Grammar Reference 1

• Present simple and continuous Form

The verbs like, love, enjoy, don’t mind, can’t stand,
Present simple Present continuous hate and prefer are followed by a verb ending in -ing.
He works in a café. He’s serving coffee at the moment. I don’t mind watching football on TV.
Use Spelling rules
Present simple
We use the Present simple to talk about: most verbs: add -ing play ➝ playing

• routines and habits. verbs that end in -e: drop the -e and add -ing
We get up late on the weekend. come ➝ coming
• things that are true in general. verbs that end in one vowel + one consonant:
I love surprise parties! double the consonant and add -ing sit ➝ sitting
She hates news shows on TV.

Time expressions Grammar practice • Present simple

adverbs of frequency: every day/week/year, on Fridays, and continuous
on the weekend, in the morning, at night, after school
1 Match the sentence beginnings (1–5)
Present continuous to the endings (a–e).
We use the Present continuous to talk about: 1 Bill drives a taxi, c
• things that are happening at the moment 2 My grandparents love sweet things,
of speaking. 3 Gerry travels a lot,
She’s studying in France at the moment. 4 My daughter plays the cello,
5 Susan enjoys baseball,
Time expressions
now, right now, just now, at the moment, today, a and today he’s flying to Russia.
these days b and she’s watching a game right now.
c and now he’s waiting for a passenger.
d and she’s playing in a concert right now.
• Verb + -ing e and today they’re having ice cream for dessert.
Affirmative 2 Complete the conversation with the Present
I/You/We/They like watching simple or Present continuous form of the verbs.
cartoons.
He/She/It likes watching
A Welcome to summer camp! There are six
Negative beds in this room!
I/You/We/They don’t like watching B I (want) 1 want one next to the window!
cartoons.
He/She/It doesn’t like watching C And I (need) 2 one near
Questions the door!
Do I/you/we/they like watching cartoons? D Tina! What (you/do) 3 ?
Does he/she/it like watching cartoons? B I (put) 4
my things on this bed
and the one next to it.
Use D Why?
We use like, love, enjoy, don’t mind, can’t stand, hate B Because Becky (talk) 5 to the
and prefer + verb + -ing to talk about things we like counselor now, and I (save) 6

or don’t like doing. this bed for her.

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 D OK, but you (have) 7 an someone else goes down, then my brother
extra pillow on your bed, and I (not have) or my parents take it out. And I can’t stand
8
any. Can you give it to me? 7
the dishes because I always spill
B Sure! Here you go! some water on the floor, and I have to clean
it up later. I love 8 so high up,
3 Write sentences. because I don’t feel so small anymore.
1 A What / do / Tuesdays?
What do you do on Tuesdays? 5 Put the words in the correct order.
B I / usually / go / the library. 1 doesn’t / morning / mind / his / He / bed / in /
making / the
A What / do / today? He doesn’t mind making his bed
in the morning.
B Today / I / study / for an exam. 2 coffee / mother / enjoys / on / My / the /
having / patio
2 A Where / Amy / live?

B Her family / have / house / on the coast. 3 attic / Peter / alone / hates / in / being / the / !
,
but she / live / here with her aunt /
at the moment. 4 front / like / sitting / bus / at / doesn’t / the /
of / She / the
3 A What / John / do / right now?

B He / wait / for the bus. 5 loves / fireplace / watching / the / in / Katy /

the / flames
A What time / it / leave?

B I / be / not / sure. Maybe / it / be / late. 6 stand / I / to / can’t / smoking / next /

people / me

• Verb + -ing 7 across / The / running / dogs / yard / love / the

4 Complete the text with the correct form
of these verbs.
8 blinds / Pat / with / the / sleeping / closed /
do have listen live prefers
look take wait watch

We live in an apartment on the tenth floor! I like

1
looking out of the window at all the people
down in the street, and I love 2
to the rain on the walls when there’s a storm.
We can see the station too, and my grandfather
enjoys 3 all the trains come and
go. But there are some things I don’t like very
much. I don’t mind 4 the dog out
for a walk because I love the fresh air, but I hate
5
to take the trash out to the
trash cans. I prefer 6 until

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 Grammar Reference 2
• Past simple • Past continuous
Regular verbs: affirmative and negative Affirmative
I/You/He/She/ I/He/She/It was talking
lived in an old house. in class.
It/We/They You/We/They were talking
I/You/He/She/ Negative
didn’t (did not) live in an old house.
It/We/They I/He/She/It wasn’t (was not) talking
in class.
Irregular verbs: affirmative and negative You/We/They weren’t (were not) talking
I/You/He/She/ Questions and short answers
went to New York.
It/We/They Was I/he/she/it talking Yes, I/he/she/it was.
I/You/He/She/ in class? No, I/he/she/it wasn’t.
didn’t (did not) go to New York.
It/We/They Were you/we/they Yes, you/we/they were.
Regular verbs: questions and short answers talking in class? No, you/we/they weren’t.
Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they graduate from college? Wh questions
Yes, I/you/he/she/it/we/they did. What were they doing in the library yesterday?
No, I/you/he/she/it/we/they didn’t (did not).
Irregular verbs: questions and short answers Use
Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they see a ghost? We use the Past continuous to talk about:
Yes, I/you/he/she/it/we/they did. • an action in progress in the past.
No, I/you/he/she/it/we/they didn’t (did not). Sean and I were talking about you last night!
Wh questions
What did he do? Where did they go? Time expressions
often used with particular points in past time:
Use yesterday morning, at 7 o’clock last Sunday,
We use the Past simple to talk about: in the summer of 2014
• finished actions in the past.
I went to the beach last weekend.
• Past simple vs Past continuous
Time expressions
long action short action
adverbials of past time: last night/week/month/year,
We were taking a photo when a man walked in front of
an hour/week/year ago, in 2001, in the 20th century
the camera.
short action long action
A man walked in front of while we were taking
the camera a photo.

Use
We often use both tenses together in order
to distinguish between different actions.
• Past continuous for a longer action in progress.
• Past simple for a shorter action interrupting
the other.
• while introduces a longer action.
• when introduces a shorter action.

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 Grammar practice • Past simple 2 you / take / photography lessons / last month

1 Make sentences with the Past simple.

1 My aunt / show / us / beautiful photos / No, I .
of her childhood. 3 neighbors / tell / funny stories / last weekend?
My aunt showed us beautiful photos
of her childhood.
2 Our cousins / take / a lot of / silly pictures / Yes, they .
on / their school trip. 4 Shane / make coffee / just now?

3 Their photos / be / blurry. No, he .

5 the girls / read / colorful magazines?
4 The album / be / full of / old-fashioned photos.
No, they .
5 My friend / buy / a book / with dramatic
wildlife photos.
• Past simple vs Past continuous
6 The local newspaper / print / colorful pictures /
of our school’s sports teams. 4 Complete the sentences with when or while.
1 Maria had coffee while Max was doing
7 The photos / of the fire / look / fake. the shopping.
2 We were walking home
we saw the fire.
3 the plane landed, Elena was
• Past continuous waiting at the airport.
2 Complete the sentences with the Past continuous 4 Richard was checking
form of these verbs. the map, I got some gas.

cry have look play talk watch 5 Complete the conversations with the correct form
of the verbs.
1 Mrs. Wilson was talking to her mother
on the phone. 1 A What 1 were you doing (you/do) when I
2 Mrs. Jones’s baby in bed.
2
(arrive) just now?
3 The young couple downstairs B Tammi 3
(play) the piano, and
a boring conversation. we 4 (paint) in the kitchen.
4 Mr. Smith an old-fashioned A I thought the phone 5 (ring).
movie on TV. B I don’t think so. We 6 (not
5 The family an interesting game hear) anything.
of cards. 2 A How 7 (your brother/take)
6 Danny and Tom at photos. this blurry photo of a horse?
B He 8 (wait) for the right
3 Make questions with the Past continuous. moment, when someone 9
Complete the answers with the correct verb. (walk) into him.
1 Ian / clean / his room / this morning? A And then what 10 (happen)?
Was Ian cleaning his room this morning? B While I 11 (help) him, the
Yes, he was. horse 12 (run away)!

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 Grammar Reference 3
• Comparatives and superlatives • Too and enough
Short adjectives Comparatives Superlatives The jeans are too expensive.
tall taller (than) the tallest The jeans aren’t cheap enough.
big bigger (than) the biggest I don’t have enough money for the jeans.
large larger (than) the largest
happy happier (than) the happiest
Use
Long adjectives Comparatives Superlatives • We use too and enough to express an
opinion about quantity (too = more than
popular more popular (than) the most popular
necessary, not ... enough = less than
interesting more interesting (than) the most interesting
necessary).
Irregular adjectives Comparatives Superlatives
It’s too cold in here! Can you please turn
good better (than) the best the heat on?
bad worse (than) the worst
I’m not warm enough. Can you lend me
Use a sweater?
• We use comparative adjectives to compare two people Form
or things. • too goes before an adjective:
My hair is longer than Angela’s. It’s too hot in here!
• We use superlative adjectives to compare one person or thing • enough goes after an adjective:
to others in a group. It’s not cool enough.
Angela has the shortest hair in the class.
• enough, too much and too many go
Form before a noun: enough time, too much
milk, too many cars
Short adjectives Comparatives Superlatives
most adjectives: add - er add the + -est
small ➝ smaller small ➝ the smallest • Much, many, a lot of
adjectives that end double the consonant double the consonant
How much money does How many T-shirts does
in one vowel + one and add -er and add the + -est
she have? she have?
consonant: big ➝ bigger big ➝ the biggest
She has a lot of money. She has a lot of T-shirts.
adjectives that end in -e: add -r add the + -st
nice ➝ nicer nice ➝ the nicest She doesn’t have She doesn’t have
much/a lot of money. many/a lot of T-shirts.
adjectives that end in y: drop the y and add -ierdrop the y and add
pretty ➝ prettier the + -iest She has too much She has too many
pretty ➝ the prettiest money. T-shirts.
Long adjectives Comparatives Superlatives Use
add more add the + most • We use these words to talk about large
boring ➝ more boring boring ➝ the most boring
quantities of things.
• After comparative adjectives, we often use than. There were a lot of people/many cars
Football is more exciting than tennis. in the street.
• Before superlative adjectives, we use the.
Jack is the funniest boy in the class.

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 Form • Too and enough
• We use much for uncountable nouns, and usually
only in questions or the negative:
3 Complete the conversation with too or enough.
How much money does he have? A What did you do on vacation?
She doesn’t have much time. (= She doesn’t have B We went to the mountains.
a lot of time.) A How was the weather?
• We use many for countable nouns, in the B The first week it was 1 too hot to go
affirmative, the negative and questions: out climbing, so we visited the town.
They have many pets in the house. The second week it was cool 2
They don’t have many neighbors. to go out all day.
How many friends does he have? A How about the food?
B We ate out a lot. But one day we had trouble
in the mountains because we didn’t take
Grammar practice • Comparatives 3
food. How about your
vacation?
and superlatives A We went to Paris.
1 Put the words in the correct order. B What was that like?
A Mom wanted to go to the opera, but it was
1 know / most / person / the / He’s / I / interesting 4
expensive. Dad wanted to
He’s the most interesting person I know.
walk up the Eiffel Tower, but he didn’t have
2 suitcase / than / This / I / is / thought / heavier 5
energy! I wanted to visit the
Louvre, but it was 6 big to see
3 here / home / weather / than / The / at /
everything in one day. There wasn’t
better / is 7
time.
B Yes, I know what you mean. Vacations are
4 class / She’s / in / popular / the / girl / most / the
sometimes 8 tiring!
5 car / new / old / than / is / better / the /
Our / one • Much, many, a lot of
6 world / cousin / person / My / the / is / in / 4 Complete the sentences with these words.
funniest / the a lot of How many How much
much too many too much
2 Make sentences with the comparative 1 I can’t buy that shirt. It costs too much.
or superlative. 2 apples would you like to buy?
1 be / Poland / big / Spain? 3 She’s always very helpful, so she has
Is Poland bigger than Spain? friends.
2 be / German / difficult / English? 4 I didn’t sleep last night.
5 did you spend on your laptop?
3 Erika / tell / funny jokes / Brian. 6 I have books for this shelf.

4 That ATM / far / this one!

5 That café / have / bad sandwiches / in town!

6 Japan / be / noisy / country / in the world.

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 Grammar Reference 4
• Present perfect • Present perfect vs Past simple
Regular verbs: affirmative Present perfect Past simple
I/You/We/They ’ve (have) cleaned A helicopter has landed A plane crashed in the
the house.
He/She/It ’s (has) cleaned in the jungle. mountains last Saturday.
Regular verbs: negative Have you ever seen Did it crash because of
I/You/We/They haven’t (have not) cleaned a helicopter? the weather?
the house.
He/She/It hasn’t (has not) cleaned I’ve never flown in a helicopter. Rescue teams located the
Irregular verbs: affirmative plane on Sunday morning.
I/You/We/They ’ve (have) done Use
the work.
He/She/It ’s (has) done
We use the Past simple to talk about:
Irregular verbs: negative
• actions or events that happened at a specific time
I/You/We/They haven’t (have not) done
the work. in the past.
He/She/It hasn’t (has not) done
Regular verbs Time expressions
Have I/you/we/they Present perfect: ever, never, before, recently, in my life
ever visited Arizona?
Has he/she/it Past simple: last night/week/year, five hours/days/
Irregular verbs months ago, in 2012
Have I/you/we/they
ever seen a snake?
Has he/she/it
Short answers
Grammar practice • Present perfect
Yes, I/you/we/they have. / No, I/you/we/they haven’t. 1 Rewrite the sentences. Put the words
Yes, he/she/it has. / No, he/she/it hasn’t. in parentheses in the correct place.
1 Have you been to North America? (ever)
Use
Have you ever been to North America?
We use the Present perfect to talk about: 2 Which African countries he visited? (has)
• actions or events that happened at an unspecified
time in the past, but are relevant to the present.
John has visited China. (but we don’t know when) 3 Has your brother anything for the school
• with ever, we ask questions about personal blog? (written)
experiences.
Have you ever listened to a podcast?
• with never, we talk about experiences we have 4 We’ve watched a current affairs show. (never)
not had.
No, I haven’t. I’ve never listened to a podcast—
but I’ve visited news websites! 5 They answered all of today’s emails. (have)

6 I’m sorry, but I finished my report. (haven’t)

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 2 Write questions for the underlined answers. 5 Write sentences.
1 He’s made the sandwiches already. 1 I / go to / beach / but / I / never go to / mountains.
What has he made? I’ve been to the beach, but I’ve never been
2 They’ve been to China. to the mountains.
2 In 2013 we / visit Scotland / and / write /
3 I’ve never won a prize in the lottery! travel blog.

4 My aunt has two girls; she’s never had

a baby boy! 3 We / download / podcast / but / not be /
very interesting.
5 Patricia’s not here; she’s gone to Italy.

6 He’s interviewed Lady Gaga three times. 4 In science class / we / write / three reports /
this week.
7 We’ve finally finished reading the news.

8 They’ve written another excellent report. 5 Amy / interview / two local journalists /
for the school magazine.

• Present perfect vs Past simple

6 Complete the conversation with the correct form
3 Match the questions (1–5) to the answers (a–e). of these verbs.
1 Have you ever written a blog? a can not catch find never hear
2 Have you ever been on TV? print read turn on think
3 Have you ever recorded a podcast?
4 Have you ever bought a newspaper? A 1 Have you read this report in the paper?
5 Have you ever watched the local news? B I don’t know! What’s it about?
A A man was out fishing in the ocean one day
a Yes, I wrote a travel blog for my class trip
when he 2 a fish.
in March.
B And?
b Yes, I have. We recorded it in science class.
A On the way home, he 3
c No, I haven’t. I read the news on a website.
he heard some strange music in the car.
d Yes. I’ve watched it on TV and on my laptop.
B Was the car radio not on?
e No, but my friend was on a talent show last year.
A No! That’s why he 4 understand
4 Choose the correct options. where the music was coming from.
B So what happened?
1 Kathy has written / wrote a letter to
A When he cut the fish open, he 5
the newspaper last weekend.
an MP3 player in its stomach!
2 That’s my mom’s new car. She bought /
B That’s impossible! I 6 such a silly
has bought it last week.
story! 7
the fish
3 Where’s Isabel? I haven’t seen / didn’t see
the MP3 player?!
her recently.
A This paper 8 some very strange
4 My parents have gone / went home
reports recently.
half an hour ago.
5 Alex says he never had / has never had a pet.
6 What time did you get up / have you gotten
up this morning?

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 Grammar Reference 5
• Present perfect + for and since; Grammar practice • Present perfect +
How long? for and since; How long?
How long have we been here? 1 Choose the correct options.
We’ve been here for five days/a week/a month. 1 We’ve lived here for / since six years.
I haven’t read a book since Saturday. 2 I haven’t heard that song for / since we were
She’s lived in France since 2010. in Hawaii!
3 I haven’t visited Germany for / since I was
Use a child.
We use the Present perfect with for to indicate 4 Our families have gone camping together
a period of time: for / since we were young.
We’ve been on vacation for two weeks. 5 It’s been much warmer for / since the rain
We use the Present perfect with since to indicate stopped.
a point in time: 6 She’s only had that toy for / since three weeks.
We’ve been on vacation since Monday the 14th.
We use How long? to ask about the duration
2 Make sentences with the Present perfect and
for or since.
of an action:
How long have you been on vacation? 1 Jared / not write / to his parents / March.
How long have you lived here? Jared hasn’t written to his parents since March.
2 You / watch / that show / hours!

• Past simple with just 3 Maria / live here / two years.

You just had ice cream.

4 The weather / be / very hot / the 15th.
You just missed the train.
The menu just changed. 5 We / not stay / in a hotel / October.
Use
6 Pablo / have to / stay in bed / five days.
We use the Past simple with just to indicate an action
that happened a short time ago: 7 I / not put up / a tent / last summer.
The six o’clock train just left. (It’s 6:03 now.)
I just went to the bank. (Here’s the money I got.)

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 3 Choose the correct options. 6 Put the words in the correct order.
1 How long / many have you had your laptop? 1 He’s feeling happy because / good / he /
2 How long / many days have you had a cold? news / got / just / some
3 How long / many has Jane been in France? He’s feeling happy because he just got some
4 How long / many times have you visited good news.
the museum? 2 She’s feeling great because / test / passed /
5 How long / many have we had to wait? just / she / her
6 How long / many letters have you sent?

4 Make questions for the underlined answers. 3 Mom’s still a little sleepy because / woke /
1 My mom has made four cakes for the party. just / she / up
How many cakes has your mom made for
the party?
2 He’s had to walk to school since the beginning 4 My sister’s really excited because / planned /
of the month. she / a / just / vacation

3 I’ve worked here for six weeks.

5 Tim’s tired because / kilometers / walked /
4 We’ve been abroad three times. he / just / ten

5 Your dad’s been at the airport for three hours!

6 I feel really good because / went / I / just / to /
6 We’ve had our new car since last April.
the / gym

• Past simple with just 7 Andy’s laughing because / good / heard / he /

just / a / joke
5 Match the questions (1–6) to the answers (a–f).
1 Where are the postcards? c
2 Is Kathy at home?
3 Am I in time for the movie?
4 Is dinner ready?
5 Do you have my keys?
6 Are you ready to go?
a I just put them back on the shelf.
b Yes! It just started.
c I just mailed them.
d Yes! We just packed our bags.
e No. She just left.
f Your dad just put it on the table!

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 Grammar Reference 6
• Have to/Don’t have to • Predictions with will, won’t, might
Affirmative Definite
I/You/We/They have to set the table. I think she’ll be relieved.
He/She/It has to set the table. You won’t have any problems, I’m sure.
Negative Will they finish it?
I/You/We/They don’t have to set the table. Possible
He/She/It doesn’t have to set the table. I might see them tomorrow. I’m not sure.
Questions and short answers He might not like the movie.
Do you have to do any chores? Use
Yes, I do./No, I don’t.
Does he have to do any chores? • We use will/won’t to express what we think of as
Yes, he does./No, he doesn’t. a definite future.
I’m sure they’ll be very happy.
Use We’ll never forget you!
• We use have to when there is an obligation There won’t be much traffic in the morning.
to do something. • We use might to express what we think of as
I’m sorry, but we have to leave now. only possible, but not definite.
• We use don’t have to when there is no obligation. If you’re here tomorrow, I might see you
You don’t have to come if you don’t want to. in the library.
We might not go out if the weather’s bad.

• Must/Mustn’t
Grammar practice • Have to/Don’t
Affirmative and negative
I/You/He/She/It
have to, must/mustn’t
must listen to her.
We/They 1 Make sentences with the correct form
I/You/He/She/It of have to/don’t have to.
mustn’t (must not) listen to her.
We/They
1 Sue can’t go out because she / have / study.
Use Sue can’t go out because she has to study.
• We use must when there is an obligation 2 What chores do I / have to / do next weekend?
to do something.
You must take your medicine now! 3 Did you / have to / work late / last night?
In the US, you must drive on the right.
4 They’re staying in a hotel, so they /
• We use mustn’t to express prohibition—
not have to / cook / meals.
an obligation NOT to do something.
You mustn’t wear shoes inside the house.
5 Do / we / have to / wear /
You mustn’t take photographs inside the museum.
suits for the wedding tomorrow?

6 Phil got up early, so I / not have to /

wake him up.

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 2 Complete the conversation with the correct form • Predictions with will, won’t, might
of have to.
4 Complete the sentences with will, won’t or might.
A What’s it like at your summer camp?
B Some things are the same as at home. 1 Tom is sick, so he won’t be in class today.
We 1 have to get up early, and we 2 The weather is very changeable, so you
2
make the bed. But we need an umbrella.
3
do all the activities, because 3 you bring me a souvenir
we can usually choose. from Sweden?
A That sounds OK! What about meals? 4 Jessie’s in the backyard, so she
4
(you) cook? (not) hear you.
B No, we don’t. There’s a specific activity 5 It has snowed a lot, so it
in the morning if you want to learn. take longer to get home today.
A And at night, what time 5
5 Write sentences with will, won’t or might.
(you) go to bed?
B Officially, we 6 turn off the 1 I / not think / Shira / go / to the theater. (will)
lights at midnight, but most of us sit and chat I don’t think Shira will go to the theater.
in the dark until much later. 2 Tamara / be / very upset, / so / she not go out
tonight. (won’t)
3 Life in the army. Look at the table. Write
sentences with mustn’t, have to/don’t have to.
(O = Obligation, N/O = No obligation, 3 Rob / invite you / to the party / if /
P = Prohibition) you ask him nicely! (might)

4 Where / you be / at five o’clock /

tomorrow afternoon? (will)
1 get up late P

2 sweep the floors O 5 Diana / be / very smart, / but / she not know /
N/O the answer! (might)
3 wash uniforms

4 iron uniforms O
6 Reggie / look / tired, / but / he not give up!
5 cook meals P (won’t)

6 get exercise O

7 speak English N/O

1 They mustn’t get up late.

2 They
3 They
4 They
5 They
6 They
7 They

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 Grammar Reference 7
• Be going to • First conditional
Affirmative if + Present simple, will + infinitive
There are going to be 200 elephant sculptures. If we don’t protest, they will close the library.
The charity is going to make “elephant corridors.” will (’ll) + infinitive > if + Present simple
Negative They will close the library if we don’t protest.
There aren’t going to be 200 elephant sculptures.
The charity isn’t going to make “elephant corridors.” Use
Questions and short answers We use the First conditional to talk about possible
Are they going to make them? situations. We feel these situations have a real chance
Yes, they are./No, they aren’t. of happening if the condition comes true:
What are they going to do? If you don’t hurry up, we’ll miss the bus.
If it rains today, we’ll stay home.
Use
We use be going to in order to express some kind of Form
future intention or plan: If + Present simple, will + infinitive:
We’re going to take skiing lessons this winter. If the weather is good, we’ll go swimming.
I’m not going to practice the piano today because will + infinitive > if + Present simple:
I don’t have time. We’ll go swimming if the weather is good.

• Will or be going to Grammar practice • Be going to

Predictions 1 Put the words in the correct order.
In 30 years there won’t be any Asian elephants. 1 A going / dinner / are / to / you / have / What /
You’ll probably meet one in town this weekend. for / ?
Plans or intentions What are you going to have for dinner ?
We’re going to save the Asian elephant. B Probably just some fruit and yogurt.
2 A put / Where / mirror / her / going / is / Jane /
Use to / new / ?
We use will to express a prediction:
You’ll find the spoons in the drawer next to the stove. B I think it’s for her bedroom.
Carmen will probably study chemistry. 3 A are / tattoo / you / to / Why / get / going /
We often use will after these expressions: a/?
I think/I don’t think, I’m sure/I’m not sure,
maybe, perhaps. B Because tattoos are cool!
4 A theater / the / When / going / to / are /
they / open / new / ?

B Sometime in September, I think.

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 • Will or be going to 3 If you open this box, you / find /
a surprise inside.
2 Choose the correct options.
1 David isn’t sure about the bus. Perhaps
he’s going to / he’ll take the train. 4 We’ll catch the six o’clock bus if / we /
2 We like this place! We’re going to / We’ll stay be / lucky!
three more days.
3 Ana has to work just now. Maybe
she’s going to / she’ll join us later. 5 You’ll probably find that information if / you /
4 He just bought the tickets. They’re going to / look / on the Internet.
They’ll travel on Monday.
5 They’re flying to Mexico. I’m sure they’re going
to / they’ll have a wonderful time. 6 I’ll be very surprised if / Steve / not be /
6 I’m not feeling very well, so I’m going to / I’ll at home.
take an aspirin.

3 Complete the conversation with the correct form

of will or going to. 5 Complete the replies with the correct form of
A What are your plans for the long weekend? the verbs.
B We 1 ’re going to have a special dinner with 1 A What are you laughing about?
the family. B If I tell (tell) you, will you keep (you/keep)
A What’s on the menu? it a secret?
B I’m sure Mom 2 cook turkey. 2 A I can’t do my homework!
It’s her specialty. But later maybe we B If I (help) you,
3
have a special dessert, (you/take) the dog
because I’d like to try something different. for a walk?
What about you? 3 A I don’t like this food!
A We 4 travel to Texas B If you (not finish) your food,
to surprise my brother. you (not get) any dessert!
B That’ll be fun! 4 A We’re leaving tomorrow!
A Yes! He’s been working very hard and hasn’t B (you/call) me if
been able to get home. He 5 I (give) you my
be really happy to see us. phone number?
B That 6 be nice! 5 A This house is a mess!
B (you/do) the ironing if
I (vacuum) the floor?
• First conditional 6 A Romeo’s gone!
B What (Juliet/do) if he
4 Make sentences.
(not come) back?
1 If you don’t practice enough, you / never /
play well!
If you don’t practice enough, you’ll never
play well!
2 If we buy one of these, we / get /
another one free.

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 Grammar Reference 8
• Second conditional • Relative pronouns
if + Past simple, would (’d) + infinitive It’s the place where I play soccer.
would (’d) + infinitive > if + Past simple She’s the woman who was in the car.
Affirmative That’s the cat which was under a car.
If I had an ordinary job, I’d be bored. Use
Negative We use relative pronouns to identify people/places/
If I weren’t a stuntwoman, I’d do extreme sports. things, or to give more information about them:
If I were scared, I wouldn’t be a stuntwoman. That’s the guide who showed us the city.
Questions and short answers This is the hotel where we stayed.
Would you be happier if you had an ordinary job? These are the souvenirs which we bought for the family.
Yes, I would./No, I wouldn’t. It’s an object which we use to open doors. (= a key)
It’s a place where you can relax and enjoy yourself.
Use (= a vacation resort)
We use the Second conditional to talk about unlikely/ She’s the kind of person who can tell you a lot of
unreal situations. We feel these situations have very stories. (= grandma)
little chance of happening because the condition itself
is nearly impossible. The Past simple tense expresses
this near impossibility. Grammar practice • Second conditional
If I had the money, I’d buy a castle.
1 Put the words in the correct order.
We’d stay longer if we had the time.
What would happen if …
Form 1 off / bus / school / at / didn’t / the / get / I / ?
If + Past simple, would + infinitive. I didn’t get off the bus at school?
If I studied more, I’d get better grades. 2 Saturdays / to / had / we / go / on / school /
to / ?
would + infinitive if + Past simple.
I’d get better grades if I studied more.
3 with / man / the / spy / newspaper / were /
We use were instead of was for the verb be. the / a / ?
If I were you, I’d buy a new phone.
If my house were bigger, I would invite
If I didn’t take the bus, …
all my family to come to dinner.
4 bike / school / by / to / go / could / I

5 time / get / on / wouldn’t / school / to / I

6 rain / to / have / would / the / I / to / walk / in /

school

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 2 Make sentences. • Relative pronouns
1 If I were you, I / not do that again.
4 Complete the conversation with who, which,
If I were you, I wouldn’t do that again.
or where.
2 If this story were true, we / all be /
in serious trouble! A Have you seen these photos before?
B No, I haven’t.
A Well, this is the classmate 1 who had a fever,
3 If Dad saw you now, he / not believe his eyes! and had to go home.
B OK. And this?
A That’s the science room 2 two
4 They’d have to go to the hospital if his fever / students got burns in an experiment.
not go down. B How did that happen?
A They were using equipment 3
didn’t work properly.
5 I’d ask for a refund if my flight / be canceled. B Who’s that girl there?
A She’s the one 4 got a rash from
touching frogs in biology class.
6 I wouldn’t believe him if I / not know him! B Yes, that happened to a friend of mine, too.
He played with some cats 5
lived near the beach, and his hands went
all red.
3 Complete the replies with the correct form
A Is that the beach 6 we were
of the verbs.
on vacation this summer?
1 A So you’re going to be late? B No. It’s a different one.
B Sorry! If there were (be) an earlier train,
we’d get (get) there in time. 5 Make sentences with who, which or where.
2 A Will Uncle Jack remember it’s my birthday? 1 This is a photo / the accident / I have / when I /
B I (be) very surprised if he be ten.
(not send) you a present. This is a photo of the accident which I had
3 A I don’t know what to do! when I was ten.
B If I (be) you, I 2 This is the park / it happen.
(ask) your father for some ideas.
4 A You have too much luggage! 3 These are the skates / I be / wearing.
B I know. If I (have) a car,
it (not be) a problem. 4 Here’s the doctor / put the cast / on my arm.
5 A Can you see the animals over there?
B It (be) much easier if there
(not be) so many trees! 5 This is the café / my father / buy /
6 A Are you enjoying the walk? me an ice cream cone.
B It (not be) so difficult if the
path (not be) so narrow.
6 This is the nurse / write / a message on my cast.

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 Grammar Reference 9
• Present simple passive • Active and passive
Affirmative Active
It is made with plastic tubes. Blind people use Braille.
They are made with plastic. You write messages on a keyboard.
Negative Passive
The machine isn’t made with plastic. Braille is used by blind people.
Gloves aren’t usually used to climb walls. Messages are written on a keyboard.
Questions and short answers
Use
Is the machine made with plastic?
Yes, it is./No, it isn’t. We use active forms when the person or thing doing
Are the gloves used to climb walls? the action is important:
Yes, they are./No, they aren’t. Some people in Ireland speak Gaelic.
We use passive forms when we consider the action
Use
more important than the person or thing doing it:
We use the passive when we want to focus more Gaelic is spoken in Ireland. (= this is where we find
on an action than on the person or thing doing Gaelic spoken)
the action: Many buildings were destroyed in this city.
Coffee is produced in many different countries. (= an important fact)
Form Sometimes we also want to specify the person or
thing doing the action:
subject + Present simple of be + past participle of
Gaelic is spoken by some people in Ireland.
the main verb
(= not everyone speaks the language)
Coffee is produced in tropical countries.
Many buildings were destroyed by fire.
Coffee is not produced in cold countries.
(= fire and not water or other causes)
Is coffee produced in Africa? Yes, it is.
Most often, however, the person or thing doing
the action is not mentioned:
• Past simple passive Video games are produced in Japan.
Houses in this area are built of wood or brick.
Affirmative Negative
It was made by Ella. It wasn’t made by Ella.
They were bought yesterday. The instructions weren’t Grammar practice • Present simple
included in the box. passive
Questions and short answers
Was it made from an aluminum can? 1 Complete the sentences with the Present simple
Yes, it was./No, it wasn’t. passive form of the verbs.
Were the instructions included? 1 Our computers are packed (pack) in this
Yes, they were./No, they weren’t. department here.
Form 2 The keyboard (attach)
to the case.
subject + Past simple of be + past participle of
3 The power cords (add)
the main verb
in a separate box.
The first cars were made in the late 1800s.
4 The battery (produce)
Cars were not built before the late 1800s.
in a different factory.
Were the first cars made in Europe? Yes, they were.

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 5 The buttons (test) by that 4 Complete the questions with the Past simple
department there. passive form of the verbs.
6 The remote control (sell) 1 When was the local theme park opened? (open)
separately. 2 Where the Twilight movies
? (make)
2 Make questions with the Present simple passive.
3 When the baby
1 Where / power cords / plug in? to its father in Ice Age 1? (return)
Where are the power cords plugged in? 4 How Princess Fiona
2 How / this tube / produce? by Shrek? (rescue)
5 When the ring
3 What kind of keyboard / use / in China? into the volcano in The Lord of the Rings?
(throw)
4 How / the buttons / add? 6 Where High School Musical
? (film)
5 When / the battery / attach?

6 Where / these engines / build? • Active and passive

5 Change these active sentences into passive
sentences. Include by + noun only if necessary.
• Past simple passive 1 People make flour from wheat.
Flour is made from wheat.
3 Make sentences with the Past simple passive.
2 The school theater group performed this play.
1 Horses / domesticate / over 6,000 years ago.
Horses were domesticated over 6,000
years ago. 3 Someone in Canada writes this blog.
2 Modern bicycles / not invent / until about 1885.

4 The local factory produces one thousand cars

3 The first car factory / build / in Germany a week.
in 1885.

5 Mark Zuckerberg created a huge social

4 City bus services / begin / in England and network.
France in the 1820s.

6 A monkey stole our sandwiches!

5 The first railway trains / run in England in
the 1820s.
7 Three boys discovered some old coins in a field.

6 The first airplanes / not fly / until 1903.

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