer field school (FFS)
AESA is a season-long training activity that takes place in the farmer field. It is
season-long so that it covers all the different developmental stages of the crop
and their related management practices. The process is always learner-centered,
participatory and relying on an experiential learning approach and therefore it has
become an integral part of FFS.
Farmers can learn from AESA
• Identification of pests and their nature of
damage
• Identification of natural enemies
• Management of pests
• Water and nutrient management
• Influence of weather factors on pest
buildup
• Role of natural enemies in pest management
FFS to teach AESA based IPM skills
10
B. Field scouting
AESA requires skill. So only the trained farmers can undertake their exercise.
However, other farmers also can do field scouting in their own fields at regular
intervals to monitor the major pest situation.
Surveillance on pest occurrence at the main field should commence soon after
crop establishment after transplanting and at weekly intervals thereafter. In each
of the fields, select five spots randomly. Select five random plants at each spot for
recording counts of insects as per procedure finalized for individual insects.
For Sucking pests:
For aphids, whitefly, jassids and mites: Count and record the number of both
nymphs and adults on five randomly selected leaves/plant.
For Helicoverpa and Earias: Total number of fruits, damaged fruits due to
Helicoverpa armigera and Earias spp. and number of larvae on individual plants
should be counted and recorded.
C. Surveillance through pheromone trap catches for Earias and Helicoverpa:
Pheromone traps for two insects viz., Helicoverpa armigera and Earias @ 4-5/acre
have to be installed. Install the traps for each species separated by a distance of >75
feet in the vicinity of the selected fixed field. Fix the traps to the supporting pole at
a height of one foot above the plant canopy. Change of lures should be made at
2-3 weeks interval (regular interval). During each week of surveillance, the number
of moths/trap should be counted and entered.
Procedure for observation: Total number of moths of Helicoverpa armigera and
Earias/trap/week should be recorded year round. The trapped moths should be
destroyed and removed after each recording.
D. Yellow pan water trap/ sticky traps
Set up yellow pan water trap/ sticky traps 15 cm above the canopy for monitoring
whitefly, aphids, jassids @ 4-5 traps/acre. Locally available empty tins can be
painted yellow coated with grease/Vaseline/castor oil on outer surface may also be
used as yellow sticky trap.
E. Light traps
Set up light traps @1 trap/acre 15 cm above the crop canopy for monitoring and
mass trapping insects. Light traps with exit option for natural enemies of smaller
size should be installed and operate between 6 pm and 11 pm. Light trap catches
should be counted and kill the pests and release the natural enemies.
F. Nematode sampling
Collect 100 to 300 cm3 (200-300 g) soil sample. Mix soil sample and pass through
a coarse sieve to remove rocks, roots, etc. Take a 600 cc subsample of soil, pack
lightly into a beaker uniformly. Place soil in one of the buckets or pans half filled
with water. Mix soil and water by stirring with hand or paddle; allow to stand until
water almost stops swirling. Pour all but heavy sediment through 20-mesh sieve
into second bucket; discard residue in first bucket; discard material caught on sieve.
Stir material in second bucket; allow to stand until water almost stops swirling.
11
Pour all but heavy sediment through 200-mesh sieve into first bucket; discard
residue in second bucket. Backwash material caught on 200-mesh sieve (which
includes large nematodes) into 250-ml beaker. Stir material in first bucket; allow to
stand until water almost stops swirling. Pour all but heavy sediment through 325-
mesh sieve into second bucket; discard residue in first bucket. Backwash material
caught on 325-mesh sieve (which includes small to mid-sized nematodes and silty
material) into 250-ml beaker. More than 90% of the live nematodes are recovered
in the first 5-8 mm of water drawn from the rubber tubing and the sample is placed
in a shallow dish for examination.
III. Ecological engineering for pest management
Ecological engineering for pest management has recently emerged as a paradigm
for considering pest management approaches that rely on the use of cultural
techniques to effect habitat manipulation and to enhance biological control.
The cultural practices are informed by ecological knowledge rather than on
high technology approaches such as synthetic pesticides and genetically
engineered crops.
Natural enemies may require
1. Food in the form of pollen and nectar for adult natural enemies.
2. Shelters such as overwintering sites, moderate microclimate, etc are
needed.
3. Natural enemies may also require alternate host when primary host are
not present.
Ecological engineering for pest management – Above ground:
• Raising the flowering plants / compatible cash crops along the field border
by arranging shorter plants towards main crop and taller plants towards
the border to attract natural enemies as well as to avoid immigrating pest
population
• Growing flowering plants on the internal bunds inside the field
• Not to uproot weed plants those are growing naturally like Tridax
procumbens, Ageratum sp., Alternanthera sp., etc. which act as nectar source
for natural enemies,
• Not to apply broad spectrum chemical pesticides, when the P: D is favourable.
The plant compensation ability should also be considered before applying
chemical pesticides.
Ecological engineering for pest management – Below ground:
• Crop rotations with leguminous plants which enhance nitrogen content.
• Keeping soils covered year-round with living vegetation and/or crop residue.
• Adding organic matter in the form of farm yard manure (FYM), Vermicompost,
crop residue which enhance below ground biodiversity.
• Reducing tillage intensity so that hibernating natural enemies can be saved.
• Applying balanced dose of nutrients using biofertilizers.
12
• Apply mycorrhiza and plant growth promoting rhizobia (PGPR)

• Applying Trichoderma and Pseudomonas fluorescens as seed, nursery
treatment and soil application (if commercial products are used, check
for label claim. However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own
consumption in their fields, registration is not required).
Due to enhancement of biodiversity by the flowering plants, parasitoids
and predators (natural enemies) number also will increase due to availability
of nectar, pollen, fruits, insects, etc. The major predators are a wide variety of
spiders, lady bird beetles, long horned grasshoppers, Chrysoperla, earwigs, etc.
Good insectary plants belonging to Compositae, Leguminaceae,

Umbelliferae, Brassicaceae etc. families
13
Biodiversity of natural enemies observed in Ecological Engineer-

ing field at NIPHM
Biodiversity of natural enemies: Parasitoids
Biodiversity of natural enemies: Predators
Biodivesity of natural enemies: Spiders
14
Flowering plants that attract natural enemies/repel pests

Attractant / Repellent / Trap
Natural enemies
Plants
Shoot and fruit borer:
Parasitoids: Trichogramma achaeae
(egg),T. chilonis (egg), Trichogrammatoidea
• Attractant plants: Carrot
family, sunflower family,
sp. nr. guamensis (egg), Telenomus remus buckwheat (lacewings)
(egg), Aphelinus sp, Erythmelus empoascae
(egg), Gonatocerus (egg), Chelonus
heliopae (egg-larval), C. rufus (egg-
larval), Strobliomyia nana (larval), Actia
aegyptia (larval), Centrochalcis sp. (larval),
Phanerotoma hendecasisella (larval), Bracon
greeni (larval), B. brevicornis (larval), Rogas
aligarhensis (larval), R. testaceus (larval,
R. kampurensis (larval) Elasmus johnstoni
(larval), Brachymeria tachardiae (pupal), B.
responsator (pupal), B. nephantidis (pupal),
Goryphus nursei (pupal) etc.
Predators: Chrysoperla carnea,
coccinellids, King crow, common mynah,
wasp, dragonfly, spider, robber fly, reduviid
bug, praying mantis, fire ants, earwings,
ground beetle, big-eyed bugs (Geocoris sp),
pentatomid bug (Eocanthecona furcellata),
earwigs, ground beetles, rove beetles etc.
Nematode: Ovomermis albicans
Pathogens: Fusarium moniliformae var.
subglutinams, Serratia marcescens, Bacillus
cereus etc.
Helicoverpa armigera
Parasitoids: Trichogramma chilonis (egg),
Tetrastichus spp. (egg), Telenomus spp.
• Attractant plants: Carrot
family, sunflower family,
(egg), Chelonus blackburni (egg-larval), buckwheat, alfalfa, corn, and
Carcelia spp. (larval-pupal), Campoletis shrubs (minute pirate bug
chlorideae (larval), Goniophthalmus halli and lacewing)
(larval), Bracon spp. (larval) etc.
• Nectar rich plants with small
Predators: Chrysoperla carnea, flowers i.e. anise, caraway, dill,
coccinellids, King crow, common mynah, parsley, mustard, sunflower,
wasp, dragonfly, spider, robber fly, reduviid buckwheat and cowpea
bug, praying mantis, fire ants, big eyed (braconid wasp)
bugs (Geocoris sp), pentatomid bug
(Eocanthecona furcellata), earwigs, ground
beetles, rove beetles etc.
Ovomermis albicans, a nematode
15
Leafhoppers
Parasitoids: Lymaenon empoascae (egg),
Anagrus flaveolus, Stethynium triclavatum
• Sunflower family, alfalfa
(damsel bug and minute
Predators: Ladybird beetle, ants Distina pirate bug)
albino, Chrysoperla spp., mired bug • Carrot family, buckwheat,
(Dicyphus hesperus), big-eyed bug, alfalfa, corn, and shrubs
(Geocoris sp) etc. (minute pirate bug)
Aphids
Parasitoid: Aphidius colemani • Carrot family, sunflower
Predators: Anthocorid bugs/pirate bugs family, marigold, buckwheat,
(Orius spp.), mirid bugs, syrphid/hover spearmint (syrphid fly,
flies, green lacewings (Mallada basalis and lacewing, minute pirate bug,
Chrysoperla carnea), predatory coccinellids damsel bug and ladybird
(Stethorus punctillum), staphylinid beetle beetle)
(Oligota spp.), cecidomyiid fly (Aphidoletis • French bean (predatory
aphidimyza), gall midge (Feltiella minuta), thrips)
earwigs, ground beetles, rove beetles,
spiders, wasps etc.
• Strips of rye grass, cover
crops and mulch beds (rove
beetle)
• Mustard, sweet clove, dill
(aphid midge, Aphiodoletes
aphidimyza)
• Nectar rich plants with small
flowers i.e. anise, caraway,
dill, parsley, mustard (aphid
parasitoid and braconid
wasp)
• Sunflower, buckwheat and
cowpea (braconid wasp)
Whitefly
Parasitoids: Encarsia sp, Eretmocerus sp,
Chrysocharis pentheus
• Carrot family, sunflower
family, marigold, buckwheat,
Predators: Mirid bug (Dicyphus hesperus), spearmint (syrphid fly,
dragonfly, spider, robber fly, praying lacewing, minute pirate bug,
mantis, fire ants, coccinellids, lace wings, damsel bug and ladybird
big eyed bugs (Geocoris sp) etc. beetle)
Spider mites
Predators: Anthocorid bugs (Orius spp.),
mirid bugs, syrphid/hover flies, green
• Carrot family, bishop’s weed
(spider mite destroyer)
lacewings (Mallada basalis and
Chrysoperla carnea), predatory mites • Sunflower family, marigold,
(Amblyseius alstoniae, A. womersleyi, A. buckwheat, spearmint (lady
fallacies and Phytoseiulus persimilis), beetle)
16
predatory coccinellids (Stethorus

punctillum), staphylinid beetle (Oligota
• Carrot family, sunflower
family, buckwheat, alfalfa,
spp.), cecidomyiid fly (Anthrocnodax corn, and shrubs (minute
occidentalis), gall midge (Feltiella minuta) pirate bug)
etc.
• Mustard, sweet clove, and dill
Beauveria bassiana (entomo pathogen) (aphid midge)
• French bean (predatory
mites)
• Berseem clover, sub-
terranean clovers (big–eyed
bugs)
Root-knot nematode
Use of biocontrol agents like Paecilomyces
lilacinus (egg parasite)
• Intercropping of marigold
with okra reduces nematode
population
• Repellant plants: Marigold
• Crop rotation: Marigold,
Chrysanthemum spp.,
Sesbania spp., Crotalaria
spp., Gaillardia spp., castor
bean and Desmodium spp.
(parasitic nematodes)
A. Resistant/tolerant varieties
Pest/disease Tolerant/Resistant Variety*
Yellow vein mosaic Pusa Sawani, Pusa A 4, Arka Abhay, Arka Anamika,
virus Varsha Uphar, Hisar Unnat, Hisar Naveen, HBH-142 (F1
hybrid), Gujarat Anand Okra-5, CO 1, CO 3, COBhH 1,
Azad Bhindi -1, Azad Bhindi-3
Aphid Pusa A 4, Gujarat Anand Okra-5
*For detailed and updated information nearest KVK, SAU / ICAR Institute
may be contacted
IV. Crop stage–wise IPM
Management Activity
Pre-sowing*
Nutrients • Add well decomposed FYM @ 8-10
t/acre or vermicompost @ 5 t/acre
treated with Trichoderma spp. and/or
Pseudomonas sp @ 2 kg/acre. Incorporate
at the time of field preparation at 1 week
(vermicompost) or 2 to 3 weeks (FYM)
before transplanting
17
Weeds • At the time of field preparation, adopt

stale seed bed technique to minimize the
weeds menace in field.
• Black plastic mulch prevents entry of light,
which restricts germination of weed seeds
and growth
Soil borne fungus, Cultural control:
nematodes, resting stages
of insects and weeds
• Deep ploughing of fields during summer.
• Soil solarization: Cover the beds with
polythene sheet of 45 gauge (0.45 mm)
thickness for three weeks before sowing for
soil solarization which will help in reducing
the soil-borne pests.
Biological control:
• Apply neem cake @ 100 kg/acre at the time
of transplanting for reducing nematodes
and borer damage.
Seed Sowing/ Transplanting stage*
Nutrients •
Before sowing, soil testing should be done
to find out the soil fertility status. Nutrient
should be provided as per soil test
recommendations. Generally, okra needs
48: 20: 20 kg N: P: K/acre for varieties and
72: 30: 30 Kg N: P: K/acre for hybrids.
• Apply 33.3 % of N fertilizer dose as a
basal dose at the time of sowing.
• Entire dose of phosphatic fertilizers is
applied at the time of last ploughing.
• Biofertilizers: Seed treatment with
Azotobacter and phosphorous solubilizing
bacteria (PSB) cultures @ 10 g/kg seed
each
Weeds • At seedling stage keep the field weed free
by following good cultural practices
* Applying Trichoderma and Pseudomonas fluorescens as seed, nursery
treatment and soil application (if commercial products are used, check for label
claim. However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own consumption in
their fields, registration is not required).
Vegetative state
Nutrients • Apply the second dose of N (33.3%) at 30
days after transplanting.
18
• Micronutrient deficiency should be

corrected by foliar spray of particular
micronutrient.
Weeds
• Weeding and earthing up in rows should
be done at 25-30 days after sowing
especially during rainy season.
• Field should be weed free before 30 days
crop stage. Use one or two hand weeding
at 15 and 30 days after planting.
• Mulching with black Low Density
Polyethylene (LDPE) sheets of 30 micron
thickness between the rows by burying
both the ends into the soil to a depth of
10 cm will avoid weed growth.
Okra shoot and fruit borer Cultural control:
• Collect and destroy affected fruits.
• Avoid growing Malvaceous crops in
sequence.
• Remove and destroy affected shoots, fruits
by clipping/nipping off the shoots below
the entrance hole.
• Set up pheromone traps @ 4-5/acre for
monitoring purpose.
Biological control:
• Spray azadirachtin 0.03% (300 ppm)
neem oil based WSP @ 1000-2000 ml in
200-400 l of water/acre or azadirachtin
5% W/W neem extract concentrate @ 80
ml in 160 l of water/acre
• Spray B. t. var gallariae @ 400-600 g in 200
l of water/acre
• Release egg parasitoid, Trichogramma
chilonis @ 40,000/acre.
• Release first instar larvae of predator,
Chrysoperla carnea @ 4,000/acre.
• Conserve parasitoids such as
Trichogramma achaeae (egg), T. chilonis
(egg), Trichogrammatoidea sp. nr.
guamensis (egg), Telenomus remus (egg),
Aphelinus sp, Erythmelus empoascae (egg),
Gonatocerus (egg), Chelonus heliopae (egg-
larval), C. rufus (egg-larval), Strobliomyia
19
nana (larval), Actia aegyptia (larval),

Centrochalcis sp. (larval), Phanerotoma
hendecasisella (larval), Bracon greeni
(larval), B. brevicornis (larval), Rogas
aligarhensis (larval), R. testaceus (larval,
R. kampurensis (larval) Elasmus johnstoni
(larval), Brachymeria tachardiae (pupal), B.
responsator (pupal), B. nephantidis (pupal),
Goryphus nursei (pupal) etc.
• Conserve predators such as Chrysoperla
carnea, coccinellids, King crow, common
mynah, wasp, dragonfly, spider, robber
fly, reduviid bug, praying mantis, fire
ants, earwings, ground beetle, big-
eyed bugs (Geocoris sp), pentatomid
bug (Eocanthecona furcellata), earwigs,
ground beetles, rove beetles etc.
• Spray Beauveria bassiana 1% WP @ 1500-
2000 g in 160-200 l of water/acre
• Apply entomopathogenic nematodes
(EPNs) @ 250 crore infective juveniles of
Steinernema feltiae/acre
Chemical control:
• Foliar spray with chloranthraniliprole
18.5% SC @ 50 ml in 200 l of water/acre
or cypermethrin 10% EC @ 220-304 ml in
60-160 l of water/acre or cypermethrin
25% EC @ 60-80 ml in 200 l of water/acre
or fenpropathrin 30% EC @ 100-136 ml in
300-400 l of warer/acre or deltamethrin
2.8% EC @ 160-240 ml in 160-240 l of
water/acre or emamectin benzoate 5%
SG @ 54-68 g in 200 l of water/acre or
fenvalerate 20% EC @ 120-150 ml in 240-
300 l of water/acre or lambda cyhalothrin
4.9% CS @ 120 ml in 200 l of water/acre or
permethrin 25% EC @ 160-200 ml in 300-
400 l of water/acre or pyridalyl 10% EC @
200-300 ml in 200-300 l of water/acre or
quinalphos 20% AF @ 500-600 ml in 300-
400 l of water/acre or pyriproxyfen 5% EC
+ fenpropathrin 15% EC @ 200-300 ml in
200-300 l of water/acre or carbaryl 50%
WP @ 800 g in 200-400 l of water/acre
20
or carbaryl 10% D.P @ 10000 g/acre or

lambda-cyhalothrin 5% EC @ 120 ml in
120-160 l of water/acre or malathion 50%
EC @ 600 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre or
phosalone 35% EC @ 500 ml in 200-400 l
of water/acre or quinalphos 25% EC @ 320
ml in 200-400 l of water
Whitefly/Yellow vein Cultural control:
mosaic virus • Field sanitation, roguing
• Plant tall border crops like maize,
sorghum or pearl millet to reduce whitefly
infestations (4 rows).
• Install yellow sticky traps @ 2/acre for
monitoring purpose
• Peppermint plants act as repellent for
whitefly.
• French bean acts as an attractant plant for
predatory thrips.
• Grow tolerant varieties
• Rain bird type of irrigation
Biological control:
• Conserve predators such as coccinellids,
lacewings, spiders, predatory bugs
(Dicyphus hesperus), wasps etc.
• Conserve parasitoids such as Encarsia sp,
Eretmocerus spp. (nymphal and pupal),
Chrysocharis pentheus (nymphal) etc.
• Release Chrysoperla carnea @ 8,000 larvae/
acre
• Spray NSKE 5% or azadirachtin 0.03%
(300 ppm) neem oil based WSP @ 1000-
2000 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre or
azadirachtin 5% W/W neem extract
concentrate @ 80 ml in 160 l of water/acre
Chemical control
• Spray oxydemeton-methyl 25% EC @
400 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre or
fenpropathrin 30% EC @ 100-136 ml in
300-400 l of warer/acre or thiamethoxam
25% WG @ 40 g in 200-400 l of water/acre
or pyriproxyfen 5% EC + fenpropathrin
15% EC @ 200-300 ml in 200-300 l of
water/acre
21
Leafhoppers Cultural control:

• Destroy the alternate host plants.
• Use resistant varieties
• Okra intercropped with baby corn brought
some significant reduction in pre-spray
population of leaf hoppers.
Biological control:
• Conserve predators such as Distina albina
and Chrysoperla spp.
• Conserve parasitoids such as Lymaenon
empoascae (egg)
• Spray NSKE 5% or azadirachtin 0.03% (300
ppm) neem oil based WSP @ 1000-2000 ml
in 200-400 l of water/acre or azadirachtin
5% W/W neem extract concentrate @ 80 ml
in 160 l of water/acre
Chemical control:
• Seed treatment with imidacloprid 48% FS
@ 500-900 ml/100 kg seed or imidacloprid
70% WS @ 500-1000 ml/100 kg seed
• Spray thiamethoxam 25% WG @ 40 g in
25% EC @ 60-80 ml in 200 l of water/acre or
fenvalerate 20% EC @ 120-150 ml in 240-
300 l of water/acre or imidacloprid 70%
WG @ 12-14 g in 150-200 l of water/acre
or imidacloprid 17.8% SL @ 40 ml in 200
l of water/acre or permethrin 25% EC @
carbaryl 5% D.P @ 8000 g/acre or carbaryl
10% D.P @ 10000 g/acre or carbofuran 3%
CG @ 13320 g/acre or deltamethrin 2.8%
EC @ 160-240 ml in 160-240 l of water/acre
or dimethoate 30% EC @ 792 ml in 200-400
l of water/acre or or lambda-cyhalothrin
5% EC @ 120 ml in 120-160 l of water/acre
or malathion 50% EC @ 500 ml in 200-400 l
of water/acre or oxydemeton-methyl 25%
EC @ 640 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre or
quinalphos 25% EC @ 400 ml in 200-400 l of
water
22
Aphids Biological control:

• Conserve predators such as wasps, green
lacewings, earwigs, ground beetles, rove
beetles, spiders coccinellids, syrphids etc.
• Spray azadirachtin 5% W/W neem extract
concentrate @ 80 ml in 160 l of water/acre
Chemical control:
• Seed treatment with imidacloprid
48% FS @ 500-900 ml/100 kg seed or
imidacloprid 70% WS @ 500-1000 ml/100
kg seed
• Spray acetamiprid 20% SP @ 30 g in 200-
240 l of water/acre or imidacloprid 70%
WG @ 12-14 g in 150-200 l of water/acre
or imidacloprid 17.8% SL @ 40 ml in 200
l of water/acre or permethrin 25% EC @
malathion 50% EC @ 400 ml in 200-400 l
of water/acre or thiamethoxam 70% WS
@ 286 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre or
thiamethoxam 25% WG @ 40 g in 200-400
l of water/acre or dimethoate 30% EC @
924 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre
Mites Cultural control:
• Grow nurseries away from infested crops
and avoid planting next to infested fields
• Grow healthy crops; avoid water and
nutrient stress
• Apply mulch and incorporate organic
matter into the soil to improve the water
holding capacity and reduce evaporation
• Keep perennial hedges such as pigeon
peas, they are said to encourage predatory
mites
• Uproot and burn infested plants. This can
be successful during the early stages of
infestation when the mites concentrate on
a few plants
• Keep the field free of weeds
• Remove and burn infested crop
residues immediately after harvest
23
Biological control:
• Conserve predators such as anthocorid
bugs/minute pirate bugs (Orius spp.), mirid
bugs, syrphid/hover flies, green lacewings
(Mallada basalis and Chrysoperla carnea),
predatory mites (Amblyseius alstoniae, A.
womersleyi, A. fallacies and Phytoseiulus
persimilis), predatory coccinellid beetle
(Stethorus punctillum), staphylinid beetles
(Oligota spp.), cecidomyiid (Anthrocnodax
occidentalis), gall midge (Feltiella minuta)
etc.
Chemical control:
• Spray dicofol 18.5% EC @ 540-1080 ml
in 200-400 l of water/acre or fenazaquin
10% EC @ 500 ml in 200 l of water/acre or
fenpropathrin 30% EC @ 100-136 ml in 300-
400 l of warer/acre or spiromesifen 22.9%
SC @ 160-200 ml in 200 l of water/acre or
quinalphos 25% EC @ 400 ml in 200-400 l of
water
Nematodes Cultural control:
• Crop rotation with cereal crops
• Intercropping of marigold with okra
reduces nematode population
• Nursery should be raised in nematode free
sites or fumigated or solarized beds.
Cercospora leaf spots Cultural control:
• Removal and proper disposal and burning
the infected leaves
Powdery mildew Cultural control:
• Monitor the adjacent field for infection
• Maintain proper plant spacing for reducing
the relative humidity
Biological control:
• Spray azadirachtin 0.03% (300 ppm) neem
oil based EC @ 800-1000 ml in 200 l of
water/acre
Chemical control:
• Spray sulphur 80% WP @ 1252g in 300-400 l
of water/acre or dinocap 48% EC @ 90 ml in
300 l of water/acre
24
Reproductive stage
Nutrients • The third dose (33.3%) of N to be applied at
45 days after transplanting.
• Micronutrient deficiency should be
corrected by foliar spray of particular
micronutrient.
Weeds • Left over weeds should be removed from
the field to avoid further spread of weed
seeds.
Gram pod borer Cultural control:
• Field sanitation and rogueing
• Ocimum/Basil acts as repellent plants
• Setting up light traps @ 1/acre for adults
• Erecting of bird perches @ 40/acre for
encouraging predatory birds such as king
crow, mynah, drongo etc.
• Use of ovipositional trap crops such as
marigold @ 100 plants/acre and collection
of larvae from flowers
• Installing pheromone traps @ 4-5/acre (ETL
10 moths/trap/day)
Biological control:
• Spraying NSKE 5 % against eggs and first
instar larva or azadirachtin 0.03% (300
ppm) neem oil based WSP @ 1000-2000 ml
in 200-400 l of water/acre or azadirachtin
5% W/W neem extract concentrate @ 80 ml
in 160 l of water/acre
• Spraying NPV @ 250 LE/acre in
combination with jaggery 1 kg, sandovit
100 ml or Robin Blue 50 g thrice at 10-15
days interval on observing the eggs or first
instar larvae in the evening hours.
• Conserve parasitoids such as
Trichogramma chilonis (egg), Tetrastichus
spp. (egg), Chelonus spp. (egg-larval),
and Telenomus spp. (egg), Netelia product
(larval), Carcelia spp. (larval-pupal),
Chaetopthalmus (larval), Campoletis
chlorideae (larval), and Bracon spp. (larval)
etc.
25
• Conserve predators such as Chrysoperla

carnea, coccinellids, king crow, wasp,
dragonfly, spider, robber fly, reduviid bug,
praying mantis, fire ants etc.
• Spray Beauveria bassiana 1% WP @ 1500-
2000 g in 160-200 l of water/acre
• Spray B. t. var gallariae @ 400-600 g in 200 l
of water/acre
• Conserve parasitic nematode, Ovomermis
albicans
Chemical control:
• Foliar spray with chloranthraniliprole
18.5% SC @ 50 ml in 200 l of water/acre
or cypermethrin 10% EC @ 220-304 ml in
25% EC @ 60-80 ml in 200 l of water/acre
or emamectin benzoate 5% SG @ 54-68 g
in 200 l of water/acre or fenpropathrin 30%
EC @ 100-136 ml in 300-400 l of warer/acre
or fenvalerate 20% EC @ 120-150 ml in 240-
300 l of water/acre or lambda cyhalothrin
4.9% CS @ 120 ml in 200 l of water/acre
or permethrin 25% EC @ 160-200 ml in
400 l of water/acre or pyridalyl 10% EC @
200-300 ml in 200-300 l of water/acre or or
quinalphos 20% AF @ 500-600 ml in 300-
400 l of water/acre or pyriproxyfen 5% EC +
fenpropathrin 15% EC @ 200-300 ml in 200-
300 l of water/acre or carbaryl 50% WP @
800 g in 200-400 l of water/acre or carbaryl
10% D.P @ 10000 g/acre or deltamethrin
2.8% EC @ 160-240 ml in 160-240 l of water/
acre or phosalone 35% EC @ 500 ml in 200-
400 l of water/acre or quinalphos 25% EC @
320 ml in 200-400 l of water
Okra shoot and fruit borer Same as in vegetative stage
White fly Same as in vegetative stage
V. Insecticide resistance and its management

Insecticide resistance: Resistance to insecticides may be defined as ‘a heritable
change in the sensitivity of a pest population that is reflected in the repeated
failure of a product to achieve the expected level of control when used according
to the label recommendation for that pest species’ (IRAC). Cross-resistance occurs
when resistance to one insecticide confers resistance to another insecticide, even
26
where the insect has not been exposed to the latter product.
Causes of resistance development: The causes and rate at which insecticide
resistance develops depend on several factors, including the initial frequency of
resistance alleles present in the population, how rapidly the insects reproduce,
the insects’ level of resistance, the migration and host range of the insects, the
insecticide’s persistence and specificity, and the rate, timing and number of
applications of insecticide made. For instance, insect pests that survive in large
populations and breed quickly are at greater advantage of evolving insecticide,
especially when insecticides are misused or over-used.
General strategy for insecticide resistance management: The best strategy
to avoid insecticide resistance is prevention and including insecticide resistance
management tactics as part of a larger integrated pest management (IPM)
approach.
1) Monitor pests: Monitor insect population development in fields to determine if
and when control measures are warranted. Monitor and consider natural enemies
when making control decisions. After treatment, continue monitoring to assess
pest populations and their control.
2) Focus on AESA: Insecticides should be used only as a last resort when all other
non-chemical management options are exhausted and P: D ratio is above 2: 1.
Apply biopesticides/chemical insecticides judiciously after observing unfavourable
P: D ratio and when the pests are in most vulnerable life stage. Use application rates
and intervals as per label claim.
3) Ecological engineering for pest management: Flowering plants that attract
natural enemies as well as plants that repel pests can be grown as border/
intercrop.
4) Take an integrated approach to managing pests: Use as many different
control measures as possible viz., cultural, mechanical, physical, biological etc.
Select insecticides with care and consider the impact on future pest populations
and the environment. Avoid broad-spectrum insecticides when a narrow-spectrum
or more specific insecticide will work. More preference should be given to green
labeled insecticides.
5) Mix and apply carefully: While applying insecticides care should be taken
for proper application of insecticides in terms of dose, volume, timing, coverage,
application techniques as per label claim.
6) Alternate different insecticide classes: Avoid the repeated use of the same
insecticide, insecticides in the same chemical class, or insecticides in different
classes with same mode of action and rotate/alternate insecticide classes and
modes of action.
7) Preserve susceptible genes: Preserve susceptible individuals within the target
population by providing unsprayed areas within treated fields, adjacent “refuge”
fields, or habitat attractions within a treated field that facilitate immigration. These
susceptible individuals may outcompete and interbreed with resistant individuals,
diluting the resistant genes and therefore the impact of resistance.
27
VI. Nutritional deficiencies

Nutrients and their deficiency symptoms
1. Nitrogen: Plants are stunted. Leaves are smaller than normal. Leaves are yellow.
Shoots are thin. Pods are tough.
Correction measures: Application of nitrogen fertilizer at optimum dose. The dose

may be determined by soil test. In absence of soil testing. 40 - 150 kg N/acre may be
applied. Three or four consecutive foliar sprays with 1% urea solution at an interval
of 10 days. Six foliar sprays with 2% urea solution at an interval of 7 days starting
from 20 days after sowing.
2. Phosphorous: Plants are stunted. Leaves are dark green. Application of

phosphorus fertilizer at optimum dose. The dose may be determined by soil test
in absence of soil testing.
Correction measures: 8-75 kg P2O5/acre may be applied.
3. Potassium: Number of leaves are low. Leaf

margins are brown yellow, brown or scorched.
Abscission of scorched leaves.
Correction measures: Application of potassium

fertilizer at optimum dose. The dose may be
determined by soil test. In absence of soil testing,
20 - 75 kg potash /acre may be applied.
4. Magnesium: Lower leaves show yellow spots. Veins are green.
Correction measures: Foliar spray with 1 – 2 % magnesium sulphate (MgSO4.7

H2O) may be tried.
5. Manganese: Leaves show chlorosis. Foliar spray

with 0.6% manganese sulphate + 0.3% lime may be
tried.
Correction measure: Foliar spray of MnSO4 @0.5%.
6. Zinc: Number of leaves are low. Leaves are smaller. Leaves are mottled. Stem
is thin.
Correction measures: Broadcasting of zinc sulphate @ 4.5 - 9.0 kg/acre along with
NPK fertilizers. band placement of zinc sulphate @
2.2 - 4.5 kg/acre along with NPK fertilizers. Foliar
spray with zinc sulphate @ 0.7 kg Zn/acre. Foliar
spray with Zn- EDTA @ 0.17 kg Zn / ha. Foliar spray
with zinc sulphate @ 0.56 - 1.1 kg Zn/ ha. Foliar
spray with zinc sulphate @ 1.4 Zn /acre.
28
7. Boron: Leaves become brittle; stunted plant growth, young leaves become
smaller in size; malformed fruits
Correction measure: Foliar spray of borax@0.5%
8. Iron: Stunted plant growth; chlorosis occur in young leaves
Correction measure: Foliar spray of FeSO4 @ 05.%
29
VII. Description of common weeds

Major kharif weeds
1. Pigweed, Amaranthus viridis Hook. F. Amaranthaceae
It is an erect 6 to 100 cm tall annual herb with
especially upwards glabrous to pubescent stem.
Leaves are also glabrous or pubescent on the veins
of the lower surface; petioles long (up to 10 cm),
occasionally longer than the blade; blade ovate to
rhombic-oblong, base tapered to blunt, tip rounded.
Flowers green, unisexual, male and female intermixed,
in slender axillary to terminal paniculate spikes 2-12
cm long and 2-5 mm wide, or in dense axillary clusters
in the lower part of the stem. Fruits are capsule almost round shaped 1.25-1.75 mm
long with rough surface. Seeds 1-1.25 mm, round, slightly compressed, dark brown
to black with a paler thick border.
2. Swine cress, Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. Brassicaceae
An annual herb with , horizontal
or ascending stem, multiple from
the base, radiating from a central
point; glabrous, green. Leaves are
alternate, petiolate, pinnate, 4-5
cm long, 2 cm broad, glabrous.
Divisions of the leaves opposite,
lobed or devided, linear-elliptic to
linear oblong. Inflorescence is a small raceme, up to 4 cm long, opposite to one of
the stem leaves, compact. Flowers minute, greenish. Fruits are glabrous, 3-4 mm
broad, 2 mm long, slightly compressed, sub-globose, 2-seeded.
3. Black nightshade, Solanum nigrum L. Solanaceae
A variable annual herb upto 1 m tall with an erect, glabrous or sparsely pubescent
stem and staggered branching pattern. Leaves are 2.5-9 cm long and 2-5 cm wide,
ovate, glabrous, thin, margins toothed, tapering into the petiole, apex subacute.
Flowers small, white, borne in drooping, umbellate 3-8 flowered cymes. Fruits
berries globose, 5-8 mm in diameter, red, yellow or purplish-black. when ripened,
fruits having numerous, disc-shaped, 1.5 mm in diameter, yellow, minutely pitted
seeds.
30
4. Common purselane, Portulaca oleracea L. Portualacaceae
An annual glabrous herb with prostrate and succulent
stem. Leaves spatulate, flattened, apex round nearly
truncate. Flowers 3-10 mm diameter and yellow. Fruits
capsules ovoid, 4-9 mm diameter. Seeds black or dark
brown, orbiculate or elongate, flattened, 0.6-1.1 mm;
surface cells sooth, granular, or stellate, with rounded
tubercles.
5. False amaranth, Digera arvensis Forssk. Amaranthaceae
An annual herb, 30-60 cm high with spreading
branches. Leaves variable, 2-7.5 cm long and 1.3-4.5
cm wide, ovate or elliptic, acute or rounded at the apex,
sometimes with reddish margins, glabrous. Flowers
pink, borne in threes axillary, pedunculate spikes, 2.5-
12.5 cm long. Fruits globose, approximately 0.3 cm in
diameter having yellowish-brown.
6. Rabbit/crow foot grass, Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd Poaceae
Annual, very variable, grass, 10-44 cm high. Stem erect or creeping culms, rooting
from the profusely branched nodes. Leaves are linear, tapering to a fine point, 2-10
cm long and 0.2-0.4 cm wide, flat, glaucous, glabrous
or hispid; leaf sheaths striate, the lower whitish; ligules
membranous, very short. Inflorescence comprised of
2-6 digitate spikes, 0.5-4 cm long, olive-grey; spikelets
2-5 flowered, spreading at right angles, pendulous,
strongly striate. Grain 0.5-1 mm long, subglobose,
reddish, very rugose.
7. Crabgrass, Digiteria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Poaceae
A prostrate or ascending annual grass with spreading,
branched stem having rooting at nodes. Leaves are
3-20 cm long, 3-10 mm wide, with hairs on both the
surfaces. Stem sheaths hairy and closed. Leaves and
sheaths may turn dark red or maroon with age. Seed
head composed of 4-6 branches (spikes) at the top
of the stems, each approximately 3-15 cm long. Fruit
caryopsis shiny, yellowish-brown, 2-3 mm long.
8. Barnyard grass, Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. Poaceae
Robust, tufted annual grass, erect or at the base decumbent and rooting at the nodes,
20-150 cm tall. Culms cylindrical, glabrous, filled with
white spongy pith. Leaf sheaths glabrous and 9-13 cm
long. Leaf blades merging into the sheath, linear, with
a broad, rounded base and acute top; rough margined,
glabrous or at the base with a few long hairs, smooth
or the upper surface minutely bristly. Inflorescence is
an apical panicle of 5-40 spikes
31
like racemes. Fruit are caryopsis ovoid to obovoid, compressed, 1.5-2 mm long.
Sedges
9. Purple nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus L. Cypraceae
A perennial sedge, hard, fragrant, globose-ovoid tubers, up to 1.2 cm long and 0.
3-0.7 cm in diameter; culms solitary or few together, sparsely tufted, erect, 10-75
cm tall, 3-angled at top. Leaves narrowly linear,
sometimes longer than stem, 0.4-0.8 cm wide,
dark green above, pale beneath. Inflorescence is
a simple or compound umbel, rays 2-8, each up to
7.5 cm long, bearing short spikes of 3-10 spreading,
red-brown spikelets. Nuts oblong to ovate-oblong,
3-sided, 1.3-1.5 mm long and 0.5-0.7 mm wide,
maturing brown.
10. Flat sedge, Cyperus iria L. Cypraceae
Annual sedge, sometimes behaving as a perennial
with 8 to 60 cm high. The culms are tufted, triangular,
smooth, green and 0.6-3.0 mm thick. The roots are
numerous, short and yellowish-red. Leaves are linear-
lanceolate, usually all shorter than the culm, 1-8 mm
wide, flat, and rough on the margin and major ribs; leaf
sheaths are green to reddish-brown, membraneous
and envelope the culm at the base. Inflorescence is
simple or compound, usually open, 1-20 cm long and 1-20 cm wide, with groups of
spikes which are either attached directly to stem or on 0.5-15.0 cm long peduncles
(rays). Spikelets are erect-spreading, crowded, 6-24-flowered, 2-13 mm long, 1.5-
2.0 mm wide, golden to yellowish green. Nutlet, 1.0-1.5 mm long, 0.6-0.7 mm wide,
obovate, triangular in cross section, dark-brown to almost black; the surface is
almost smooth.
Major rabi weeds
1. Lambs quarter, Chenopodium album L. Chenopodiaceae
It is an annual weed found in agricultural fields. It is a polymorphous, non-aromatic,
erect herb, 0.3-3 m tall with angled stems that are often striped green, red or purple.
Leaves are variable in size and shape, lower leaves are toothed or irregularly lobes,
10-15 cm long, with petioles often as long as leaf blades. Flowers are green, borne
in clusters forming a compact or loosely panicled axillary spike. Fruits utricle, seeds
round, compressed, black and shining.
32
2. Scarlet pimpernel, Anagallis arvensis Primulaceae L
A low-growing annual, up to 30 cm tall with branched or erect herbaceous, 4-an-
gled, glabrous to pubescent stem. Sometimes rooting
observed at the nodes. Leaves are opposite, entire,
sessile, ovate variously pubescent, margins somewhat
tuberculate. Flowers are bright blue, solitary aris-
ing from the area between the stem and leaves (leaf
axils) and occur on relatively long stalks (pedicels).
Fruits capsule, globose, seeds1.3 mm long, trigonous,
brown.
3. Sweet clover, Melilotus indica (L.) All. Fabaceae
It is a sweet-smelling erect herb, up to 10-60 cm high with hairless, spreading or
erect stem. Leaves odd-1-pinnate; leaflets 1-2.5 cm,
inverted, lance-shaped to wedge-shaped, generally
sharply toothed on the broader part. Flowers yellow;
appear in slender, compact racemes that are 1-2
inches in length. Plant bear papery, small, round, 2-
3 mm long, yellow or grey, reticulately wrinkled and
slightly hairy pods. Seeds 2 mm long; 1.5 mm wide;
broadly oval, one side plane, the other side rounded;
yellowish green; roughened by minute tubercles.
4. Fine leaf fumitory, Fumaria parviflora Lam. Fumariaceae
Annual herb, up to 60 cm tall. Stem Slender, much branched and succulent. Leaves
2-3 pinnatisect, 2-5 cm long, segments
linear oblanceolate, apiculate. Flowers
Purplish-red, spurred, in terminal or
leaf opposed bracteate racemes. Fruits
are rounded nuts, 2-3 mm in diameter,
wrinkled when dry.
5. Corn spurry, Spergula arvensis L. Caryophyllaceae
A diffuse annual herb. Stem branched from the root, grooved. Leaves are in pseudo
whorls, fleshy, linear-subulate, spreading.
Flowers small, white. Fruits capsule
rounded, five valved. Seeds are circular,
thick lens shaped in cross section; margins
winged with one small notch. Seeds are
greyish black to black with margins usually
light brown.
6. Bluegrass, Poa annua L. Poaceae
Annual cool-season grass grows 6 to 8 inches high when left
unmowed. It has light green flattened stems that are bent
at the base and often rooted at the lower stem joint. Leaf
blades are often crinkled part way down and vary from 1 to
3 inches long with typical Poa boat-shaped leaf tips- a key
33
characteristic of annual bluegrass. Inflorescence is branched with three to eight
flattened florets in each spikelet.
7. Canary grass, Phalaris minor Retz. Poaceae
A tufted annual bunchgrass, up to 1.8 meters in height.
Stem is erect or horizontal with long, linear leaves.
Ligule is an oblong hyaline membrane, about 2-5 mm
long, often truncate and/or fringed; auricles absent,
sheath smooth. Panicle more or less protruding or
entirely protruding from the uppermost swollen leaf
sheath, ovate to oblong, 5-8 cm long, green. Spikelets
green, broadly lanceolate on short pedicels, shining, 4
-6 mm long, strongly laterally compressed.
VIII. Description of insect, mite and nematode pests

1) Shoot and fruit borers:
It is one of the important pests of bhendi throughout the country. It also
infests cotton, mesta etc.
Biology: E. insulana
Egg: Sculptured egg and sky blue in colour.
Larva: Brown with dorsum showing a white median longitudinal streak.
Pupa: Brown and boat shaped.
Adult: Forewing – uniformly silvery green.
Life cycle:
34
Biology: E. vitella
Egg: Sculptured egg and sky blue in Colour.
Larva: Brownish with white streaks dorsally and pale yellow
ventrally.
Pupa: Brown and boat shaped.
Adult: Forewing – pale with a wedge shaped green band in the
middle.
Life cycle:
1. http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/crop_protection/crop_prot_crop_insect-veg_bhendi.html
2, 3, and 4. http://www.nbaii.res.in/insectpests/Earias-vittella.php
Damage symptoms:
• Terminal shoots wither and droop
• Shedding of buds and flowers
• Bore hole in fruits and feed
• Deformed fruits
1. 2.
1. http://www.nbaii.res.in/insectpests/Earias-vittella.php
2. http://www.infonet-biovision.org/print/ct/115/crops
35
Parasitoids:
1. Trichogramma spp. 2. Bracon spp. 3. Elasmus sp
4. Brachymeria spp. 5. Goryphus sp
3. http://coo.fieldofscience.com/2012/10/a-new-short-horned-elasmus.html
4. http://www.flickriver.com/photos/tags/brachymeria/interesting/
5. http://www.waspweb.org/Ichneumonoidea/Ichneumonidae/
Predators:
1. Lacewing 2. Ladybird beetle 3. Spider 4. Fire ant
5. Dragon fly 6. Robber fly 7. Reduviid bug 8. Praying mantis
9. Black drongo 10. Wasp 11. Common mynah 12. Big-eyed bug
(King crow) (Geocoris sp)
36
13. Earwig 14. Ground beetle 15. Pentatomid bug

(Eocanthecona furcellata)
4. http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/queensland-launched-a-war-against-the-fire-ant-invasion-but-
12-years-later-they8217re-still-on-the-march/story-fnihsrf2-1226686256021
5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonfly
6. http://www.warpedphotosblog.com/robber-fly-and-prey
8. http://spirit-animals.com/praying-mantis/
9. http://nagpurbirds.org/blackdrongo/picture/1639
10. http://somethingscrawlinginmyhair.com/2011/09/17/yellowjacket-with-prey/
11. http://nickdobbs65.wordpress.com/tag/herbie-the-love-bug/
12. http://bugguide.net/node/view/598529
13. http://www.flickr.com/photos/johnhallmen/2901162091/
14. http://www.mattcolephotography.co.uk/Galleries/insects/Bugs%20&%20Beetles/slides/Ground%20Beetle%20-
%20Pterostichus%20madidus.html
15. http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/ndsu/rider/Pentatomoidea/Genus_Asopinae/Eocanthecona.htm
*For management refer to page number 19-21

2) Gram pod borer:
It is a polyphagous, infesting gram, lablab, safflower, chillies, groundnut, tobacco,
cotton etc.
Biology:
Egg: The spherical, yellowish eggs are laid singly on tender parts and buds of
plants. The egg period lasts for 2-4 days.
Larva: Caterpillars are of varying colour, initially brown and later turn greenish
with darker broken lines along the side of the body. The larval period lasts for
18-25 days. Body covered with radiating hairs. When full grown, they measure
3.7 to 5 cm in length. The full grown caterpillar pupates in the soil in an earthen
cell and emerges in 16-21 days.
Pupa: Pupation takes place inside the soil. Pupal stage lasts 7-15 days.
Adult: Moth is stout, medium sized with brownish/greyish forewings with a

dark cross band near outer margin and dark spots near costal margins, with a
wing expanse of 3.7cm.
37
Life cycle:
1. http://www7.inra.fr/hyppz/RAVAGEUR/6helarm.htm
2. http://www.infonet-biovision.org/default/ct/120/crops
3. http://www.invasive.org/browse/subinfo.cfm?sub=9408
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicoverpa_armigera
Damage symptoms:
In early stages, the caterpillars are gregarious and scrape the chlorophyll
content of leaf lamina giving it a papery white appearance. Later they become
voracious feeders making irregular holes on the leaves.
• Irregular holes on leaves initially and later skeletonisation leaving only
veins and petioles
• Heavy defoliation.
• Bored fruits with irregular holes
• Fed leaves, shoots and buds.
• The activity of Helicoverpa starts on green gram, summer vegetables and
maize and continues their generation by Aug-Sept months
synchronizing with main crop.
38
Parasitoids:
1. Tetrastichus spp. 2. Chelonus spp.
3. Telenomus spp. 4. Ichneumon spp.
5. Carcelia spp. 6. Campoletis spp.
1. http://www.pbase.com/image/135529248
2. http://www.nbaii.res.in/Featured%20insects/chelonus.htm
3. http://baba-insects.blogspot.in/2012/02/telenomus.html
4. http://www.nbaii.res.in/Featured%20insects/Bracon%20brevicornis.htm
5. http://www.organicgardeninfo.com/ichneumon-wasp.html
6. http://72.44.83.99/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=40633&pid=178398
7. http://www.nbaii.res.in/Featured%20insects/Campoletis.htm
1. Trichogramma spp., 2. Bracon spp.

Predators:
1. Lacewing, 2. Ladybird beetle, 3. Spider, 4. Fire ant, 5. Dragon fly,
6. Robber fly, 7. Reduviid bug, 8. Praying mantis, 9. Black drongo (King crow)
10. Wasp, 11. Common mynah, 12. Big-eyed bug (Geocoris sp),
13. Earwig, 14. Ground beetle, 15. Pentatomid bug (Eocanthecona furcellata)
39
3) Leaf hoppers:
It is distributed throughout the country. Both nymphs and adults suck the sap
from underside of leaves injecting toxic saliva
Life cycle:
1. http://www.flickr.com/photos/dalalsure/3726494086/
2. http://www.nbaii.res.in/insectpests/Amrasca-biguttula.php
Damage symptoms:
• Characteristic hopper burn symptom.
• Infested leaves crinkle and show characteristic browning
• Attacked plants stunted, fail to bear fruits.
1. 2.
1&2. http://www.ikisan.com/Crop%20Specific/Eng/links/ap_bhendiInsect%20Management.shtml
Predators:
1. Dicyphus hesperus
(mirid bug)
1. http://nathistoc.bio.uci.edu/hemipt/Dicyphus.htm
2. Lacewing, 3. Ladybird beetle, 4. Big-eyed bugs

(Geocoris sp)
*For management refer to page number 22
40
4) Whitefly:
Biology:
Nymph: Greenish yellow, oval in outline,
Pupa: Puparia oval in shape, present on the under surface of the leaves.
Adult: Minute insects with yellow body covered with a white waxy bloom.
Life cycle:
1. http://m.animal.memozee.com/m.view.php?q=%EB%8B%B4%EB%B0%B0%EA% B0%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%
B4&p=3
2. http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=2511050
3 http://www.fera.defra.gov.uk/plants/publications/documents/factsheets/bemisia.pdf
4. http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/inter/inmine/Whitefg.html
Damage symptoms:
Chlorotic spots on the leaves which latter coalesce forming irregular yellowing
of leaf tissue which extends from veins to the outer edges of the leaves
• Severe infestation results in premature defoliation
• Development of sooty mould
• Shedding of buds and bolls and poor boll opening
• It also transmits the leaf curl virus diseases of cotton.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/greenery/3807115533/
41
Parasitoids:
1. Encarsia formosa 2. Eretmocerus spp. 3. Chrysocharis pentheus
1. http://www.buglogical.com/whitefly-control/encarsia-formosa/
2. http://www.dongbufarmceres.com/main/mboard.asp?strBoardID=c_product01_en
3. http://baba-insects.blogspot.in/2012/05/blog-post_21.html
Predators:
1. Dicyphus Hesperus (mirid bug), 2. Lacewing, 3. Ladybird beetle,
4. Big-eyed bugs (Geocoris sp)
5) Red spider mite:

Biology:
Egg: Hyaline, globular laid in mass
Nymphs: Yellowish in colour
Adult: Red coloured small size
Life cycle:
1. http://www.simplepestcontrol.com/spider-mite-control.htm
2. http://entomology.k-state.edu/extension/insect-photo-gallery/Corn-Insects.html
3. http://www.al.gov.bc.ca/cropprot/grapeipm/spidermites.htm
Damage symptoms:
• Affected leaves become reddish brown and bronzy
• Severe infestation larvae silken webbing on the leaves
42
• Leaves wither and dry

• Flower and fruit formation affected
Predators:
1. Predatory mite 2. Predatory thrips 3. Oligota spp.
4. Orius spp. 5. Hover fly 6. Mirid bug

(pirate/anthocorid bug)
7. Spider
1. http://www.dragonfli.co.uk/natural-pest-control/natural-enemies
2. http://biocontrol.ucr.edu/hoddle/persea_mite.html
3. http://www.fugleognatur.dk/forum/show_message.asp?MessageID=560188&ForumID=33
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orius_insidiosus_from_USDA_2_(cropped).jpg
6. http://www.britishbugs.org.uk/heteroptera/Miridae/blepharidopterus_angulatus.html

6) Root-knot nematode:
• Most species of plant parasitic nematodes have a relatively simple life cycle
consisting of the egg, four larval stages and the adult male and female.
• Development of the first stage larvae occurs within the egg where the first
molt occurs. Second stage larvae hatch from eggs to find and infect plant
roots or in some cases foliar tissues.
• Under suitable environmental conditions, the eggs hatch and new larvae
emerge to complete the life cycle within 4 to 8 weeks depending on
temperature.
• Nematode development is generally most rapid within an optimal soil
temperature range of 70 to 80°F.
43
Life cycle:
Life stages are microscopic in size
1. http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/sweetpotato/key/Sweetpotato%20Diagnotes/Media/Html/TheProblems/
Nematodes/RootKnotNematode/Root-knot.htm
2. http://nematology.umd.edu/rootknot.html
3. http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/pgg/dan_webpage/Introduction/Images/pyroform.htm
Damage symptoms:
• Infected plants in patches in the field
• Formation of galls on host root system is the primary symptom
• Roots branch profusely starting from the gall tissue causing a ‘beard
root’ symptom
• Infected roots become knobby and knotty
• In severely infected plants the root system is reduced and the rootlets
are almost completely absent. The roots are seriously hampered in their
function of uptake and transport of water and nutrients
• Plants wilt during the hot part of day, especially under dry conditions
and are often stunted
• Seedlings infected in nursery do not normally survive transplanting and

those surviving have reduced flowering and fruit production
• Nematode infection predisposes plants to fungal and bacterial root

pathogens
44
1. 2.
1. http://utahpests.usu.edu/htm/utah-pests-news/up-summer12-newsletter/root-knot-nematodes/
2. http://extension.entm.purdue.edu/nematology/melonnems.html
Survival and spread:
Primary: Cysts and egg masses in infected plant debris and soil or collateral
and other hosts like Solonaceous, Malvaceous and Leguminaceous plants act
as sources of inoculum
Secondary: Autonomous second stage juveniles that may also be water
dispersed
Favourable conditions:
• Loamy light soils
*For management refer to page number18,24
7) Red cotton bug:

Biology:
Nymphs and Adults: Reddish bugs with white bands on the abdomen and
black markings on the wings.
Life cycle:
45
1.http://www.cottoncrc.org.au/industry/Publications/Pests_and_Beneficials/Cotton_Insect_Pest_and_Beneficial_
Guide/Pests_by_common_name/Cotton_stainers
2. http://tnaucottondatabase.wordpress.com/category/cotton-pest/
3. http://www.flickriver.com/photos/tags/dysdercuscingulatus/interesting/
Symptoms of damage: Adults and nymphs suck sap from leaves, fruits, and
seeds. Vitality of the plant is lowered, in genera. Affected fruits stained with
insects excreta. Fruit rotting occurs due to infection of secondary bacteria.
Predators:
1. Spider, 2. Fire ant, 3. Earwig, 4. Ground beetle, 5. Dragon fly, 6. Robber
fly, 7. Reduviid bug, 8. Praying mantis, 9. Black drongo (King crow),
10. Wasp, 11. Common mynah, 12. Big-eyed bug (Geocoris sp)
8) Aphids:
Nymphs: Yellowish or greenish brown found on the undersurface of leaves.
Adults: Greenish brown, soft bodied and small insects
Life cycle:
1. http://www.flickr.com/photos/23293858@N04/2672985270/
2. http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2902/2902-1081/2902-1081.html
3. http://www.flickr.com/photos/25848431@N02/7479982150/
Damage symptoms:
• Infesting tender shoots and under surface of the leaves.
• Curling and crinkling of leaves
• Stunted growth
• Development of black sooty mould due to the excretion of honeydew
46
1. 2.
1 and 2. http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/help-for-the-home-gardener/
advice-tips-resources/pests-and-problems/insects/aphids/aphids-outdoors.aspx
Parasitoid:
1. Aphidius colemani
1. http://biobee.in/products-and-services/solutions/bio-aphidius/
Predators:
1. Cecidomyiid fly (Aphidoletis aphidimyza)
1. http://jenny.tfrec.wsu.edu/opm/displaySpecies.php?pn=740
2. Lacewing, 3. Ladybird beetle, 4. Spider,

5. Fire ant, 6. Dragon fly, 7. Robber fly,
8. Reduviid bug, 9. Praying mantis,
10. Big-eyed bug (Geocoris sp),
11. Earwig, 12. Ground beetle.
47
IX. Description of diseases:

1) Yellow vein mosaic virus:
Very serious constraint in bhindi production throughout the country
Gemini virus having spherical bipartite particles with ss DNA as genome
Damage symptoms:
• Yellowing of the entire network of veins in the leaf blade (vein
clearing) is the characteristic symptom.
• In severe infections the younger leaves turn yellow, become reduced
in size and the plant is highly stunted
• In a field, most of the plants may be diseased and the infection may
start at any stage of plant growth
• Infection restricts flowering and fruits are not formed, if formed, turn
smaller, harder and rough.
• Loss in fruit yield ranges from 50-100% based on disease incidence
Yellow vein mosaic visus symptoms; Photo by: SK Sain

Primary: Virus particles in infected plants and collateral hosts like Hibiscus
tetraphyllus, Croton sparsiflora and Ageratum spp
Secondary: Virus particles transmitted by whitefly Bemisia tabaci
2) Cercospora leaf spot: Cercospora malayensis F. Stevens & Solheim

Damage symptoms:
• C. malayensis causes brown, irregular spots and C. abelmoschi causes sooty
black, angular spots on lower surface of leaves Both the leaf spots cause
severe defoliation and are common during humid season
48
Disease symptom on leaf; Photo by : SKSain

Primary: The fungi survive through conidia and stromata on crop refuse in
soil
Secondary: Wind dispersed conidia
3) Powdery mildew: Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.

Damage symptoms:
• Grayish powdery growth occurs on the under as well as on the upper
surface of the leaf
• Affected leaves turn yellow and drop off leading to severe yield loss
Powdery mildew symptoms

of okra foliage: Photo by:
SK Sain
Primary: Dormant mycelium

and cleistothecia in crop residue
Secondary: Wind dispersed conidia
49
4 Damping off: Pythium aphanidermatum

Damage symptoms:
• Damping off occurs in two stages, i.e. the pre-emergence and the post-
emergence phase.
• In the pre-emergence the phase the seedlings are killed just before they
reach the soil surface.
• The young radical and the plumule are killed and there is complete
rotting of the seedlings.
• The post-emergence phase is characterized by the infection of the
young, juvenile tissues of the collar at the ground level.
• The infected tissues become soft and water soaked. The seedlings
topple over or collapse.
http://www.infonet-biovision.org/res/res/files/1528.400x300.jpeg
Favourable conditions:
• High humidity, high soil moisture, cloudiness and low temperatures
below 24° C for few days are ideal for infection and development of
disease.
• Crowded seedlings, dampness due to high rainfall, poor drainage and
excess of soil solutes hamper plant growth and increase the pathogenic
damping-off.
Primary: Soil, Seed, Water
Secondary: Conidia through rain splash or wind
50
Diseases life cycle
1. Damping off: Pythium debaryanum R. Hesse
2. Powdery mildew: Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.
3. Cercospora leaf spot: Cercospora malayensis F. Stevens & Solheim
51
X. Safety measures
A) at the time of the harvest
For vegetable use, the fruits should be picked about one week after anthesis. In the
vegetable crop, the picking of young fruits permits sustained vegetative growth
prolonging the harvest. Okra pods are ready for harvest when they are about 2-4
inches or 4-9 cm long or while the pod is soft and tip snaps. The pods are bright
green, fleshy and seeds are small. The pods should be gathered everyday. They are
usually handpicked and sharp knives are used to cut them from the stalks to avoid
fruit damage such as bruises and discoloration. About 1 cm of stem should remain
attached to the pod.
B) post-harvest storage
Okra should not be stored more than 36 hours after packing (deterioration already
starts at this time). Do not put ice on top of the packages because it causes water
spots on the pods and decay. Optimum transport/storage temperature is 10-12°C
if temperature is below 10-12 °C, chilling injury develops, pitting, discoloration
and excessive decay also will result. Okra can be stored together with snap beans,
cucumber, eggplant, pepper, potato, squash, sweet potato, and watermelons
(because these commodities have the same temperature requirements as that of
okra). Okra is not compatible for storage with tomatoes and muskmelons. These
crops are ethylene producers while okra is ethylene sensitive. Exposure of okra to
ethylene causes toughening and yellowing of pods and browning of skin.
XI. Do’s and Don’ts

S.
Do’s Don’ts
No.
1. Deep ploughing is to be done Do not plant or irrigate
on bright sunny days during the the field after ploughing,
months of May and June. at least for 2-3 weeks,
The field should be kept exposed to allow desiccation of
to sun light at least for 2-3 weed’s bulbs and/or
weeks rhizomes of perennial
weeds.
2. Adopt crop rotation. Avoid growing monocrop.
3. Grow only recommended Do not grow varieties not
varieties. suitable for the season or
the region.
4 Sow early in the season Avoid late sowing as this
may lead to reduced yields
and incidence of white
grubs and diseases.
5 Always treat the seeds with Do not use seeds without
approved chemicals/bio products seed treatment with
for the control of seed borne biocides/chemicals.
diseases/pests.
52
6. Sow in rows at optimum depths Do not sow seeds beyond

under proper moisture conditions 5-7 cm depth.
for better establishment.
7. Apply only recommended Pre-emergent as well

herbicides at recommended as soil incorporated
dose, proper time, as appropriate herbicides should not be
spray solution with standard applied in dry soils. Do not
equipment along with flat fan or apply herbicides along
flat jet nozzles. with irrigation water or
by mixing with soil, sand
or urea.
8. Maintain optimum and healthy Crops should not be
crop stand which would be exposed to moisture
capable of competing with deficit stress at their
weeds at a critical stage of crop critical growth stages.
weed competition
9 Use NPK fertilizers as per the soil Avoid imbalanced use of
test recommendation. fertilizers.
10 Use micronutrient mixture Do not apply any

after sowing based test micronutrient mixture
recommendations. after sowing without test
recommendations.
11 Conduct AESA weekly in the Do not take any
morning preferably before 9 a.m. management decision
Take decision on management without considering AESA
practice based on AESA and P: D and P: D ratio
ratio only.
12 Install pheromone traps at Do not store the
appropriate period. pheromone lures at
normal room temperature
(keep them in refrigerator).
13 Release parasitoids only after Do not apply chemical

noticing adult moth catches pesticides within seven
in the pheromone trap or as days of release of
pheromone trap or as per field parasitoids.
observation
14 Apply NPV at recommended dose Do not apply NPV on late
when a large number of egg masses instar larva and during
and early instar larvae are noticed. day time.
Apply NPV only in the evening
hours after 5 pm.
53
15 In case of pests which are active Do not spray pesticides

during night like Noctuids spray at midday since, most of
recommended biopesticides/ the insects are not active
chemicals at the time of their during this period.
appearance in the night.
16 Spray pesticides thoroughly to Do not spray pesticides
treat the undersurface of the only on the upper surface
leaves, particularly for mites, of leaves.
whiteflies etc.
17 Apply short persistent pesticides Do not apply pesticides

to avoid pesticide residue in the during preceding 7 days
soil and produce. before harvest.
18 Follow the recommended Do not apply long

procedure of trap crop persistent on trap crop,
technology. otherwise it may not
attract the pests and
natural enemies.
54
XII. Safety parameters in pesticides usage
S. Pesticide Classification Colour of WHO First Aid measures Symptoms poisoning Treatment of poisoning Waiting
No as per toxicity classification period
insecticide triangle of hazard from last
rules application
to harvest
Organophosphates
1. Malathion Moderately Class III Mild-anorexia, headache, For extreme symptoms of OP poisoning,
toxic slightly dizziness, weakness, anxiety, injection of atropine (2-4 mg for adults,
hazardous tremors of tongue and eyelids, 0.5-1.0 mg for children) is recommended. --
miosis, impairment of visual Repeated at 5-10 minute intervals until
acuity signs of atropinization occur.
Carbamates
2. Carbofuran Extremely Class I b Constriction of pupils, Atropine injection-1-4 mg. repeat 2 mg
toxic highly salivation, profuse sweating, when symptoms begin to recur (15-16 min
55
hazardous muscle incordination, nausea, interval) excessive salivation- good sign, --
vomiting,diarrhea, epigastric more atropine needed chest
pain, tightness in t
Synthetic pyrathroids
3 Cyperme- Highly toxic Class II Headache, palpitation, nausea, No specific antidote. Treatment is
thrin Moderately vomiting, flushed face, irritation essentially symptomatic.
hazardous of nose,throat, eyes and skin, 3
allergic manifestation etc.
4 Fenvalerate Do not induce Ingestion may cause If on skin, after drying apply vitamin E
vomiting unless nonspecific discomfort, such cream or oil if
told to do so by a as nausea, vomiting, headache, available. If not available, apply vegetable
doctor, do not give or weakness; temporary oil liberally over
anything by mouth nervous painful areas. The oil or cream may be used 7
to an unconscious system effects such as muscular repeatedly
person weakness, until relief is achieved
tremors and
incoordination.
5 Lambda- Do not induce Toxic if swallowed or inhaled. There is no specific antidote. Treatment is
cyhalothrin vomiting unless Irritating to eyes and skin. essentially symptomatic.
told to do so by a Vapors may cause drowsiness 5
doctor, do not give
anything
by mouth to an and dizziness. May be harmful if

unconscious swallowed and enters airway.
person May cause temporary itching,
tingling, burning or numbness
of exposed skin, called
paresthesia
Neonicotinoids
6 Thiametho- Have person sip No specific antidote. Treatment is
xam a glass of water if essentially symptomatic.
able to swallow.
Do not induce
vomiting unless
56
told to do so by
a poison control 5
center or doctor.
Do not give
anything by mouth
to an unconscious
7 Imidacloprid Highly toxic Have person sip Harmful if swallowed, absorbed No specific antidote. Treatment is
a glass of water if through skin or inhaled. Avoid essentially symptomatic.
able to swallow. breathing vapor or spray mist.
Do not induce Causes moderate eye irritation.
vomiting unless
told to do so by a 3
doctor, do not give
anything by mouth
to an unconscious
person
Avermectins
8 Emamectin Have person sip Pupil dilation, muscular Administer repeatedly medical charcoal in
benzoate a glass of water if incooridnation, muscular large quantity of water or ipecac
able to swallow. tremors
Do not induce
vomiting unless
told to do so by a 5
doctor, do not give
anything by mouth
to an unconscious
person
Insect growth regulators
9 Pyriproxy- Do not induce May cause irritation of the eyes, No specific antidote. Treatment is
fen vomiting unless nose, respiratory tract and skin. essentially symptomatic
told to do so by a Prolonged and repeated
doctor, do not give exposure may cause headache
anything by mouth and dizziness
to an unconscious
57
person
Anthranilic diamides
10 Chloranthra- When used as
niliprole directed this product
does not present a 5
hazard to humans or
domestic animals
Fungicides
11 Wettable Slightly toxic Headache, palpitation, nausea, No specific antidote. Treatment is
sulphur vomiting, flushed face, irritation essentially symptomatic
of nose,throat, eyes and skin --
etc.
12 Dinocap Moderately Class III Headache, palpitation, nausea, No specific antidote. Treatment is
toxic slightly vomiting, flushed face, irritation essentially symptomatic.
hazardous of nose, throat, eyes and skin --
etc.
XIII. Basic precautions in pesticides usage

A. Purchase
1. Purchase only just required quantity e.g. 100, 250, 500, 1000 g/ml for single application in specified area.
2. Do not purchase leaking containers, loose, unsealed or torn bags.
3. Do not purchase pesticides without proper/approved labels.
4. While purchasing insist for invoice/bill/cash memo
B. Storage
1. Avoid storage of pesticides in house premises.
2. Keep only in original container with intact seal.
3. Do not transfer pesticides to other containers.
4. Never keep them together with food or feed/fodder.
5. Keep away from reach of children and livestock.
6. Do not expose to sunlight or rain water.
7. Do not store weedicides along with other pesticides.
C. Handling
1. Never carry/ transport pesticides along with food materials.
2. Avoid carrying bulk pesticides (dust/granules) on head shoulders or on the back.
D. Precautions for preparing spray solution
1. Use clean water.
2. Always protect your nose, eyes, mouth, ears and hands.
3. Use hand gloves, face mask and cover your head with cap.
4. Use polythene bags as hand gloves, handkerchiefs or piece of clean cloth as mask and a cap or towel to cover
the head (Do not use polythene bag contaminated with pesticides).
5. Read the label on the container before preparing spray solution.
6. Prepare the spray solution as per requirement
7. Do not mix granules with water
8. Concentrated pesticides must not fall on hands etc. while opening sealed container. Do not smell pesticides.
9. Avoid spilling of pesticides while filling the sprayer tank.
10. Do not eat, drink, smoke or chew while preparing solution
11. The operator should protect his bare feet and hands with polythene bags
E. Equipment
1. Select right kind of equipment.
2. Do not use leaky and defective equipment
3. Select right kind of nozzles
4. Don’t blow/clean clogged nozzle with mouth. Use old tooth brush tied with the sprayer and clean with water.
5. Do not use same sprayer for weedicide and insecticide.
F. Precautions for applying pesticides
1. Apply only at recommended dose and dilution
2. Do not apply on hot sunny day or strong windy condition
3. Do not apply just before the rains and after the rains.
4. Do not apply against the windy direction
5. Emulsifiable concentrate formulations should not be used for spraying with battery operated ULV sprayer
6. Wash the sprayer and buckets etc. with soap water after spraying
7. Containers buckets etc. used for mixing pesticides should not be used for domestic purpose
8. Avoid entry of animals and workers in the field immediately after spraying
9. Avoid tank mixing of different pesticides
G. Disposal
1. Left over spray solution should not be drained in ponds or water lines etc. throw it in barren isolated area if
possible
2. The used/empty containers should be crushed with a stone/stick and buried deep into soil away from water
source.
3. Never reuse empty pesticides container for any other purpose.
58
XIV. Pesticide application techniques

Equipment
Category A: Stationary, crawling pest/disease
Vegetative
stage
Insecticides
and
• Lever operated
knapsack sprayer
i) for crawling fungicides (Droplets of big
and soil borne size)
pests • Hollow cone
nozzle @ 35 to 40
psi
ii) for small

• Lever operating
speed = 15 to 20
sucking leaf strokes/min
borne pests or
• Motorized
knapsack sprayer
or mist blower
(Droplets of small
size)
• Airblast nozzle
• Operating speed:
2/3rd throttle
Reproductive
stage
Insecticides
and
• Lever operated
knapsack sprayer
fungicides (Droplets of big
size)
• Hollow cone
nozzle @ 35 to 40
psi
• Lever operating
speed = 15 to 20
strokes/min
Category B: Field flying pest/airborne pest
Vegetative
stage
Insecticides
and
• Motorized
knapsack sprayer
Reproductive fungicides or mist blower
stage (Droplets of small
(Field Pests) size)
• Airblast nozzle
59
• Operating speed:
2/3rd throttle
Or
• Battery operated
low volume
sprayer (Droplets
of small size)
Spinning disc
nozzle
Mosquito/
locust and
Insecticides
and
• Fogging machine
and ENV (Exhaust
spatial fungicides nozzle vehicle)
application (Droplets of very
(migratory small size)
Pests) • Hot tube nozzle
Category C: Weeds
Post-
emergence
Weedicide • Lever operated
knapsack sprayer
application (Droplets of big
size)
• Flat fan or floodjet
nozzle @ 15 to 20
psi
• Lever operating
speed = 7 to 10
strokes/min
Pre-
emergence
Weedicide • Trolley mounted
low volume
application sprayer (Droplets
of small size)
• Battery operated
low volume
sprayer (Droplets
of small size)
60
XV. Operational, calibration and maintenance guidelines in brief

1. For application rate and dosage see
the label and leaflet of the particular
pesticide.
2. It is advisable to check the output

of the sprayer (calibration) before
commencement of spraying under
guidance of trained person.
3. Clean and wash the machines and

nozzles and store in dry place after
use.
4. It is advisable to use protective

clothing, face mask and gloves while
preparing and applying pesticides.
Do not apply pesticides without

protective clothing and wash clothes
immediately after spray application.
5. Do not apply in hot or windy

conditions.
6. Operator should maintain normal

walking speed while undertaking
application.
7. Do not smoke, chew or eat while

undertaking the spraying operation
61
8. Operator should take proper bath

with soap after completing spraying
9. Do not blow the nozzle with mouth

for any blockages. Clean with water
and a soft brush.
XVI. References:
Parasitoids and predators of Earias spp. http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~legneref/
biotact/ch-100.htm
Parasitoids of Earias sp.: http://www.cicr.org.in/research_notes/Cotton%20pests%
20dynamics.pdf
http://www.cicr.org.in/research_notes/BIOCONTROL%20BASED.pdf
http://www.avonpestcontrol.ca/pestcontrolnews/pest-control-delta/red-cotton-
bug
http://www.cabi.org
http://www.agritech.tnau.ac.in
NHM manual for post harvest management and integrated pest management:
http://www.nhm.nic.in
AVRDC the world vegetable center: http://www.avrdc.org
FAO Regional Vegetable IPM Programme in South & Southeast Asia: http://www.
vegetableipmasia.org/CropsSites.html
Indian Institute of Horticultural Research: http://www.iihr.ernet.in
Acharya N. G. Agricultural University, Hyderabad: http://www.angrau.ac.in
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad: http://www.uasd.edu
Jawarharlal Nehru Krishi Viswa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur: http://www.jnkvv.nic.in
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana: http://www.pau.edu
62
Important Natural Enemies of Okra Insect Pests
Parasitoids
Good insectary plants belonging to Compositae,
Leguminaceae, Umbelliferae, Brassicaceae etc. families
Predators

AESA BASED IPM Package No. 23

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AESA BASED IPM Package No.

AESA based IPM – Okra

French bean Marigold Carrot

Sunflower Buckwheat Maize

Mustard Castor Rye Grass

Alfalfa Chrysanthemum Cowpea

Citation Satyagopal, K., S. N. Sushil, P. Jeyakumar, G. Shankar,

Front cover picture Model AESA chart for okra

Published by National Institute of Plant Health Management,

Contact APPA - IPM, Directorate of Plant Protection,

Printed at Balaji Scan Pvt. Ltd., A.C. Guards, Hyderabad.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a globally accepted strategy for promot-

Sincere efforts have been made by resource personnel to incorporate ecologi-

Date : 6.3.2014 (Avinash K. Srivastava)

IPM as a holistic approach of crop protection based on the integration of multiple

During the late 90s FAO started advocating Agro-Ecosystem Analysis

(Utpal Kumar Singh)

National Institute of Plant Health Management

In AESA based IPM the whole agro-ecosystem, plant health at different

Ecological Engineering for Pest Management, a new paradigm, is gaining

There is a rising public concern about the potential adverse effects of

Directorate of Plant Protection Quarantine and Storage (DPPQS), has devel-

X. Safety measures ....................................................................................................................... 52

AESA based IPM Package for Okra

Plant compensation ability

Decision taken based on the analysis of field situation

Lady bird beetle

Green Lace wing

Advantages of AESA over ETL

FFS to teach AESA based IPM skills

• Apply mycorrhiza and plant growth promoting rhizobia (PGPR)

Good insectary plants belonging to Compositae, Leguminaceae,

French bean Marigold Carrot

Sunflower Buckwheat Maize

Mustard Castor Rye Grass

Alfalfa Chrysanthemum Cowpea

Biodiversity of natural enemies observed in Ecological Engineer-

Biodiversity of natural enemies: Predators

Biodivesity of natural enemies: Spiders

Flowering plants that attract natural enemies/repel pests

predatory coccinellids (Stethorus

Weeds • At the time of field preparation, adopt

• Micronutrient deficiency should be

nana (larval), Actia aegyptia (larval),

or carbaryl 10% D.P @ 10000 g/acre or

Leafhoppers Cultural control:

Aphids Biological control:

• Conserve predators such as Chrysoperla

V. Insecticide resistance and its management

VI. Nutritional deficiencies

Correction measures: Application of nitrogen fertilizer at optimum dose. The dose

2. Phosphorous: Plants are stunted. Leaves are dark green. Application of

Correction measures: 8-75 kg P2O5/acre may be applied.

3. Potassium: Number of leaves are low. Leaf

Correction measures: Application of potassium

4. Magnesium: Lower leaves show yellow spots. Veins are green.

Correction measures: Foliar spray with 1 – 2 % magnesium sulphate (MgSO4.7

5. Manganese: Leaves show chlorosis. Foliar spray

Correction measure: Foliar spray of MnSO4 @0.5%.