1

IIIa] Measures of central tendency and dispersion, moments, skewness, kurtosis [1 Marks]

Sr.No Question
1 Standard deviation of three numbers 9, 10, 11 is
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 Standard deviation of four numbers 9, 11, 13, 15 is
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) (d)
3 From the given information =235, =6750, n=10. Standard deviation of x is
(a) 11.08 (b) 13.08 (c) 8.08 (d) 7.6
4 Coefficient of variation of the data 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 is
(a) 54.23 (b) 56.57 (c) 55.41 (d) 60.19
5 The standard deviation and arithmetic mean of the distribution are 12 and 45.5 resp.
Coefficient of variation of the distribution is
(a) 26.37 (b) 32.43 (c) 12.11 (d) 22.15
6 The standard deviation and arithmetic mean of three distribution x, y, z are as
follows:
Arithmetic Mean Standard Deviation
x 18.0 5.4
y 22.5 4.5
z 24.0 6.0
The more stable distribution is
(a) x (b) y (c) z (d) x and z
7 The standard deviation and arithmetic mean of scores of three batsman x, y, z in ten
ining during a certain season are
Arithmetic Mean Standard Deviation
x 50 24.43
y 46 25.495
z 40 27
The more stable distribution is
(a) y and z (b) y (c) z (d) x
8 The standard deviation and arithmetic mean of aggregate marks obtained three group
of students x, y, z are as follows
Arithmetic Mean Standard Deviation
x 532 11
y 831 9
z 650 10
The more stable distribution is
y and z (b) z (c) y (d) x
9 Arithmetic mean of four numbers is 16, one item 20 is replaced by 24, what is the
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new arithmetic mean

(a) 15 (b) 17 (c)18 (d) 16
10 The first moment of the distribution about the value 5 is 2. Arithmetic mean of the
distribution is
(a) 5 (b) 2 (c)4 (d) 7
11 The first and second moments of the distribution about the value 3 are 2 and 20.
Second moment about the mean is
(a) 12 (b) 14 (c)16 (d) 20
12 The first three moments of the distribution about the value 5 are 2, 20 and 40. Third
moment about the mean is
(a) -64 (b) 64 (c) 32 (d) -32
13 The first four moments of the distribution about the value 5 are 2, 20, 40 and 50.
Fourth moment about the mean is
(a) 160 (b) 162 (c) 210 (d) 180
14 The first moments of a distribution about the value 2 are -2, 12, -20 and 100. Fourth
moment about the mean is
(a) 200 (b) 190 (c) 170 (d) 180
15 The first three moments of the distribution about the value 2 are -2, 12 and -20. Third
moment about the mean is
(a) 36 (b) 30 (c) 22 (d) 8
16 The first and second moments of the distribution about the value 2 are 1 and 16.
Variance of the distribution is
(a) 12 (b) 3 (c)15 (d) 17
17 The second and three moments of a distribution about the arithmetic mean are 16 and
-64 resp. Coefficient of kurtosis is given by
(a) -025 (b) 1 (c)4 (d) -1
18 The second and fourth moments of a distribution about the arithmetic mean are 16
and 162 resp. Coefficient of kurtosis is given by
(a) 1 (b) 1.51 (c) 0.63 (d) 1.69

Answers: IIIa]
1 c 5 a 9 b 13 b 17 b
2 d 6 b 10 d 14 d 18 c
3 a 7 d 11 c 15 a
4 b 8 d 12 a 16 c

IIIb] Correlation and Regression [2 Marks]

1 If =1242, =-5.1, =-10, n=10, then cov(x,y) is

 3

(a) 6
7.4 (b) 83.9 (c) 58.5 (d) 73.2
2 If =2291, =3056, =10623, =14.7, =17, n=10, then cov(x,y) is
(b) 1
.39 (b) 13.9 (c) 139 (d) -13.9
3 If the two regression coefficient are 0.16 and 4 then the correlation coefficient is
(a) 0
.08 (b) -0.8 (c) 0.8 (d) 0.64
4 If the two regression coefficient are and then the correlation coefficient is
(a) -
0.667 (b) 0.5 (c) -1.5 (d) 0.537
5 If covariance between x and y is 10 and the variance of x and y are 16 and 9 resp.
then coefficient of correlation r(x,y) is
(a) 0
.833 (b) 0.633 (c) 0.527 (d) 0.745
6 If =25.8, =6, =5 then correlation coefficient r(x,y) is equal to
(a) 0
.5 (b) 0.75 (c) 0.91 (d) 0.86
7 =90, =4, =4, n=10, =1.732, =2 then correlation coefficient r(x,y) is
equal to
(a) 0
.8342 (b) 0.91287 (c) 0.7548 (d) 0.5324
8 =2800, =16, =16, n=10, variance of x is 36 and variance of y is 25
then correlation coefficient r(x,y) is equal to
(a) 0
.95 (b) 0.73 (c) 0. 8 (d) 0.65
9 The correlation coefficient for the following data
n=10, =140, =150, =1980, =2465, =2160 is
(a) 0
.753 (b) 0.4325 (c) 0.556 (d) 0.9013
1 You are given the following information related to a distribution composing 10
0 observations =5.5, =4, =385, =192, =947. The correlation
coefficient r(x,y) is
(a) -
0.924 (b) -0.681 (c) -0.542 (d) -0.813
1 Given the following data
1 r=0.022, =33799, =4.5, =64.605, =68, =62.125. The value of n (number
of observations) is
(a) 5
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(b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 10

1 Given the following data
2 r=0.5, =350, =1, =4, =3, =4. The value of n (number of observations) is
(a) 2
(b) 5 (c) 20 (d) 15
1 Coefficient of correlation between the variables x and y is 0.8 and their covariance is
3 20, the variance of x is 16. Standard deviation of y is
(a) 6
.75 (b) 6.25 (c) 7.5 (d) 8.25
1 Line of regression y on x is 8x-10y+66=0, Line of regression x on y is
4 40x-18y-214=0. Mean values of x and y are
(a)
=12, =15 (b) =10, =11 (c) =13, =17 (d) =9, =8
1 If the two lines of regression of 9x+y-λ=0 and 4x+y=μ and the mean of x and y are 2
5 and -3 resp. then the values of λ and μ are
(a)
λ=15 and μ=5 (b) λ=-15 and μ=-5
(c) λ=5 and μ=15 (d) λ=15 and μ=-5
1 Line of regression y on x is 8x-10y+66=0. Line of regression x on y is
6 40x-18y-214=0. Correlation coefficient r(x,y) is given by
(a) 0
.6 (b) 0.5 (c) 0.75 (d) 0.45
1 The regression lines are 9x+y=15 and 4x+y=5. Correlation r(x,y) is given by
7 (a) 0
.444 (b) -0.11 (c) 0.663 (d) 0.7
1 Line of regression y on x is 8x-10y+66=0. Line of regression x on y is
8 40x-18y-214=0. The value of variance of x is 9. The standard deviation of y is equal
to
(a) 2
(b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 4
1 Line of regression y on x is 8x-10y+66=0. Line of regression x on y is
9 40x-18y-214=0. The value of variance of y is 16. The standard deviation of x is
equal to
(a) 3
(b) 2 (c) 6 (d) 7
2 Line of regression y on x is 3x+2y=26, line of regression x on y is
0 6x+y=31. The value of variance of x is 25. The standard deviation of y is
(a) -
15 (b) 15 (c) 1.5 (d) -1.5
2 The correlation coefficient between two variables x and y is 0.6. If
 5

1 =1.5, =2.00, =10, =20 then the lines of regression are

(a) x
=0.45y+12 and y=0.8x+1 (b) x=0.45y+1 and y=0.8x+12
(b) x
=0.65y+10 and y=0.4x+12 (d) x=0.8y+1 and y=0.45x+12
2 The correlation coefficient between two variables x and y is 0.711. If
2 =4, =1.8, =5, =4 then the lines of regression are
(a) x-5=1.58(y-4) and y-4=0.32(x-5)
(b) x+5=1.58(y+4) and y+4=0.32(x+5)
(c) x-5=0.32(y-4) and y-4=1.58(x-5)
(d) x-4=1.58(y-5) and y-5=0.32(x-4)
2 You are given below the following information about advertisement expenditure and
3 sales
Adv. Expenditure Sales (Y)
(X) Rs. (Crore) Rs.(Crore)
Mean 10 90
Standard 3 12
Deviation
Correlation coefficient = 0.8
The two lines of regression are
(a) x
=58+3.2y and y=-8+0.2x (b) x=-8+2.2y and y=8+1.2x
(b) x
=-8+3.2y and y=58+0.2x (d) x=-8+0.2y and y=58+3.2x
2 You are given below the following information about rainfall and production of rice
4 Rainfall Production of Rice
(X) in inches (Y) in Kg.
Mean 30 500
Standard 5 100
Deviation
Correlation coefficient = 0.8
The two lines of regression are
(a)x+30=0.04(y+500) and y+500=6(x+30)

(b) x-30=0.4(y-500) and y-500=1.6(x-30)

(c) x-30=0.04(y-500) and y-500=16(x-30)
(d) x-30=16(y-500) and y-500=0.04(x-30)
2 Given =0.85, =0.89 and the standard deviation of x is 6 then the value of
5 correlation coefficient r(x,y) and standard deviation of y is
 6

(a) r
=0.87 and =6.14 (b) r=-0.87 and =0.614
(b) r
=0.75 and =6.14 (d) r=0.89 and =4.64
2 Given =0.8411, =0.4821 and the standard deviation of y is 1.7916 then the
6 value of correlation coefficient r(x,y) and standard deviation of x is
(a) r
=-0.6368 and =-2.366 (b) r=-0.6368 and =2.366
(c)r=0.40549 and =2.366 (d) r=0.63678 and =5.6
2 For a given set of Bivariate data =53.2, =27.9. Regression coefficient of y on x=-
7 1.5. By using line of regression y on x the most probable value of y when x is 60 is
(a) 1
57.7 (b) 137.7 (c) 197.7 (d) 217.7
2 Given the following data =36, =85, =11, =8, r=0.66. By using line of
8 regression x on y, the most probable value of x when y=75is
(a) 2
9.143 (b) 24.325 (c) 31.453 (d) 26.925
2 For a given set of Bivariate data =2, =-3 Regression coefficient of x on y=-0.11.
9 By using line of regression x on y the most probable value of x when y is 10 is
(a) 0
.77 (b) 0.57 (c) 1.77 (d) 0.87

Answers: IIIb]
1 d 7 b 13 b 19 a 25 a
2 b 8 c 14 c 20 b 26 b
3 c 9 d 15 a 21 b 27 c
4 a 10 b 16 a 22 a 28 d
5 a 11 c 17 c 23 d 29 b
6 d 12 a 18 d 24 c

IIIc] Probability and probability distribution [2 Marks]

1 Probability that a leap year selected at random will contain 53 Sunday is

(a)
(b) (c) (d)
2 Two cards are drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. If the first card drawn is
replaced, the probability that they are both kings is
 7

(a)
(b) (c) (d)
3 Two cards are drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. If the first card drawn is
not replaced, the probability that they are both kings is
(b)
(b) (c) (d)
4 An envelope six tickets with numbers 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7. Another envelope contains four
tickets with numbers 1, 3, 5, 7. An envelope is chosen at random and ticket is drawn
from it, Probability that the ticket bears the numbers 2 or7 is
(a)
(b) (c) (d)
5 Three coins are tossed simultaneously. The probability of getting at least two head is
(a)
(b) (c) (d)
6 Three are six married couples in a room. If two persons are chosen at random, the
probability that they are of different sex is
(a)
(b) (c) (d)
7 A ball is drawn from a box containing 6 red balls, 4 white balls and 5 black balls.
Determine the probability that it is not red is
(a)
(b) (c) (d)
8 A problem in statistics is given to three students A, B, C whose chance of solving it
are , , resp. The probability that all of them can solved the problems is
(a)
(b) (c) (d)
9 The probability that A can solve a problem is and B can solve it is problem is . If
both attempt the problem, then the problem get solved is
(a)
(b) (c) (d)
1 An unbiased coin is thrown five times. Probability of getting three heads is
 8

0 (a)
(b) (c) (d)
1 20% of bolts produced by machine are defective. The probability that out of three
1 bolts chosen at random 1 is defective is
(a) 0
.384 (b) 0.9728 (c) 0.5069 (d) 0.6325
1 Probability of man now aged 60 years will live upto 70 years of age is 0.65. The
2 probability that out of 10 men 60 years old 2 men will live upto 70 is
(a) 0
.5 (b) 0.002281 (c) 0.003281 (d) 0.004281
1 The probability that a person hit a target in shooting practice is 0.3. If the shoots 10
3 times, the probability that he hits the target is
(a) 1
(b) 1- (c) (d)
1 An unbiased coin is tossed five times. The probability of getting at least one head is
4 (a)
(b) (c) (d)
1 A box contains 100 bulbs out of which 10 are defective. A sample of 5 bulbs is
5 drawn. The probability that none is defective is
(a)

(b) (c) (d)

1 On an average a packet containing 10 blades is likely to have two defective blades.
6 In a box containing 100 packets, number of packets expected to contain less than
two defective blades is
(a) 3
8 (b) 52 (c) 26 (d) 47
1 Out of 2000 families with 4 children each, the number of families you would expect
7 to have no girls is
p=probability of having a boy= , q= probability of having a girl=1- =
(a) 3
00 (b) 150 (c) 200 (d) 125
1 In 100 set of 10 tosses of a coin, the number of cases you expect 7 head and 3 tail is
8 (a) 8
(b) 12 (c) 15 (d) 17
1 20% of bolts produced by machine are defective. The mean and standard deviation
9 of defective bolts in total of 900 bolts are resp.
 9

(a) 1
80 and 12 (b) 12 and 180 (c) 90 and 12 (d) 9 and 81
2 The mean and variance of binomial probability distribution are and resp.
0
Probability of success in a single trial p is equal to
(a)
(b) (c) (d)
2 The mean and variance of binomial probability distribution are 6 and resp.
1 Number of trails n is given by
(a) 1
4 (b) 10 (c) 12 (d) 18
2 The mean and variance of binomial probability distribution are 36 and 3 resp.
2 Number of trails n is given by
(a) 4
2 (b) 36 (c) 48 (d) 24
2 The mean and variance of binomial probability distribution are 6 and 2 resp. p(r≥2)
3 is
(a) 0
.66 (b) 0.88 (c) 0.77 (d) 0.99
2 If X follows the binomial distribution with parameter n=6 and p and
4 9P(X=4)=P(X=2), then p is equal to
(a)
(b) (c) (d)
2 If X follows the binomial distribution with parameter n and p= and
5
P(X=6)=P(X=8), then n is equal to
(a) 1
0 (b) 14 (c) 12 (d) 7
2 If X follows the binomial distribution with parameter n and p= and
6
P=(X=4)=P(X=5), then P(X=2) is equal to
(a)

(b) (c) (d)

2 In a Poisson’s probability distribution if n=100, p=0.01, p(r=0) is given by
7 (a)
(b) (c) (d)
2 In a Poisson’s probability distribution if n=100, p=0.02, p(r=1) is given by
 10

8 (b)
(b) (c) (d)
2 For a tabular data
9 x 0 1 2 3
F 2 4 6 8
Poisson’s fit p(r) is given by
(a)
(b) (c) (d)
3 For a tabular data
0 x 0 1 2 3
f 1 4 15 24
Poisson’s fit p(r) is given by
(a)
(b) (c) (d)
3 In a Poisson’s probability distribution if p(r=1)=2p(r=2) and p(r=3) is given by
1 (a)
(b) (c) (d)
3 In a Poisson’s probability distribution if 3p(r=4)=p(r=5) and p(r=6) is given by
2 (a)
(b) (c) (d)
3 In a Poisson’s probability distribution if p(r=2)=9p(r=4)+90p(r=6) then mean of the
3 distribution is
(a)
1 (b) (c) 3 (d) 4
3 Number of road accidents on a highway during a month follows a Poisson
4 distribution with mean 2. Probability that in a certain month number of accidents on
the highway will be equal to 2 is
(a) 0
.354 (b) 0.2707 (c) 0.435 (d) 0.521
3 Between 2 P.M. and 3 P.M. the average number of phone calls per minute coming
5 into company is 2. Using Poisson’s probability distribution, the probability that
during one particular minute there will be no phase call at all, is given by
(a) 0
.354 (b) 0.356 (c) 0.135 (d) 0.457
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3 Average numbers of phone calls per minute coming into company are 3, during
6 certain period. These calls follow Poisson’s distribution. Probability that during one
particular minute there will be less than two calls, is given by
(a) 0
.299 (b) 0.333 (c) 0.444 (d) 0.199
3 In a certain factory turning out razor blades, there is a small chance of for any
7
blade to be defective. The blades are supplied in a packet of 10. Using Poisson’s
distribution, the probability that a packet contain one defective blade is
(a) 0
.0196 (b) 0.0396 (c) 0.0596 (d) 0.0496
3 The average number of misprints per page of a book is 1.5. Assuming the
8 distribution of number of misprints to be Poisson. The probability that a particular
book is free from misprints, is
(a) 0
.329 (b) 0.435 (c) 0.549 (d) 0.2231
3 X is normally distributed. The mean of x is 15 and standard deviation 3. Given that
9 for z=1, A=0.3413, p(X≥18) is given by
(a) 0
.1587 (b) 0.4231 (c) 0.2231 (d) 0.3413
4 X is normally distributed. The mean of x is 15 and standard deviation 3. Given that
0 for z=1, A=0.3413, p(X≥12) is given by
(b) 0
.6587 (b) 0.8413 (c) 0.9413 (d) 0.7083
4 X is normally distributed. The mean of x is 15 and standard deviation 3. Given that
1 for z=1.666, A=0.4515, p(0≤x≤10) is given by
(c) 0
.0585 (b) 0.0673 (c) 0.0485 (d) 0.1235
4 X is normally distributed. The mean of x is 30 and variance 25. The probability
2 p(26≤x≤40) is (Given : Area corresponding to z=0.8 is 0.2881 and Area
corresponding to z = 2 is 0.4772).
(a) 0
.8562 (b) 0.6574 (c) 0.3745 (d) 0.7653
4 In a sample of 1000 candidates, the mean of certain test is 14 and standard deviation
3 is 2.5. Assuming Normal distribution, the probability of candidates getting less than
eight marks i.e. p(x≤8) is
(a) 0
.0054 (b) 0.0075 (c) 0.0082 (d) 0.0035
4 In a Normally distributed group of 450 students with mean 42 standard deviation 8,
4 the number of students scoring less than 48 marks is
(Given: Area corresponding to z=0.75 is 0.2734).
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(a) 3
48 (b) 102 (c) 127 (d) 250
4 In a certain examination test 10000 students appeared in a subject of mathematics.
5 Average marks obtained were 50% with standard deviation 5%. Marks are normally
distributed. Number of students expected to get more than 60% marks is equal to
(z=2, A=0.4772).
(a) 2
00 (b) 300 (c) 325 (d) 228

Answers: IIIc]
1 d 10 c 19 a 28 b 37 a
2 c 11 a 20 c 29 b 38 d
3 c 12 d 21 d 30 d 39 a
4 b 13 b 22 c 31 a 40 b
5 a 14 b 23 d 32 c 41 c
6 d 15 c 24 a 33 a 42 d
7 d 16 a 25 b 34 b 43 c
8 b 17 d 26 d 35 c 44 a
9 a 18 b 27 a 36 d 45 d

IIId] Statistics [1 Marks]

1 If the data is presented in the forms of frequency distribution then arithmetic mean
is given by (N= )
(a)
(b) (c) (d)
2 For the data is presented in the form of frequency distribution, mean deviation
(M.D.) from the average A is given by (N= )
(a)
(b) (c) (d)
3 If the data is presented in the form of frequency distribution then standard deviation
σ is given by ( is arithmetic mean and N= )
(b)

(b) (c) (d)

 13

4 If the data is presented in the form of frequency distribution then variance V is

given by ( is arithmetic mean and N= )
(a)

(b) (c) (d)

5 To compare the variability of two or more than two series, coefficient of variation
(C.V.) is obtained using ( is arithmetic mean and σ is standard deviation).
(a)
(b) (c) σ× ×100 (d)
6 If the data is presented in the form of frequency distribution then moment μ,
about the arithmetic mean of distribution is given by (N= )
(a)
(b) N ×
(c) (d)
7 If the data is presented in the form of frequency distribution then moment ,
about the arithmetic mean of distribution is given by (N= )
(a) 1
(b) (c) 0 (d)
8 If and are the first two moments of the distribution about certain number then
second moment of the distribution about the arithmetic mean is given by
(a)
(b) 2 (c) (d)
9 If , , are the first three moments of the distribution about certain number
then third moment of the distribution about the arithmetic mean is given by
(a)
(b)
(d)
1 If , , , are the first four moments of the distribution about certain number
0 then fourth moment of the distribution about the arithmetic mean is given by
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)
 14

1 If be the first moment of the distribution about any number A then arithmetic
1 mean is given by
(a)
(b) (c) (d)
1 Second moment about mean is
2 (a) M
ean (b) Standard Deviation (c) Variance (d) Mean Deviation
1 Coefficient of skewness is given by
3 (a)

(b) (c) (d)

1 Coefficient of kurtosis is given by
4 (a)
(b) (c) (d)
1 For a distribution coefficient of =2.5, this distribution is
5 (a) L
eptokurtic (b) Mesokurtic (c) Platykurtic (d) of these
1 For a distribution coefficient of =3.9, this distribution is
6 (a) Leptokurtic (b) Mesokurtic (c) Platykurtic (d) of these
1 The first four moments of a distribution about mean are 0, 16, -64 and 162. Standard
7 deviation of a distribution is
(a) 2
1 (b) 12 (c) 16 (d) 4
1 Covariance between two variables x and y is given by
8 (a)
(b)
n (d)
1 Correlation coefficient r between two variables x and y is given by
9 (a)

(b) (c) (d)

2 Range of coefficient of correlation r is
0 (a)
(b) (c) -1≤r≤1 (d) 0≤r≤1
 15

2 Probable error of coefficient of correlation r is

1 (a) 0
.6745 (b) 0.6745 (c) 0.6745 (d) 0.6547
2 Line of regression y on x
2 (a) y
+ =r (b) x- = r
(b) y
- =r (d) y- = r
2 Line of regression y on x
3 (a) y
- =r (b) x+ = r
(b) x
- =r (d) x- = r
2 Slope of regression line of y on x is
4 (a)
(b) r (c) r (d)
2 Slope of regression line of x on y is
5 (a) r
(b) (c) (d) r
2 In regression line y on x, is given by
6 (a)
(b) (c) (d)
2 In regression line x on y, is given by
7 (a)
(b) (c) (d)
2 If and are the regression coefficient x on y and y on x resp. then the
8 coefficient of correlation is given by
(a)
(b) (c) (d)
2 If θ is the acute angle between the regression line of y on x and the regression line of
9 x on y, then is
 16

(a)

(b) (c) (d)

3 If = 2638, =14, =17, n=10 then is
0 (a) 2
4.2 (b) 25.8 (c) 23.9 (d) 20.5

Answers: IIId]
1 a 7 c 13 d 19 d 25 a
2 c 8 a 14 b 20 c 26 c
3 b 9 a 15 d 21 b 27 d
4 d 10 b 16 a 22 c 28 d
5 b 11 a 17 d 23 d 29 a
6 d 12 c 18 a 24 b 30 b

IIIe] Probability [1 Marks]

1 A throw is made with two dice. The probability of getting a sources of 10 points is
(a)
(b) (c) (d)
2 A throw is made with two dice. The probability of getting a sources of at least 10
points is
(a)
(b) (c) (d)
3 In a binomial probability distribution, probability of r successes in n trails is (where p
probability of successes and q probability of failure in a single trail)
(a)
(b) (c) (d)
4 Mean of binomial probability distribution is
(a) nq
(b) (c) npq (d) np
5 Variance of binomial probability distribution is
(a) np
q (b) np (c) n (d) n
6 Standard deviation of binomial probability distribution is
(a)
(b) (c) (d) np
 17

7 If z=np where n the number of trails is very large and p the probability of success at
each trail, then in Poisson’s probability distribution p(r) the probability of r successes
is given by
(a)
(b) (c) (d)
8
Normal distribution curve is given by the equation y= . Integral
has the value
(a) 0.
025 (b) 1 (c) 0.5 (d) 0.75
9
Normal distribution curve is given by the equation y= . Integral
has the value
(a) 0.
025 (b) 1 (c) 0.5 (d) 0.75

Answers: IIIe]
1 a 3 c 5 a 7 c 9 b
2 b 4 d 6 b 8 c