Page

yorksheet7

d the sum of interior angles of hexagon

it into triangles.
by dividing
Find

A B C D E F

Fig. 11.8

the
sum of
of interior angles of a polygon of given number of sides by using
sum

Find
(n-2) x 180.
formula
(ii) 9 sides (ii) 22 sides
12 sides

hnd the measure

of each angle of a regular octagon.

100°, 175°, 85° and 75°. Find the fifth angle.

Four angles of a pentagon are

Find the measure of x in the given figure.

100°

45
A40°_

Fig. 11.9

them. Do you remember

and the terms related to
E have studied about quadrilaterals
hat:
a quadrilateral
non-collinear points, we get
On joining any four
B
ZA form pairs of
ZC& ZD, ZD&
A & LB,2LB & LC,
common arm).
jacent angles (they have a
form pairs
A &BC, BC &CD, CD& DA, DA & AB,
A
n5
of adjacent sides (they have o n e
end point).
common

of opposite angles
B & ZD form pairs D C

opposite
sides. Fig. 11.100
AB&CD, AD&BC form pairs of
187
 AC&BD are diagonals ofthe quadrilateral ABCD.

LA + B+ 2C+ 2D = 360° =
four right angles
Now, we will study about some special quadrilaterals.

TRAPEZIUM AND PARALLELOGRAM

Activity 3: A C
Draw two parallel lines and mark two points on each of
B D
them as shown in the figure 11.11.
Fig. 11.11
Join A to B and C to D.

The A C
figure ABCD (Fig. 11.12), thus formed, is indeed
a quadrilateral.

Look at the opposite sides of this quadrilateral.

Sides AC & BD parallel to each
are other whereas B D
sides AB & CD are not parallel.
Fig. 11.12

Thus, only one pair of opposite sides of quadrilateral ABCD is

parallel to each other.
A quadrilateral in which one pair of opposite sides is parallel is called a trapezium.

Activity 4:
Draw a pair of parallel lines (I and m). Draw another pair of P
parallel lines (p and q) intersecting the first pair at points A, D
A
B,C, D as shown in figure 11.13.

Now, ABCD is a quadrilateral in which

AB||CD and AD||BC.
Thus, ABCD is a quadrilateral in which both pairs of
opposite sides are parallel. Fig. 11.13

A quadrilateral in which both pairs of opposite sides are parallel is called a

parallelogram. (Symbol of parallelogram is |lgm).

188
 Note:A
narallelogram is a trapezium but a trapezium need not be a parallelogram.
parall

in figure 11.12, ABCD is a trapezium which is not a parallelogram.

in figure
example,
or
lelogram is a quadrilateral and hence, it satisfies all the properties of a quadrilateral,
4parah

a tis

a Darallelogram has four vertices,

a parallelogram has four sides,
a parallelogram has two diagonals, and

thesum of all the four angles of a parallelogram is 360°.

n addition to these, a parallelogram has some special properties.

We willnow study some of the properties of a parallelogram.

Properties of a Parallelogram
Property 1:
D
Draw a parallelogram ABCD (Fig. 11.14).
Measure A and 2C. What do you observe?

ZA = ZC

Similarly, ZB = 2D
A B
Fig. 11.14
Thus, we conclude that

Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.

Property 2:
Consider Figure 11.14. again.

Measure the length of sides AB and DC.

These are equal.

Similarly, AD BC
Thus, we conclude that-

Opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal.

189
 Property 3: D
Draw a parallelogram ABCD and draw its
N4 2
diagonals AC and BD. Let them intersect at
O. Measure OA and OC.

You will find that OA OC

A
Similarly, OB OD Fig. 11.15
Thus, we conclude that-

Diagonals ofa parallelogram bisect each other.

Let verify all these properties of a parallelogram by performing yet another activity.
us

Activity 5:
Cut out parallelogram PQRS from a sheet of paper as shown in figure
a
11.16 (i). Cut this
parallelogram along the diagonal SQ as shown in the figure 11.16 (ii).
R

Q
P

Fig. 11.16
Place AQSR on ASQP such that,
Vertex Q of AQSR coincides with vertex S of
ASQP
Vertex S of AQSR coincides with vertex Q of
ASQP.
Vertex R of AQSR coincides with vertex P of ASQP

Thus, SR lies on QP and QR lies on SP.

You will see that AQSR covers ASQP
completely.
Thus, SR =
QP, QR =
SP, R= P and OR =
OP.
Let us now solve some problems on parallelograms.
190
 ABCD is a parallelogram in which ZA = 70°. Find the remaining angles of
4 :A
Aanple

rallelogram.

In ||gm
ABCD AD||BC.
ution:

A D

V70°

Fig. 11.17

on the same side of

[interior angles
ZA+ 2B = 180 the transversal]

Isince ZA = 70°]
180° 70° = 110°.
2B
-

ZB = 110°

2C= ZA
opposite angles of a |gm)

LC= 70°
opposite angles of a |lgm]
ZD= ZB
Also,
2D = 110°

110°, 70° and 110° respectively.

Thus, B, LC, ZD
are

angles of the
parallelogram. Find the
figure 11.18, PQRS is a
In the given
Example 5: 100°.
angle, ZRQT=
parallelogramifexterior
180°
[linear pair)
RQP + ZRQT =

Solution: [RQT 100]

ZRQP = 180° 100° = 80°
R

100°

Q
Fig. 11.18

191
 The perimeter of || gm is
2(2x+3x) =50
10x= 50 x =5
the sides are AB, AD, DC, CB are 10 cm, 15 cm, 10 cm and 15 cm respectively.
Worksheet2

. PORS is a trapezíum with PQ|| SR. If ZP =

30°, LQ= 50°, find ZR and 5 .
. ABCD is a quadrilateral with ZA 80°, ZB 40°, LC= 140°, 2D
= = =
100°
(0) Is ABCD a trapezium? (ii) ls ABCD a parallelogram?
Justify your answer.

One of the angles of a parallelogram is 75°. Find the measures of the remaining
angles of the parallelogram.

Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are in the ratio 1:5. Find all the angles of
the parallelogram.

s.An exterior angle of a parallelogram is 110. Find the angles ofthe parallelogram.

6.
. Two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are in the ratio 3: 8 and its perimeter is
110 cm. Find the sides of the parallelogram.

7. One side of a parallelogram istimes its adjacent side. If the perimeter of the
parallelogram is 70 cm, find the sides of the parallelogram.
. ABCD is a parallelogram whose diagonals intersect each other at right angles. If
the length of the diagonals is 6 cm and 8 cm, find the lengths of all the sides of

the parallelogram.
D
9, In figure 11.21, one pair of adjacent sides of
a parallelogram is in the ratio 3:4. If one of
ts angles, ZA is a right angle and diagonal 3X

BD 10 cm, find the

B
() lengths of the sides of the parallelogram. 4x
Fig. 11.21
(i) perimeter of the parallelogram.
Show that it is
quadrilateral in which AB=CD and AD=BC.
a
. ABCD is a

parallelogram. [Hint: Draw one of the diagonals.]

193
RHOMBUS
in which AB = AD.
ABCD (Fig. 11.23) is a parallelogram
equal. Such a
pair of adjacent sides
are
Hence, one
rhombus.
parallelogram is called a
A
B
A parallelogram having a pair of adjacent sides equal, Fig. 11.23
is called a rhombus.

It is a parallelogram and hence, a quadrilateral. Therefore, a rhombus satisfies s

all th
properties of a quadrilateral as well as a parallelogram.
In addition, it has some more interesting properties.

Properties of a Rhombus D
Draw a rhombus ABCD in which AB = AD.

Since, it is a parallelogram

AB = CD and AD = BC

opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal] B

Fig. 11.24
AB AD=BC =CD

All sides of a rhombus are equal

D
Now, join the diagonals AC and BD of the rhombus
ABCD (Fig. 11.25)
O
Since rhombus is a parallelogram, diagonals bisect
each other. Measure ZAOB. A
B
Fig. 11.25
LAOB = 90°.

The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles.

The converse of this result is also true, that is

les, it isa
f the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other at right angles
rhombus.

194
 nOw3 solve some problems on rhombus.
US

88: The
ple The diagonals of a rhombus are in the ratio 3:4. If its perimeter is 40 cm, find
of the sides and diagonals of the rhombus.
plengths

ABCD is a rhombus. C
ution:

AB BC=CD=AD
Side of the rhombus =x40
4

(40 is perimeter)
A
= 10 cmn
Fig. 11.26
Let BD 3x, AC=4x
A
OD-x and OC=x 0D-Dando-R
Now, AD0C is a right-angled triangle.

OD+OC)-
G-1- 102

9x16x
+ = 100
4 4

25x= 1 00 x 4

x= 400 16
25
X=4

The diagonals BD and AC ofthe rhombus are 12 cm and 16 cm respectively

and each side is 10 cm.
D
Example 9: ABCD is a rhombus. If LADB =
50°, find the
50
angles of the rhombus.
Solution: In AABD,
AD = AB

[adjacent sides of a rhombus]

Fig. 11.27
195
 ZADB = ABD [angles opposite to equal sides are a
are equ
ZABD = 50°
or
BC and BD is a transversal,
AD |
LCBD= LADB = 50
(alternate interior angl
42= 50
In ACBD,
BC CD (adjacent sides of a rhombu
21= 2 50° (angles opposite to equal sides are equ
21= 50°
LABC = ZADC = 100°
or ZABC= LABD +
Also, 41+42+2C= 180° ZADC LADB +1
C= 180° -
100° =
80
Hence, ZA= 2C= 80, ZABC = LADC = 100°
RECTANGLE
In D
the figure 11.28, ABCD is a parallelogram in which
one angle, namely 2A 90°. Such a parallelogram
=
called a rectangle.
Arectangle is a parallelogram in which one of A
the angles is a
right angle. Fig. 11.28
Since a
rectangle is a parallelogram (and hence, a quadrilateral), it satisfies al the
properties of a parallelogram (and hence, of a
quadrilateral). This leads to some interestn
properties of a rectangle which are not true for
general parallelogram.
a
Properties of a Rectangle D
Measure all the angles of a rectangle ABCD. What do you
observe? Each angle of a rectangle is a right angle.
You can easily prove this property.
Look at the figure 11.29. ABCD is a rectangle.
I t is a parallelogram and ZA = 90.
Fig. 11.29
196
 LA = 2C lopposite angles of a parallelogram)

LC= 90°

LA + B = 180° AD || BCI
Also,
ZB = 90°

and 2D= B = 90°

LA = B = 2C= <D = 90°

Thus,
Each angle of a rectangle is a right angle

their lengths. You will observe that they are

Now, draw two diagonals and measure

equal. Hence, you can conclude that

Diagonals of a rectangle are equal

we obtain a figure called a square
Now, in a rectangle, if all four sides become equal,

SQUARE
sides is equal and one of
parallelogram in which one pair adjacent
of
A square is a
its angles is a right angle.

Ihus, a square is both a rhombus as well as a rectangle.

the properties of a rhombus as well as that of a rectangle.

Hence, a square satisfies all

Properties of a Square

Let us recall the properties of a square.

square is a right angle.

Each angle of a
are equal.
The diagonals of a square

All sides of a square are equal.

The diagonals of a square bisect each other at right angles.

197
 Worksheet 3

are equal and bisect each other atat

1. ABCD is a quadrilateral in which the diagonals
Is it-
right angles. What can you say about the figure?
(i) a rhombus, (ii) a square?
6) a rectangle,

2. The diagonals of a rhombus are in the ratio 5: 12. If its perimeter is 104 cm, find
the lengths of the sides and the diagonals.

3. A pair of adjacent sides of a rectangle are in the ratio 3:4. If its diagonal is 20 cm,
find the lengths of the sides and hence, the perimeter of the rectangle.

4. ABCD is a rhombus whose diagonals intersect at O. Show that AAOB = ACOOD.

5. The diagonals of a rectangle ABCD intersect at O. If 2BOC = 70°. Find 0DA.

6. ABC and ADC are two equilateral triangles on a common

B
base AC (Fig. 11.30). Find the angles of the resulting
quadrilateral. Show that it is a rhombus.

D
Fig. 11.30
7. ABCD is a rectangle (Fig. 11.31) in which
DP and BQ are perpendiculars from D and B
D

respectively on diagonal AC. Show that Q

(i) AADP ACBQ

(ii) LADP = ZCBQ
JB
(ii) DP=BQ Fig. 11.31

Value Based Questions

There was a waste land near a locality in the shape of a parallelogram ABCD. The
residents of the locality, with the permission of concerned authorities decided to
fence the land and convert it into a park with shady trees, plants and a small herbal

198
 garden. The perimeter of the land is 320 m. B

Length AB of the land is 100 m. The fencing

has to be done only along sides AB, BC and
CD of the land. AD will be used as a gate.
Fencing
(a) Find the cost of fencing the land at 26
per metre.
Gate
(b) Do you like the idea of the residents EE
D
Fig. 11.32
converting waste land into a park. Why?
(c) In what other ways can you make use of waste land?

Brain Teasers

1. A.Tick ( ) the correct option.

(a) The number of diagonals a pentagon hasis

() 2 (i) 4 (ii) 5 Giv) 3

(b) A parallelogram having its adjacent sides equal is a -

) trapezium (ii) rhombus (ii) triangle (iv) rectangle
(c) A seven sided polygon is called a-

() pentagon () octagon (ii) hexagon (iv) heptagon

(d) Regular polygons a r e
(1) equiangular only (i) equilateral only
iv) none of the options
(ii) equiangular and equilateral

(e) Which of the given polygons have equal diagonals?

Gi) rhombus
i) square
(ii) parallelogram (iv) trapeziumn

. Answer the following questions.

(a) Name two polygons whose diagonals bisect each other at right angles.

parallelogram ABCD, if ZB =
75, frnd measure of C.
(b) In a

199
 (c) What is the measure of each exterior
angle of a regular octagon? 80
65
(d) Find the measure of x in the figure 11.33.

e)
(e) Find each angle of a regular pentagon.
110

Fig.11.33

2. ABCD is a
parallelogram. AP bisects ZA and CQ bisects
2C. P lies CD
lies on AB. Show that
on and o

) AP |CQ
(ii) AQCP is a
parallelogram.
3. In the figure 11.34, ABCD is a
quadrilateral in which AB AD
and BC= DC. Diagonals AC and BD intersect each other at O.
Show that

) AABC AADC B

(ii) AAOB= AAODD

(ii) AC LBD
(iv) AC bisects BD
Fia. 11.34

4. ABCD is a quadrilateral in which all of

four sides are equal. Show that both pai
opposite sides are parallel.

5. In a quadrilateral ABCD, ZA+ ZD =180°. Does this mean AB || DC? Why:

special name does this quadrilateral have?

HOTS
xterior

1. Prove that the interior angle of a regular pentagon is three times the
angle of a regular decagon.

200
2. In figure 11.35, ABCDE is a regular pentagon. If ZEBD =36",ffnd 1 , 22 and 23.
E

A D

36

Fig. 11.35

Enrichment Questions
1. How many sides has a regular polygon, B
C
each angle of which is of measure
(a) 156
(b) 108

2. In figure 11.36, ABCD is a trapezium. If D

y.y =z, thenfind the value of x. A Fig. 11.36

You Must Know

1. A plane figure formed by joining a number of points without lifting a pencil from the
paper and without retracing any portion of the drawing other than single pointis
called a curve.
2. A simple closed curve made up of only line segments is called a polygon.

3. A polygon having all sides and all angles equal is a regular polygon.

4. Sum of angles of a quadrilateral is 360° or four right angles.

5. The sum of the measures of the exterior angles of any polygon is 360 ,

6 Sum of interior angles of a polygon of n sides is equal to (n - 2) x 180°.

6.
201
7. A trapezium is quadrilateral in which one pair of opposite sides is parallai.
a

8. A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which both pairs of

opposite sides are are

9 A rhombus is a
parallelogram in which one pair of adjacent sides are equal parallel.
10. A rectangle is a
parallelogram in which one angle is a right angle.
11. A square is a
parallelogram in which one angle is 90° and one
pair of
of adiaco.
adjacent si
is equal.

12. Properties of these figures:

Property Parallelogram Rhombuus

Both pairs of
Rectangle Square
1. opposite sides are True True
parallel and equal. True True
Both pairs of
2. opposite angles are True True
equal True True
3. Diagonals bisect
each other. True True True True
4.
Diagonals are equal. False False
5. Each angle is 90. True True
False False True True
6. Diagonals intersect
at right angles. False True False True
7. All sides are equal. False True False True

APPENDIX
Lines of
symmetry: We have just studied rforne
another activity on some some special quadrilaterals. Let us
quadrilaterals.
Activity:
i)Draw a rectangle ABCD and cut it D
out. Mark P as mid-point
of AB and Q
the
as
mid-point of CD. Join P to
Q. Now, fold
rectangle along the line PQ. What do
you observe?
See, one part of the
rectangle (which is on the right of
PQ) has covered the other A P
part completely. Or,
PBCOrectangle PADQ. rectangle Fig. 11.37
 ABCD
Thus, this line PQ is called the line of symmetry for rectangle ABCD as it divides
into two congruent parts.

Can you find another line of symmetry for this rectangle?

Yes, the line joining the mid-points of AD and BC is another line of symmetry. Thus,
of
A rectangle has two lines of symmetry, namely, the lines joining mid-points
opposite sides.

Now, repeat the same activity with a rhombus ABCD.

of
You will observe that on folding a rhombus along the line joining the mid-points
opposite sides, one part does not cover the other part.

Now, draw a rhombus and cut it out from the copy.

of the
Draw diagonal AC. Fold the rhombus along the line AC. Observe that one part
rhombus covers the other completely. Thus, a diagonal is a line of symmetry.

Can you draw another line of symmetry? Yes, the

other diagonal BD is also a line of symmetry of
rhombus ABCD. (Figure 11.38)
Thus, the diagonals of a rhombus are its lines of

symmetry.
Now, a rectangle and hence, has two
square is a

lines of symmetry, namely, the lines joining mid- Fig. 11.38

points of opposite sides.

A square is also a rhombus.

its lines of symmetry.

Hence, its two diagonals are also
Thus, a square has four
lines of symmetry.

What about a paralelogram?

parallelogram
easily verify that
a
You can
have n o line of
and a quadrilateral in general
symmetry.
symmetry does a kite have? P
How many lines of
line of symmetry
Verify that a kite has only one
(diagonal AC in figure 11.39). Fig. 11.39
203