CHANAKYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY

NYAYA NAGAR, PATNA

SOCIOLOGY

FINAL DRAFT ON
JUVENILE DELIQUENCY IN BIHAR: CAUSE AND EFFECT ANALYSIS

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

NAME: SNEHIL DR.SANGEET KUMAR

ROLL NO: 1767 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

BA.LLB (HONS.) SOCIOLOGY

DECLARATION

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I,Snehil a student of Chanakya National Law University,Patna hereby declare
that the work reported in the BA.LLB(HONS.) project entitled “JUVENILE
DELIQUENCY IN BIHAR:CAUSE AND EFFECT ANALYSIS” is an
authentic record of my work carried out under the supervision of
DR.SANGEET KUMAR.I have not submitted this work elsewhere for any
other degree or diploma .I am fully responsible for the contents of my project
report.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep
regard to DR.SANGEET KUMAR sir for his exemplary guidance ,valuable
feedback and constant encouragement throughout this project.

His valuable suggestions were of immense help throughout the making of this
project.

I would also like to thank my friends and my seniors without whom the making
of this project would not have been successful.

I would also like to extend my gratitude to my parents and all those unseen
hands who have helped me throughout this project.

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 CONTENTS

1. DECLARATION
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. INTRODUCTION
i. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
ii. HYPOTHESIS
iii. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
iv. LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
v. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
vi. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
vii. TOOLS OF RESEARCH
viii. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

4.HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

5.JUVENILE DELIQUENCY IN INDIA :CAUSAL ANALYSIS

6.PRESENT STATUS OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN BIHAR

7.LEGAL PROVISIONS RELATED TO JUVENILE DELIQUENCY

8.FIELD WORK AND DATA ANALYSIS

9.CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

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 INTRODUCTION
1
Juvenile Delinquency refers to anti social or illegal behaviour by children or
adolescence, and these children who commit crimes come under the
jurisdiction of Juvenile court. The behavioural and qualifying condition for
referral to Juvenile courts also vary from State to State.

The word Juvenile delinquent is defined as a young person who habitually

breaks the law, especially somebody repeatedly charged with vandalism or
anti social behaviour. Thus, those offence committed by adult and
punishable which when committed by children under the age of 18 are
denoted as Juvenile crimes. In India the Juveniles are kept in special homes
and are not punishable like adults. The reason behind not treating them as
criminals is because we follow reformative theory. When a child is kept in
special homes all the basic needs are fulfilled. They are also provided with
education as in National Charter for children 2003 it is given that every child
should be provided with free and compulsory education.

Juvenile delinquency refers to the antisocial or criminal activity of the child

(below 16 years of age for boys and 18 years for girls) which violates the
law. In true context, that same activity would have been a crime if it was
committed by the adult.

Juvenile delinquency is a gateway to adult crime, since a large percentage of

criminal careers have their roots in childhood causing serious problems all
over the world. Today, it has become a topic of great concern and needs to
be discussed at a serious note. The complexity grows as we go into the
statistical data of developed countries when compared to the still developing
ones. A total of 44284 crimes were committed by the juvenile offenders
during 1978 which showed an increase of 0.6% over 1977. It has been noted
that theft and robbery add to a major percentage of these crimes. Murder,
rape, dacoity, burglary, kidnapping are a few more that add to the rest of it.
On the basis of the available statistics, an inference can be drawn that these

1
http://lawprojectsforfree.blogspot.in/2010/08/criminal-law-juvenile-
delinquency-1.html

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crimes are on the increasing path.

The term ‘juvenile’ has been defined in clause (h) of Section 2 of the
Juvenile Justice Act, 1986. The term ‘delinquency’ has been defined in
clause (e) of section 2 of the Juvenile Justice Act, 1986

More than a century ago, Abraham Lincoln said: “A child is a person who is
going to carry on what you have started. He is going to sit where you are
sitting, and when you are gone, attend to those things you think are
important. You may adopt all the policies you please, but how they are
carried out depends on him. He is going to move in and take over your
churches, schools, universities and corporations. The fate of humanity is in
his hands”1

The problem of juvenile delinquency is not new. It occurs in all societies

simple as well as complex, that is, wherever and whenever a relationship is
affected between a group of individuals leading to maladjustments and
conflict.

In a developing country like India the problem of juvenile neglect and

delinquency is considerably low but gradually increasing according to the
National crime record bureau report 2007. What is worrying more is that the
share of crimes committed by juveniles to total crimes reported in the
country has also increased in last three years.

Considering the magnitude of the problem and issues involved, analysis

indicates that the number of factors for neglect and delinquency are mostly
common and interrelated, based on socio-economic and psychological
reasons. Poverty, broken homes, family tensions, emotional abuse, rural-
urban migration, break-down of social values and joint family system,
atrocities and abuses by parents or guardians, faulty educational system, the
influence of media besides the unhealthy living conditions of slums and such
other conditions explain the phenomena of juvenile delinquency. The neglect
of children by their parents, family, society and the nation create detrimental
effect on their physical, mental growth and over all development. Needless
to say that most of the factors causing delinquency are in plenty in the Indian
context and any attempt to prevent and control them can be fruitful for

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society. After all, the children represent the nation and the coming future of
the country. Even international instance like UN Standard Minimum Rules
for the Administration of Juvenile Justice, also known as Beijing Rules,
1985 and UN Convention on the Rights of Child, 1989, are notable and has
articulated the global consensus on giving special attention to the children
who come in conflict with law. In the above context, this paper tries to
highlight the growth and development of juvenile justice system in India,
further, take a brief look at constitutional provisions, Juvenile justice Act,
2000 and extent of delinquency in India.

The term juvenile delinquency is used so frequently that it is often assumed

that everyone means the something when using it. Still, the definitions of
juvenile delinquency differ widely in meaning and content. Generally,
juvenile delinquency is misbehaviour by children, but there is much less
agreement on the specifics of what constitutes misbehaviour or who falls
into the category of children. The institutions dealing with delinquent or
deviant youth define delinquency on the basis of deviation from norms
which promote the interests of the institution, viz. school administrators view
delinquency as deviation from norms which affects the functioning of the
school. Religious leaders consider delinquency a special class of sin,
however doctrines vary from one religion to another and frequently within
one religion from one locality to another. Parental definition also vary from
one individual to another and within one parent it varies also between father
and mother. Thus there is no general agreement on what constitutes deviant
conduct or juvenile delinquency aside from statute laws which provide
definitions of law - violating behaviour.

Juvenile delinquency through legal concept can be viewed through following

definitions - Juvenile delinquency refers to a large variety of disapproved
behaviours of children and adolescents which the society does not approve
of and for which some kind of admonishment, punishment or corrective
measure is justified in the public interest. According to Walter Reckless, the
term juvenile delinquency applies to the violation of Criminal Code and
pursuit of certain patterns of behaviour disapproved of for children and
young adolescents.

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 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:

The researcher intends to :

1. Draw the readers’ attention to the growing problem of juvenile

delinquency in bihar
2. Determine the causal factors that lead to juvenile delinquency
3. Introduce the present status of juveniles in bihar

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The researcher has reviewed the following books and articles available at:

1. RETHINKING OF JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM IN INDIA written

by DR.ADITYA TOMAR and published by BHARTI PUBLISHERS ON
1 january 2017: the book aims at increasing the understanding about the
juvenile justice system in india and why we need to rethink about existing
provisions.

2. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN JUVENILE DELIQUENCY written by

WANGDI DORJI and published by LAP lambert academic publishing
company on 14 january 2013: the book attempts to study the current
socialisation of boys and girls at home and in the school and the chances
taking place in gender stereotyping ,behaviour ,expectations and all.

3. CRIME AGAINST CHILDREN written by ARUNIMA BARUAH and

published by kalpaz publications in 2002: it deals with the problem of
juvenile delinquency in a broader perspective and seeks a solution in
order to eliminate the menace

4. INDIAN SOCIETY :ISSUES AND PROBLEMS written by

DR.BHARAT AGARWAL AND DR.KARAN SINGH CHAUHAN and
published bySBPD publications on 1 january 2015: this book in chapter
18 talks about juvenile delinquency in particular and reviews the
condition of remand homes.

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 5. JUVENILE JUSTICE CARE AND PROTECTION OF CHILDREN
ACT,2000 written by NIZAM AZEEZ SAIT and published by lexis nexis
:this book provides a clear overview of the juvenile justice system in
india .it explains simply and concisely all the critical facets of this issue.

HYPOTHESIS

The researcher presumes that :

1. Juvenile delinquency has a lasting effect on the life of a delinquent

2. Delinquents needs reformation and better atmosphere in order to start a
new life
3. The main reason of juvenile delinquency is social background

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What is juvenile delinquency?

2. What is the status of juvenile delinquency in bihar?
3. What are the factors which cause juveniles to commit the crime?
4. What are the laws related to juvenile delinquency in bihar and
india?
5. What the effective measure can be taken to improve the condition
of juvenile delinquents?

LIMITATIONS

The main limitation of this project is that although the statistics of juvenile
delinquency have been made available, the field work has only been confined to
patna region of bihar .

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 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The researcher will make use of doctrinal as well as non-doctrinal research in

order to collect qualitative and quantitative data to complete the project. The
doctrinal research includes the use of literary sources while interview of people,
questionnaires and observation will form the part of non-doctrinal research.

The methods of data collection will include:

I. Primary sources – Data would be collected through interviews,

questionnaires, observation, case study, law commission reports,
constitutional provisions, statutory provisions, case laws, judgments by
different courts.
II. Secondary sources – Data will be collected through library study and
Internet search (books, journals articles, etc.).

TOOLS OF DATA COLLECTION

Tools of data collection will include Interview schedule, observation guide,

questionnaire, camera, voice recorder, notepad , pen.

METHOD OF SAMPLING

Researcher has used purposive and convenient method of sampling.

CHAPTER 2: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

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2
India has a long history of Juvenile legislation; most of the legislative
provisions have followed, more or less, the British law pattern. The British law
providing separate provisions for juvenile offenders was passed on to India in
the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Chronologically „The Apprentices
Act, 1850‟ was the first law to deal with the children in distresses that are to be
trained for trade and commerce. According to the Indian Penal Code 1860
children under the age of seven years are exempted from criminal responsibility.
It also exempts children between the age of seven to twelve years, who have not
attained sufficient maturity to understand the nature and consequences of their
own immoral act and conduct, from criminal responsibility . The IPC Act also
provides protection to the children from the evil designs of adults. The
Reformatory School Act was enacted in the year 1876 and later the Act again
modified in 1897, was considered the landmark legislation in the treatment of
juvenile delinquents. It empowered the governments to establish reformatory
schools. According to this Act, the court
Section 363A IPC could keep in custody juvenile in such institutions for a time
period of two to seven years but after attained the age of 18 years they would
not be kept in the reformatory schools. There was also a provision to provide
suitable employment to juvenile who cross over the age of fourteen years.

The Criminal Code also visualizes the commitment of juvenile offender up-to
the age of fourteen years to Reformatory Schools and provided probation on
good conduct up-to the age of twenty one years. Consequently Indian children
Acts passed by the Presidencies and provinces also maintained this thinking.
These enactments had provisions for the establishment of a specialized
mechanism for the handling and treatment of children/juveniles. And in this
regard, recommendations of the Indian Jails Committee 1919-20, gave an
additional momentum to legislative action. In the post independence period; the
Government of India understands the problems of juvenile, and in this regard
government take step for juvenile justice particularly and apply law in the
centrally administered union territories i.e the Children Act 1960. The law was
in to force in all the UTs, but the states were not having juvenile legislation but
the state were free to adopt it. At this stage, juvenile justice in the country was
not uniform because each state had its own standards, norms and practices.

2
http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/juvenile-justice-
system-&-its-delinquency-in-india-1031-1.html

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These problems were sought to be removed by passing the Juvenile Justice Act
198610. On the other hand, the concepts of juvenile justice was undergoing
through various basic changes, as it is indicated by the Beijing Rules and the
UN Convention on Rights of the Children. This led to the formulation of the
Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000, which was
comprehensive amended in 2006 by Act No.33 of 2006. And again in 2012 the
introduction of new amended law gained momentum because of the dark
memories evoked by the Nirbhaya case (Delhi gang rape case) where the Delhi
police disclose the fact that the most brutal attack on the victim came from the
juvenile offender who succeeded in escaping the death sentence only because he
was a juvenile. Minister of Women and Child Development Maneka Gandhi,
dipping into this groundswell of anger, has warned unilaterally that “an adult
crime by a juvenile requires adult punishment, not leniency”.

CHAPTER 3: JUVENILE DELIQUENCY IN INDIA: CAUSAL

ANALYSIS

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The causes for juvenile crime are usually found at each level of the social
structure, including society as a whole, social institutions, social groups and
organizations, and interpersonal relations. Juveniles’ choice of delinquency are
fostered by a wide range of factors, the most important of which are described
below.

Family Influence
3
Theorists who believe in the peer influence model also tend to support the
belief that family has a strong influence on development of delinquent
behaviour. They clarify this by stating that the family type is also very
important and children from non-traditional families have a greater chance of
engaging in delinquent behaviour than children from traditional families.
Economic condition inherit to single parent families may place children at a
greater risk (K.PADMAJA). A single parent also has the added pressure of
trying to provide emotional support. While the reconstituted families experience
difficulties in area of communication and emotional support.

One of the causes of Child’s deviation is divorce, and what accompany it are
displacement, fragmentation and disunion of the families. It is undisputable that
a child who is deprived of a loving mother and caring father would hasten
towards crime and eventually becomes corrupt. Children of divorced parents
also face emotional conflicts regarding their allegiance to either one or both of
their parents. They also face difficulties in scheduling time with their parents
and adjustments to new influences when their biological parents remarry. The
author State the following- “children and adolescents who experience the family
disturbances due to divorce and remarriage typically demonstrate higher levels
of aggressive, defiant, and delinquent behaviour.

Mental Disorder
Conduct disorder usually develops during childhood and manifests itself during
an adolescence life. Some Juvenile behaviour is attributed to the diagnosable
disorder known as conduct disorder. Juvenile delinquent who have recurring
encounters with the criminal Justice system are sometimes diagnosed with
conduct disorder because they show continuous disregard for their own and

3
http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/juvenile-justice-
387-1.html

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others safety. Once the Juvenile reach maturation their socially unaccepted
behaviour has grown into life style and they develop into career criminal.
Abuse also affects the child yet the link between abuse and Delinquency is not
very strong. Abused children tend to manifest more problematic and aggressive
behaviour than children who are not abused. . Some children are incapacitated
so they can feed their so-called caretaker. Children get support from their
parents in problem solving, negotiating conflict, and social behaviour. Some
children who are neglected by their parents run away from homes and appear in
streets and railway station getting involved in small crimes. Also Children who
have criminal parent are at a greater risk of becoming delinquent themselves.
More than single parent children, children who grow up in home where marital
violence prevails tend to be more delinquent. In such family children become
introverts According to research parental disruption is one of the key predictor
for delinquent behaviour. This disruption can be varied in nature from divorce
to parental depression, inconsistent parenting, constantly moving from one
place to another and at least one parent committing crime. The conclusion is
that lack of stability and consistency in lives of children leaves them at great
risk for delinquent behaviour. Mental illness and substance abuse, which often
co-occur among Juvenile offender, can contribute substantially to delinquent
behaviour. Studies have found very high prevalence rate of mental illness
among detained and incarcerated Juveniles and Juvenile offenders. Lack of
appropriate treatment may lead to future Delinquency, adult criminality and
adult mental illness.

Social Environment
There are many reasons for widespread crises in families today such as changes
in social environment. There have been many changes in our social environment
over last 25 years. These changes have made the environment risky for the
youth. (www.freeonlineresearchpaper.com). There is evidence in the research to
demonstrate that low self-esteem may also be one of the contributing factors to
delinquent behaviour. In kalpan’s theory however, young people are
emotionally vulnerable. When young people experience rejection by their peer,
some react by seeking out deviant peers in order to be accepted by people their
own age.

Sexual Abuse
Child sexual abuse can result in both short term and long term harm, including

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psychopathology in later life. Physical and social effects including depression,
post traumatic stress disorder, poor self esteem, anxiety disorders, general
psychological distress and disorder are instilled in them. Not all victims of child
abuse and neglected child experience behaviour consequence. Studies have
found abused and neglected children to be at least 25% more likely to
experience problem such as Delinquency, teen pregnancy, drug use and mental
health problem. According to National Institute of Justice Study, abuse and
neglected children were 11 times more likely to be arrested for criminal
behaviour. A Juvenile is 2.7 times more likely to be arrested for violent and
criminal behaviour than an adult.
4
Rational Choice:
As per the behavioral study done on delinquent children by the psychologists, it
suggests that the child does any delinquent act because his mind tells him to do
it. In other words he does this because he wants to do it. These kinds of acts
provides immense satisfaction to the offenders and so they see nothing wrong in
it.

Social Disorganization:
As the joint family system is coming to an end a, new trend has evolved where
in both the parents are working and as a result children are left neglected and
such isolation leads the child’s involvement in wrongful acts.

Bad Company:
One of the major reasons as to why children are entering into the worlds of
crime is because of their bad company. Children who are in bad company
knowingly or unknowingly indulge in criminal activities. It is this Bad company
which motivates them to commit crime.

Labeling:
This is the theory of our society. Generally when we see someone or hear
someone’s involvement in a crime, we actually label him as a criminal. For
example, calling someone a failure may push him towards doing wrongful acts .
Such terminology becomes identification marks of these individuals and they

4
http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/juvenile-justice-
387-1.html

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thus rarely make an attempt to come out of it.

Atmosphere at home:
An individual may have certain problems within his home which may have led
him to the wrong society. Like treatment from step mothers, poverty, Effect of
T.V or Internet or other media. Such cases are mostly seen with children who do
not have anyone to look after them after they return from school or there is least
or excess of discipline exercised on them by the elders of the family.

Neighborhood:
Neighborhood is that part of the society which may affect the acts of an
individual at large. It marks an individual’s ability to deal with Delinquency. If
one finds gamblers, quarrelling couples, drunkards around him, then this is all
that he would fall into and finally end up as a criminal.

CHAPTER 4: PRESENT STATUS OF JUVENILE DELIQUENCY IN BIHAR

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5
More than sixteen thousand juvenile cases are pending in the various Juvenile
Justice Boards in the different districts of Bihar state. It is beyond dispute that
the credibility of these JJBs is almost shaken. Though the number of initiatives
taken in the past by the social welfare department and higher judiciary to bring
down the backlog but much progress could not be achieved to clear the excess
workload. Time has come for us to rethink about the solutions to reduce the
pendency of cases in juvenile justice boards. As we all aware that Juvenile
Justice Act, 2006 (amendment) which is the central law and made the rights of
the juvenile more explicit and assertive by providing for easy bail, disposal and
by ruling out stringent punishments.

 The preamble of the Act undoubtedly articulate the intent of the legislature by
providing for proper care, protection and treatment by catering to their
developmental needs, and by adopting a child-friendly approach in the
adjudication and disposition of matters in the best interest of children and for
their ultimate rehabilitation. This paper focuses the problem of pendency of
cases, increase in no of cases instituted in the duration (1/01/2011- 31/03/2012)
and disposal of cases during the period in the state of Bihar. Further we also
explore the reasons behind these issues and attempt to sketch some solutions for
Juvenile Justice Boards to cope up the backlog and continuous increasing
workload.

Current situation:
In 2012 march, an application was filed under Right to Information Act, 2005
(RTI) in the High court of Patna to get the status of pendency of cases in
juvenile justice boards in Bihar. The Hon’ble Patna High Court responded with
the information asked. The current situation is characterized by high levels of
backlog juvenile pending cases. As per the information provided by the Patna
High court Patna- JJB and Bhagalpur- JJB have more cases than other JJB
districts. Patna accounts for more than 14 percent cases.

Patna accounts for more than 1,500 cases till March 31 last, sources in the
department said.

5
http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/pendency-of-cases-
in-juvenile-justice-boards-within-the-state-of-bihar-1222-1.html

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By and large, the similar situation prevails in other districts with Gaya and
Saran having 618 and 676 cases respectively.

There were 661 juvenile cases in Begusarai, while Sitamarhi, East

Champaran, Vaishali, Gopalganj, Samastipur, Rohtas, Aurangabad,
Munger, Banka, Darbhanga, Jehanabad, Arwal Katihar have 661, 596,
4498, 474, 442, 409, 403, 366, 347, 321, 305 and 300 respectively.

In the other districts the number varies between 297 and 67.

The cases are pending for a long time despite section 14 of the Juvenile
Justice Act, 2000 mandates disposal of such cases within four months of
registration.

For juveline delinquents in Bihar, there are 16 Supervision Homes, Special

Homes, Remand Home and Protection Homes where around 1,000 of them
are lodged at present.

It is a matter of concern that all these homes are being run in rented
premises the physical condition of which is miserable.

Department sources said the State government had sanctioned construction

of Child Protection Homes in every district and the necessary funds have
been made available to the State Building Construction Department.

Out of the proposed buildings for Protection Homes, construction work has
been completed for four, while the work is in progress for the other four.

Steps are on to make available land for construction of remand homes in

other 30 places.

The department officials, however, expressed optimism that the trial of

juvenile cases would be fastracked in the districts following constitution of
the juvenile justice tribunal in all districts.

Besides, appointment of the judicial magistrates and allied infrastructure

have been put in place to expeditiously dispose of such cases, the sources
revealed.

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To accommodate the offenders, 19 additional remand homes would be built
in the State, they said.
6
The State is the first in India to have notified setting up of District Child
Protection Units (DCPUs), after the appointment of Assistant Director
(Social Security) as the nodal person in all the 38 districts of Bihar.

Directives have been issued on their roles and responsibilities.

The Department of Social Welfare, the nodal department for implementing

the JJ Act, also conducted orientations to members on their roles and
responsibilities.

The Juvenile Justice Act, 2000 (Amended in 2007), requires setting up of

DCPUs in every district. The Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS),
approved by the Central Government in February 2009 also requires
establishing District Child Protection Societies in the state, officials point
out.

SOME OTHER PROVISIONS ARE AS FOLLOWS:

A. Institutional Care

(i) Children’s Home- At present, there are thirteen children’s homes

functioning in different districts of Bihar for both boys and girls. Out of
these, three are Government- run homes, whereas the remaining 10 are
being run through NGOs under the Integrated Child Protection Scheme
(ICPS), funded by Government. The State Government is in the process of
establishing 11 more children’s homes in different districts.

(ii) Observation Home- There are 10 observation homes currently running

in the State. All these homes are being run by the State Government. These
homes are for boys only. The female juveniles in conflict with law are kept
at a unit within the premises of After Care Home (for women) in Patna. The

6
http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/16000-juvenile-
cases-pending-in-bihar/article2458731.ece

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State Government is considering setting up of a separate Home for female
juveniles in Patna.

(iii) Special Home: There is one special home for boys in Patna. On an
average, 10-15 children stay in the Home.

(iv) Open Shelter: Nine (9) open shelters have been set up in the urban and
semi-urban area of divisional headquarter districts (2 in Patna and 1 each in
divisional headquarter district except Saharsa) to function as drop-in centres
for children who are found begging, living on the street or engaged into rag-
picking. 31 more open shelters are proposed to be established in the State.
Status of children as on 31-03-2014 in these open shelters is given below in
the table:

B. Non-Institutional Care

In order to promote adoption and implementation of sponsorship and foster

care of children, State Adoption Resource Agency (SARA) has been set up
under the ICPS as a State level body for effective coordination and
implementation of the programmes. A State Programme Manager,
Programme Officer and a Programme Assistant have been appointed in
SARA.

(i) Adoption- Currently, there are 3 Specialised Adoption Agencies (SAAs)

being run through NGOs in the State to facilitate inter-country adoption in
the State. These are functional in Patna, Nalanda and Bhagalpur. The details
are given below:

(ii) Sponsorship- Sponsorship is a programme to provide financial

assistance to vulnerable families to protect children from exploitation and
difficult circumstances. The State Government shall implement this
programme from the current financial year 2014-15.

(iii) Foster Care- Under foster- care, children who are abandoned by their
parents due to extreme poverty or because of social stigma and children
whose parents are not found after much effort are kept in the care of willing
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families. Such families, which are referred as Foster Family, are provided
monetary assistance under ICPS. The State Government shall implement
this programme from the current financial year 2014-15.

(iv) Parvarish- Parvarish is a new scheme launched in March 2014 by the

State Government to protect children from destitution, vulnerability and
exploitation. The State Government released a grant of Rs. 2.00 Crore for
the implementation of the scheme. This scheme will benefit families
enlisted as the Below Poverty Line (BPL) or with an annual income of less
than 60,000/- (Rs. Sixty Thousand Only) who are taking care of the
following groups of children- a. Orphan and destitute children or orphan
children who live with their close relative or kin. b. Children suffering from
chronic diseases like HIV (+)/AIDS/Leprosy. c. Children of HIV(+) / AIDS
affected father/mother or children of such father/mother who is disabled
due to leprosy to the extent of 40% or above. Under Parvarish, children
between 0 – 6 years shall be entitled to receive Rs. 900/- (Rupees Nine
Hundred), whereas children belonging to age group of 6-18 years shall
receive Rs. 1000 per month, if they are covered under the above target
groups.

SITUATION OF REMAND HOMES:

Medical examination by a team of doctors set up by the Bettiah civil

surgeon found a juvenile inmate of the Motihari Remand Home to be
an adult on Tuesday.

He was earlier arrested and confessed to his involvement along with

another inmate of the remand home in the murder of undertrial
gangster Bablu Dubey on the Bettiah court premises last Thursday.

It has been an open secret of sorts for quite sometime that the
Motihari and Bettiah remand homes, supposedly correction centres
for juveniles, are nurseries of crime. The inmates have graduated to
become hardened criminals as these homes, far from being a

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sanctuary for reform, have flourished as finishing schools in the
curricula of crime.

At least two inmates from the Motihari home, hired by dons

incarcerated in jail or absconding, slipped out, rather walked out, with
impunity to carry out the contract killing last Thursday. Their logistics
were fine-tuned by their handlers: firearms, safe house, smartphones
and getaway mobikes. Both of them have a history sheet of executing
crime, moving out from and slipping back to their sanctuary in the
remand home.

Part of a court-appointed two-lawyer team to study the condition of the

Bettiah remand home about 18 years ago, this correspondent had
come across young boys, barely in teens, accused of heinous crimes
such as murder and rape. It is also alleged that remand home inmates
fudge their age to escape the rigours of penal law. Complicity of
remand home babus too has been alleged whenever inmates have
been discovered to have executed crimes outside.

In January 2014, six remand home inmates were nabbed for a dacoity
bid at Shikarganj near Patahi in East Champaran. Four of them were
from the Bettiah remand home. Police had also recovered firearms,
knife and cellphones from them.

In 2014 itself, another inmate from the Bettiah home, accused of

looting Rs six lakh from a trader in Raxaul, had surrendered in court.
In 2016, four inmates had escaped from the Motihari home. Accused
in cases of loot and attempt to murder, one of them has been again
arrested by the Bettiah police in recent court murder case. Also in
2016, three escaped inmates from Motihari remand home were
arrested in a loot case in Kusinagar in neighbouring UP.

Earlier this year, a teenage girl student of Mahatma Gandhi Central

University in Motihari had a providential escape when attackers tried
to mow her down on the road when she was going to write her exam.
An eyewitness to her brother's murder, she was to depose in a
Motihari sessions court soon. The attackers again were said to be
remand home boys.

22
Another instance:
7
Thirty-four juveniles escaped from a remand home in Bihar’s
Munger district after cutting through the metal grills of the main gate
late on Sunday night, the police said.

However, out of the 34 inmates who escaped yesterday, 11 have

returned.

"A total of 34 juvenile inmates escaped from the remand home

located in Fort area of Munger after cutting the grill gateEfforts are on
to trace the remaining 23 juveniles, the SDM said, adding, many
adjoining areas of the town have been cordoned off.

The remand home houses 86 inmates. Parents of the inmates have

been informed, the officer said.

These instances clearly shows the petty condition of the remand

homes in bihar and why it is the need of the hour to look into these
matters of grave nature as they involve the future of those juveniles
residing in them.

CHAPTER 5:CURRENT LEGAL PROVISIONS RELATED TO JUVENILE

DELIQUENCY

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS:

Post Independence, the constitutional provisions have encouraged the

developments in the field of juvenile justice system in India. Part III and Part IV
of the constitution of India which deal with “Fundamental Rights” and

7
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from-remand-home-in-bihar-11-return/story-
TEBs9GOMaJ9PQm7352iQkK.html

23
“Directive Principles of State Policy” respectively and contain special
provisions with respect to care and protection of the children.

Article 15(3): It allows the State to make special provisions for children and
women.

Article 21-A: The state shall provide free and compulsory education to all
children of the age of six to fourteen years.

Article 23: Prohibits the traffic in human beings and forced labour.

Article 24: Prohibits the employment of children below and the age of fourteen
years in factories, mines and other hazardous employments.

Article 39(e): It directs the State to safeguard the tender age of children from
entering into avocations unsuited to their age or strength.

Article 39(f): Directs the State to give opportunities and facilities for the healthy
development of children and to protect childhood and youth against exploitation
and moral and material abandonment.

Article 45:The State provides early childhood care and education to children
below the age of six years.

Article 47: It is the duty of the state to raise level of nutrition and standard of
living and to improve healt

JUVENILE JUSTICE (CARE AND PROTECTION ACT),2015:

8
Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 has been
passed by Parliament of India.[1] It aims to replace the existing Indian juvenile
8
JUVENILE JUSTICE CARE AND PROTECTION OF CHILDREN
ACT,2000 SAIT AZEEZ NIMAM , lexis nexis

24
delinquency law, Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000,
so that juveniles in conflict with Law in the age group of 16–18, involved in
Heinous Offences, can be tried as adults. The Act came into force from 15
January 2016.]
It was passed on 7 May 2015 by the Lok Sabha amid intense protest by several
Members of Parliament. It was passed on 22 December 2015 by the Rajya
Sabha.
The bill will allow a Juvenile Justice Board, which would
include psychologists and sociologists, to decide whether a juvenile criminal in
the age group of 16–18 should tried as an adult or not. The bill introduced
concepts from the Hague Convention on Protection of Children and
Cooperation in Respect of Inter-Country Adoption, 1993 which were missing in
the previous act.] The bill also seeks to make the adoption process of orphaned,
abandoned and surrendered children more streamlined.
The bill introduces foster care in India. Families will sign up for foster care and
abandoned, orphaned children, or those in conflict with the law will be sent to
them. Such families will be monitored and shall receive financial aid from the
state. In adoption, disabled children and children who are physically and
financially incapable will be given priority. Parents giving up their child for
adoption will get 3 months to reconsider, compared to the earlier provision of 1
month.
A person giving alcohol or drugs to a child shall be punished with 7 years
imprison and/or ₹100,000 fine. Corporal punishment will be punishable
by ₹50,000 or 3 years of imprisonment. A person selling a child will be fined
with ₹100,000 and imprisoned for 5 years.
One of the most criticized step in the new JJ Bill 2015 is introduction of
"Judicial Waiver System" which allows treatment of juveniles, in certain
conditions,in the adult criminal justice system and to punish them as adults.
This is for the first time in India's history that such a provision has been
prescribed. Given to the severe criticism, Bill was referred to a Standing
Committee of Parliament which also rejected such provisions. Since
recommendations of Parliament's Standing Committee are not binding,
Government has moved ahead and introduced the Bill in Lok Sabha, where it
stands passed.

There is a separate legal framework for children accused of committing crimes.

The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 applies
whenever the person accused of committing a crime is a child. It also applies to
vulnerable children who need the government to take care of them (even if it's
for a short while). For such children who need help with getting a better and

25
fulfilling life, the law provides for a number of mechanisms (including
adoption, sponsorship and foster care).
Normally, if a person is accused or arrested or detained in India, the regular
criminal procedure under the Code of Criminal Procedure Code 1973 applies.
An accused person can be kept in custody for months. The code also explains
how persons would face trial to decide guilt or innocence.
The JJ Act ensures that such harsh procedures do not apply to children. So, for
Children in Conflict with Law, it has created an alternate, more lenient and
child-friendly setup.
The setup is largely controlled by the Juvenile Justice Board, and ensures that
children are not kept together in regular jails with regular offenders. It also
ensures children are re-integrated into society after having completed the terms
of their punishment.
What possible penalties and punishments can be given by the JJB?
The JJ Act lists the following possible punishments that can be awarded by the
JJB for Petty Offences and Serious Offences:

 Giving the child a firm warning, letting the child go home while
simultaneously counselling the parents;
 Ordering the child to attend group counselling sessions;
 Ordering the child to perform supervised community service;
 Ordering the parents or guardians to pay fine.
 Releasing the child on probation. The parents or guardians will have to
execute a bond (up to 3 years) which may include surety and be responsible
for the child’s behaviour. The responsibility can also be handed over to a ‘fit
person’ or ‘fit facility’ which is a recognized person or government
organization or NGO which is prepared to accept the child’s responsibility.
 Sending the child to a Special Home for up to three years.
If, the JJB thinks that keeping the child in the Special Home would be against
her best interests, or other children in that home, then the child could be sent to
a Place of Safety. Do not forget that the JJ Act follows a principle of
institutionalisation as last resort, meaning that these penalties are supposed to be
highly exceptional.
The JJB may also pass orders directing the child to attend school or vocational
training, or preventing the child from going to a specified place
BIHAR:
As per the BIHAR JUVEILE JUSTICE RULES 2012,these are some of the
provisions:

26
9
Statutory Bodies

(i) Child Welfare Committee (CWCs)- CWCs have been constituted in all
the 38 districts and are holding regular sittings.

(ii) Juvenile Justice Boards (JJBs): JJBs have been constituted for all the 38
districts of the State and are functional.

(iii) Special Juvenile Police Units (SJPUs): SJPUs have been constituted in
all the 44 police districts which including 4 railway police districts. The
SJPU is headed by the DSP (HQ) in the district and all officers-in-charge of
the police stations within a police district are its members and designated as
the Juvenile/Child Welfare Officer.

Monitoring Committees/Bodies

(i) State-level Advisory Board- As mandated under Sec. 62 of the JJ Act,

2000 and Rule 101 of Bihar JJ Rules, 2012, the State Government has
constituted the State Advisory Board vide notification no. 101 dated
20/01/2014 to monitor the implementation of the JJ Act in the State and
also to ensure inter-departmental convergence and coordination on issues
related to child protection.

(ii) State-level Inspection Committee- As mandated under Sec. 35 of the JJ

Act, 2000, the State Government has constituted the State level Inspection
Committee vide notification no. 280 dated 13/02/2014 to monitor the
functioning of institutional care including specialized adoption agencies in
the State.

(iii) District-level Advisory Board/Inspection Committee- As mandated

under Sec. 35(2) of the JJ Act, 2000 and Rule 101(4) of Bihar JJ Rules,
2012, the State Government has constituted the State Advisory Board vide

9
http://www.uniindia.com/bihar-cabinet-approves-implementation-of-
new-juvenile-justice-rules/other/news/893725.html

27
notification no. 100 dated 17/01/2014 to monitor the implementation of the
JJ Act in the State and also to ensure inter-departmental convergence and
coordination on issues related to child protection. The Body shall also
function as the District-level inspection committee to conduct inspection of
the child care institutions in the district.

(iv) District Child Protection Committee (DCPC)- DCPC is an

interdepartmental convergence and coordination committee in the district
under the Chairpersonship of the Zilla Parishad Chairperson and comprising
of the Assistant Director, Child Protection Unit and District level nodal
officers of the departments concerned with children like Education, Health,
Disaster Management, Police, Rural Development, Panchayati Raj etc.
DCPCs have been constituted in 12 districts.

(v) Block-level Child Protection Committee (BCPC)- The BCPCs are yet to
be constituted by the respective districts. The guideline for the same is
being developed.

(vi) Village-level Child Protection Committee (VCPC)- The VCPCs are yet
to be constituted by the respective districts. The guideline for the same is
being developed.

Service Delivery Bodies under ICPS

(i) State Child Protection Society (SCPS)- The State Child Protection
Society (SCPS) has been registered under Societies Registration Act, 1860
on 11th October, 2011. The office of SCPS has been set up at Apna Ghar,
Children’s Home, Bailey Road, Patna. The SCPS is working through the
Governing Body under the overall administrative supervision of the
Development Commissioner as the Chairperson. For executive functions,
the SCPS is guided by the Executive Committee which acts under the
chairpersonship of the Secretary, Social Welfare Department. Both the
Governing Body and the Executive Committee of the SCPS have
representatives from other departments- Home, Education, Health,
Panchayati Raj, Rural Development, Finance etc.

28
(ii) State Project Support Unit (SPSU)- The State Project Support Unit has
been constituted in the State. SPSU is functioning from Apna Ghar, Bailey
Road, Patna.

(iii) State Adoption Resource Agency (SARA)- SARA is a State level body
to coordinate and implement the non-institutional programmes like
adoption, foster care, sponsorship and after care under ICPS. Office of
SARA is also functioning as a unit of SCPS from Apna Ghar, Bailey Road,
Patna.

(iv) District Child Protection Units (DCPU)- As per Section 62-A of the JJ
Act, 2000 (amended in 2006), the State Government has constituted District
Child Protection Units in 2008. Recently, regular appointments have been
made on positions of Assistant Director Child Protection Units (AD-CPUs),
Child Protection Officer (Institutional Care), Child Protection Officer (Non-
institutional Care) and Accountant-cum-Store Keeper to make the Unit
deliver its mandated functions effectively.

Registration of Homes run by Government and NGOs

As per the requirement of Section 34(3) under the JJ Act, 2000 (amended in
2006), 16 Homes run by NGOs and Government have been registered under
the JJ Act. Directions have been sent via letter to the District Magistrates,
Child Welfare Committees and DCPUs for identification of NGO-run child
care institutions/homes in the districts.

Juvenile Justice Fund

Section 61, JJ Act, 2000 requires the State Government to constitute a

Juvenile Justice Fund for the welfare and rehabilitation of juvenile and
children in need of care and protection dealt with under the Act. Towards
constitution of the fund, the State Government has opened a Bank A/C on
31-03-2014. The Department of Social Welfare is developing a guideline on
the procedure of accepting donations and funds for the JJ Fund and how the
same can be utilized for rehabilitation of children.

29
 SOP on Child Welfare Committee

The Child Welfare Committee is a statutory body constituted under Sec. 29

of the JJ Act, 2000. The Committee is a competent authority vested with
powers under Cr. PC to the Judicial Magistrate (First Class). The members
and Chairperson are drawn from social field and therefore may lack the
appropriate knowledge about the legal provisions and procedure to be
adopted while dealing with cases of different categories of children in need
of care and protection. On the direction of the Hon’ble Patna High Court
Monitoring Committee for Juvenile Justice, the Department is working with
UNICEF to develop the Standard Operating Procedure for CWC. An initial
draft has been developed by UNICEF, which would be vetted by experts on
Juvenile Justice system and child rights before it is finalized.
10
The state cabinet  approved the Bihar Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of
Children) Rules, 2017, framed in pursuance of The Juvenile Justice (Care and
Protection of Children) Act, 2015 of the central government.

As per the rules, the five-member Juvenile Justice Board would be headed by
district and sessions judge of the respective district. The board looks after
criminal cases committed by minors (below the age of 18) and welfare of
children in need of protection.

All members of the board will be social workers who must be graduates in any
social welfare stream. Each member will be allowed to serve maximum two
terms of three years each.

In the wake of the nationwide debate over release of the juvenile involved in the
2012 Nirbhaya rape case in Delhi, the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of
Children) Bill, 2015 was passed by the Lok Sabha on May 7, 2015, followed by
a nod from Rajya Sabha on December 22 the same year. The Bill finally got the
President's assent on December 31, 2015.
Other than this the procedure for the prosecution of a juvenile in bihar is same
as stated in the juvenile justice care and protection act,2015.

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/district-judge-to-
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 CHAPTER 6: FIELD WORK AND DATA ANALYSIS

FIRST INTERVIEWEE:

1.what is your name?

Ans: Ajay kumar

2.what do you do?

Ans: I am a lawyer

3.do you know any juvenile ?

Ans: Yes,many of them.
4.what in your opinion is the condition of the remand homes?
Ans: Very poor. Sanitary conditions are pathetic, proper
maintainence is not there.There is no hygiene as well

5.are they given proper counselling?

Ans: No, it does not happen at regular intervals. The counsellors are
not punctual.

6.are their basic necessities taken care of?

Ans: Not properly,their diet is not taken care of,there are no medical
facilities available .

7.what challenges do a juvenile face when they come out of the

remand homes?
Ans: the perception of society changes towards them in a bad sense,
there is not a proper reformation of the child.

8.why the rate of juvenile crimes keep increasing year by year?

Ans: due to the lack of social control and proper schooling.

9.in your opinion what leads them to commit the crime?

Ans: they expect too much from their lives and when they don’t get
the proper resources that prompts them to commit the crime.

31
10.do you think that the majority of the delinquents come from poor
family backgrounds ?
Ans: yes, due to poor financial condition,and the thought that nothing
could be worse than the lives they live,they are not scared of
anything.

SECOND INTERVIEWEE:

1.what is your name?

Ans: rekha kumari

2.what do you do?

Ans: i work for an ngo

3.do you know any juvenile ?

Ans: yes,i keep visiting the remand homes
4.what in your opinion is the condition of the remand homes?
Ans: the condition is awful. There is not even a proper playground
due to which there is a lack of growth among the children

5.are they given proper counselling?

Ans:yes,various Agencies and NGOs are doing their work but there is
a scope of improvement everywhere.

6.are their basic necessities taken care of?

Ans:no,they are not being educated properly which is the most basic
need amd there is a lack of nutritious diet.

7.what challenges do a juvenile face when they come out of the

remand homes?
Ans: the children need sympathy which the society doesn’t provide
them and also they find difficulty in getting jobes.

8.why the rate of juvenile crimes keep increasing year by year?

Ans:

9.in your opinion what leads them to commit the crime?

32
Ans:the peer pressure and the kind of groups which they are a part of
contributes the most in commission of juvenile crimes.
10.do you think that the majority of the delinquents come from poor
family backgrounds ?
Ans: There is gap of income in the lower strata so the children get
influenced by the higher class and try to live a life like them and thus
end up commiting crimes.

THIRD INTERVIEWEE:

1.what is your name?

Ans: rahul kumar

2.what is your age?

Ans: 13

3.do you go to school?

Ans: yes

4.what is your hobby?

Ans: playing cricket with my friends.

5.do u like being here? how is the atmosphere of this place?

Ans: no,the atmosphere is not good. We don’t get to play and the
elder children often bully us.

6.do u miss being with your parents?

Ans: no,because at home also ,i didn’t use to spend much time with
them, i remained mostly outside with my friends.

7.after getting out of here,would u like to study more or want a job?

Ans: i would like to go for higher studies.

8.what crime did u commit?

Ans: theft
9.do you have any regrets for that?
Ans:yes,i miss my good old days
33
10.what led u to commit this crime?
Ans: it was not intentional, the financial condition of my house was
very poor and we were badly in need of money.

11.from where did you get the idea to commit this crime?
Ans: my friends suggested that it is an easy way of earning money
and i would not get caught.moreover,i needed money badly.

INTERVIEWEE 4:

1.what is your name?

Ans: siddharth singh

2.what is your age?

Ans: 20

3.when did you come out of the remand home?

Ans: two years ago.

4.what are you currently pursuing?

Ans: i am a student of std.10. at my village school.

5.do you live with your family?

Ans:yes

6.what was your routine at the remand homes?

Ans: it was very haphazard. There was no proper routine as such. We
didn’t even get food on time.

7.how was the condition there?

Ans. It was pathetic. Hygiene was the worst. Teachers were very
irregular, there was nobody to attend us when we fell ill.

8.do the remand homes need improvement?

34
Ans. Badly. The children should be provided with the basic facilities
and the younger children need to be kept away from the elder ones as
they learn from them and they come out being a more horrendous
criminal.

9.how was the manger over there?

Ans: he was very rude and didn’t care at all about the children.

10.did he ask the children to do household chores?

Ans: yes, many a times and especially he used to target the younger
ones.

CHAPTER 7:CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

11
Exploitation of children has been a long standing practice. These delinquent
go through a lot of abuse which vary in nature as physical, sexual, or
psychological or as a combination. The abuse has a long lasting and profound
effect on a child’s life. The problem of child abuse is a serious one and it is
unlikely that it gets solved any sooner.

http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/juvenile-justice-
11

system-&-its-delinquency-in-india-1031-1.html

35
Also the reason why this has prolonged is that the society has affected the
children in a negative way and in the society there are factors such as family
influence, social environment, mental disorder and sexual abuse. This develops
in young people low self esteem and they go through mental trauma which later
correlates with delinquent behaviour.

What needs to be done is the question that arises before us. We cannot uproot
this menace but there are solutions to keep a control on the problem of Juvenile
Delinquency. In the best interest of the delinquent he or she should be
rehabilitated as early as possible and integrated back in the society. Also the
State must protect the rights of these children and come up with reformative
methods and instil in them values that can socially uplifts them and give them a
new found confidence so that they can play a constructive role in the society.

In recent years, children and their problems have been receiving attention of
both government and the society. But it has been seen that the problems are
enormous and never ending, thus resulting in lack of everything that has been
done till today. If these problems are not curbed soon then the growth of the
children will be hampered giving a dark future to our country. The amendments
that have been raised should be implemented in such a manner that the fruitful
result is achieved. The social, economic and other factors which have been the
root causes of Juvenile Delinquency needs to be dealt with at the very initial
stage. Every society must, therefore, devote full attention to ensure that children
are properly cared for and brought up in a proper atmosphere, where they could
receive adequate training, education and guidance in order that they may be able
to have their rightful place in the society when they grow up

It is widely believed that early-phase intervention represents the best approach

to preventing juvenile delinquency. Prevention requires individual, group and
organizational efforts aimed at keeping adolescents from breaking the law.
Some focus on punitive prevention intended to frighten potential offenders by
making sure they under stand the possibility of severe punishment and also
explaining them the negative aspects of an offence to a delinquent and
attempting to reconcile offenders and their victims. Through the economic
sector, development programmes with income generation opportunities,
professional training and vocational education are the areas which can help and

36
prevent youth involvement in delinquent activities. Involvement if NGOs and
local community can also help in prevent juvenile gang delinquency.

The approach of the agencies like police involved in the system may be more of
reformative character rather than pure penal. The objective may be to reform the
BI· Government should put more emphasis of useful and attractive beneficial
long-term schemes for Juveniles so that they feel motivated to join main stream
of the society and regain their self-confidence, which is generally lost because
of the callous attitude of the society.State Governments and Union Territories
administrations should encourage and provide support to voluntary organization
to start or modernize juvenile services including community services. Longer
association of community and voluntary organizations in the schemes of
Government programs like nutrition for all, literacy, health, eradication of child
labour, etc. shall help to a great extent to weed out delinquency.

The different interviews very clearly shows us the pathetic and

worsening condition of the remand homes. The very purpose for
which a remand home is there is reformation and the children needs
affectionate environment which they don’t get there at all in order to
be reformed.there is a severe lack of basic facilities like
food,education .there are not even playgrounds. There are no medical
facilities which means that there is nobody to attend the children
when they fall ill which in itself is a sad thing. Education,the sole
weapon through which i think a child can be reformed is not even
given a damn. One of tha major problems is the children of age
group 6 to 13 are kept together with the elder ones who come there
after committing horrific crimes like murder,rapes and as a result the
younger ones get influenced ,they learn from them and when they
come out of the remand homes,they would be a bigger criminal rather
than being reformed.

37
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/34-juveniles-
escape-from-remand-home-in-bihar-11-return/story-
TEBs9GOMaJ9PQm7352iQkK.html
2. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/district-judge-to-
head-juvenile-justice-board/articleshow/59023721.cms
3. http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/juvenile-
justice-387-1.html

38
4. http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/pendency-of-
cases-in-juvenile-justice-boards-within-the-state-of-bihar-1222-
1.html
5. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/16000-
juvenile-cases-pending-in-bihar/article2458731.ece
6. http://lawprojectsforfree.blogspot.in/2010/08/criminal-law-
juvenile-delinquency-1.html
7. http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/juvenile-
justice-system-&-its-delinquency-in-india-1031-1.html
8. https://www.cpmis.org/data/Bihar_CPMIS_Oct-Dec2013_r1.pdf
9. http://www.uniindia.com/bihar-cabinet-approves-
implementation-of-new-juvenile-justice-
rules/other/news/893725.html
10. RETHINKING OF JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM IN INDIA ,
TOMAR ADITYA , BHARTI PUBLISHERS ,1 january 2017
11. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN JUVENILE DELIQUENCY
,DORJI WANGDI , LAP lambert academic publishing company
12. CRIME AGAINST CHILDREN ,BARUAH ARUNIMA ,kalpaz
publications in 2002
13. INDIAN SOCIETY :ISSUES AND PROBLEMS ,AGARWAL
BHARAT AND CHAUHAN SINGH KARAN ,SBPD publications on 1
january 2015
14. JUVENILE JUSTICE CARE AND PROTECTION OF
CHILDREN ACT,2000 SAIT AZEEZ NIMAM , lexis nexis

39