Pedagogy of Commerce

INTRODUCTION
Personalized system of instruction (PSI) is

one of the latest innovations that have been
introduced in higher education to individualized
instruction. In the 1960’s, Fred.S.Keller, J Gilmour
Sherman and other developed a synthesis is of
educational methods and practices that has often
be called Keller Plan or the personalized system of
instruction (PSI).
Keller Plan approaches to instruction is
very is different from the traditional lecture
method. And the earliest way to understand how
the Keller Plan works is to construct it with more
traditional approach to instruction. Personalized
system of instruction is a teaching technique that
involves dividing course material into segments,
evaluating learner performance on each segment
for subject mastery and allowing learners to move
from segment to segment at their own pace.
Personalized system of instruction is a
person oriented. PSI gets its name from the fact
that each student is served as an individual by
another person, face to face and one to one, it
spite of a large class. In the 1960’s, Fred Keller
devised a teaching plan which is now known as a
Keller Plan or personalised system of instruction.
The Keller Plan is based on certain
fundamental observations:
If student are all expected to achieve
mastery, then they cannot all be expected to
do it at the same time.
Smaller amount of material are more
digestible than larger amounts. This lead to
the adaptation of a modularized course.
Students will learn better if they are given
frequent and immediate rewards. These rewards
are, in the Keller Plan feedbacks on tests and
credited marks for success in each units.
DEFINATION
The modern world is dynamic with its
revolutionary changes in all spheres of human life.
Needless to mention the great changes have
taken place rapidly with the introduction of
educational technology the field of education and
training in advanced countries of the world. The
developing countries have also been imparting
and adopting educational technology from the
advanced countries who solve their own problem
the class room communication has considerably
been changed with application of education
technology in teaching learning process with its
emphasis on individualizing instructions.
Personalized system of instruction (PSI) is the one
of the recent innovations which has been
successfully introduced in higher education to
individualize instruction. This system of
instruction which is person oriented. It is more
emphasis on the individualization of instruction
than other methods in higher education. The
instruction is trailed to the need and ability of the
individual learner. PSI get its name from the fact
that each student is served as an individual by
another person face to face and one to one in
spite of fact that the class may contain number of
students. It is suitable for courses for the student
is expected to acquire a well-defined body of
knowledge or skill. The majority of college course
the PSI teacher expects almost all of his students
to learn his materials well and is prepared to
award high grades to those, who do, regardless of
their relative in the standing in the class. The
teacher accepts the responsibility meeting the
goal within the normal limits of manpower, space
and equipment.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PSI
The personalized system of instruction (PSI) lays
more emphasis on the importance of written
works. The teacher gives practice to the
learners on carefully prepared assignments
consisting of section from standards text books.
Articles are given to the students along with
study question and other instructions as to what
to read in what order and for what information.
When the student’s things that he has mastered
the materials, he comes to the class room to
take a brief quiz. This is immediately corrected
by proctor. If there are errors the proctor
indicates what part of the assignments needs
further study the students goes of to do some
more work and then come back to try again.
That is are not examination in the normal sense.
Students are not penalized for securing lower
grade for an error. The specific distinctive
characteristic of PSI is as follows.
 Self – pacing.
 Use of multimedia.
 Use of proctors.
 Mastery learning.
 Importance of written work.
OBJECTIVES OF PSI
The PSI has been to evolve to fulfil certain specific

instructional objectives which may be
enumerated has follows:
 To establish better personal – social
relationship in the educational process.
 To provide frequent reinforcements for
learning.
 To provide increased frequency and quantity
of feed back to the instructors which the
consequent benefit of a basis for meaningful
revision in programme, content, and
instructional procedures.
 To decrease reliance on the lecture for
presentation or critical information utilizes
different techniques for instructional
purposes.
 To evaluate on the basis of fixed standard
are mastery in a variable time period at the
acceptable level of performances of the
students.
SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPLEMENTING

THE PSI AND ITS NEED IN OUR
EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM:
The PSI method is effective and yields better

results than another comparable method but the
question is whether we may introduce it in our
system of higher education. It is too early to
predict its effective and efficiency in our country
without conducting studies on the model of PSI.
The method needs comprehensive planning and
preparation before it is introduced. It should be
experimented in some institute of higher learning
and then gradually introduce in actual class room
situation. After making modification, if needs be,
the system should be introduced in higher
education on large scale. The Second important
factor is to prepared to teachers mentally to
accept this innovation in higher education. The
introduction of PSI entails extra academic work on
the part of teacher which very few are ready to
undertake in the present circumstances. The
third problem is that the introduction of PSI
necessitates the appointment of proctor who can
establish face to face rapport with students which
do not think if can afford at the present time. The
undergraduate students may also we employed to
access the quiz test and providing immediate
guidance to the students. There is a great
problem of providing TV, Tape Recorder, and
Computer in addition to printed materials and
discussions etc., The introduction of PSI needs
restructuring of present classrooms which
involves great financial liabilities which we are not
prepare to take at present, since we are busy in
solving other national problems on priority basis.
The last but not least is the organization of
orientation courses in which teachers may be
trained to write course units on the PSI model.
CONCLUSION
Personalized system of instruction is a teaching
technique that involves dividing course material
into segments, evaluating learner performance on
each segment for subject mastery, and allowing
learners to move from segment to segment for
subject their own pace. Personalized system of
instruction is one of the latest innovations that
have been introduced in higher education to
individualized instruction.
REFERENCES
1)www.edexellence.net/library/camine.html
2) Miller, L.K.(1997). Principles of everyday
Behaviour analysis Pacific Grove.
3) Modern Educational technology.
Anuradha Sharma
4) Bigge, Morris L., Learning Theories for
Teachers, Harper and Row Publishers,
Ny.,1976.
5) Gage, N.L. (ed) Handbook of Research on
Teaching, Rand Mc Nally and Co., Chicago,
1963.
6) Raths James et.al. (ed) Studying Teaching
(2nd ed), Prentice Hall Inc. Englewood, Cliffs,
NJ., 1971.
7) Born, D.C., Instructor Manual for
Development of a personalized course,
College Bookstore 200, University Street Salt
Green, B.A. Jr., The Personalized System
of Instruction, Washington DC. 1964.
8) Journal of Aplet, Programmed Learning
and Educational Technology, Volume 13
Number, Feb. 1976.
9) Keller, F.S. Ten Years of Personalized
Instruction Teaching of Psychology. Oct.,
1974.
10) Kopp, O.W. et.al., Personalized
Curriculum Method and Design.
11) Ruskin, R.S., The Personalized System of
Instruction. An Educational Alternative ERIC

Higher Education Report No.5. Washington
DC.,1974.

Pedagogy of Commerce

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Pedagogy of Commerce

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INTRODUCTION

Personalized system of instruction (PSI) is

The PSI has been to evolve to fulfil certain specific

SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPLEMENTING

The PSI method is effective and yields better

Instruction. An Educational Alternative ERIC

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