FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC NEKEDE

P.M.B 1036
OWERRI IMO STATE

SEMINAR
ON
6G MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AS MEANS OF ENHANCING MODERN
COMMUNICATION
BY
BASSEY CHRISTIAN PAULINUS
18EH/0055/EE
(INSTRUMENTATION)
PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
IN
PARTIAL FUFILLMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT FOR HIGHER
NATIONAL DIPLOMA CERTIFICATE

SUPERVISOR:
ENGR A.I. AKWU

FEBRUARY, 2021

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 CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that the seminar on “6G MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AS
MEANS OF ENHANCING MODERN COMMUNICATION” is a work carried
out by BASSEY CHRISTIAN PAULINUS in the department of Electrical
Electronics Engineering (Instrumentation Option), School of Engineering, Federal
Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri, Imo State.

______________________. ________________________
ENGR A.I AKWU date
(supervisor)

________________________ ________________________
ENGR OSONDU date
(HOD)

_______________________ _________________________
ENGR OSSAI. date
Seminar coordinator

_______________________ ________________________
External supervisor date

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 ABSTRACT

Wireless mobile communication is being used from many years, but day by day
Need of facilities on mobile is increasing, so time to time next integrated Versions
of network is introduced. There are various generations of mobile Network 1G,
2&2.5G, 3G, 4G and 5G. Latest version is 5G, but only some countries are using
5G wireless network. 5G network is strong and very fast wireless communication
network, it is and it will fulfill most of the requirement of users. But it is not end of
the desires, so to meet desires of user next generation of mobile network also
introduced 6G & 7G. wireless communication is also the transferring of
information between two or more points which are not physically connected.

KEYWORDS: Communication, Network, wireless, mobile.

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 CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Mobile technology is technology which is portable. A variety of tasks can be

performed at anytime and anywhere. It allows those tasks to be performed via
cellular phone, vehicles, and laptops. GPS route framework, a web browser, and
instant messenger framework, a video gaming framework. There are numerous
transmissions medium like radio wave, microwave, infra-red, GPS and Bluetooth
is utilized to exchange of information by means of voice, content, video, 2-
dimensional barcodes and the sky is the limit from there. Technology is
progressively its request in numerous organizations and individuals' close to home
utilize particularly versatile innovation.

Today the whole world is aware of the revolutionary changes in cell phone
communication field. Wireless communication has brought in the new innovation
in this field. In the context of present scenario, the 3G experienced better internet
experience. Later on 3g has been improvised. It has been felt the urgency to have a
better communication networks then 5g has come which can be a complete
wireless communication without any hindrance and limitations. It is completely
advanced in terms of wireless communication. In 5G system each and every cell
phone will have a permanent home “IP address and care of address”. Now awaiting
future will experience 6G. In present time cell phones have everything and are
compact, with high memory and high speed with low power consumption. Today
Bluetooth technology and other technology are just like a child’s play. 6G wireless
cell phone communication network shall meet world class standard covering the
whole world under its communication just like Global covering system has been
devised by some companies. This individual system creates difficulty in space

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roaming. 7G mobile phone communication system is developed to integrate these
in a unit communication system.

There are three type of satellite network telecommunication satellite network,

Navigation satellite network and Earth imaging satellite. 6G technology increase
performance and maximize our data throughput. This technology also provides
more security to our system and data, it also expands our data configuration
options. In this technology wireless broadband will use to connect device to
internet. Data speed of 6G devices will be 1GB or even more. 6G technology also
consists of better security of wireless standard and data transmission. 6G
technologies will more than the expectation of the users. Because, 6G is satellite
based network so roaming and handover from one satellite to another satellite will
be issue that will be solved soon.

6G internet will be a very fast wireless network, combination of the latest in radio
and fiber optics technology is used. Delivery in 6G network through line of sight,
means speed of internet not depends on the distance between your business and
exchange.

1.1 BACKGROUND STUDY

6g technology refers to the sixth generation technology. It is proposed to integrate

5G technology for a global coverage. For resource monitoring and weather
information multimedia video and high-speed Internet connectivity and the Earth
imaging satellite networks are used. To integrate these three kinds of satellite like
telecommunication, navigation, multimedia networks which provide global
positions, internet connectivity with high speed and for mobile user’s weather
information services are major three objectives for 6g technology.

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 Enhance performance and boosts your data processing and IOPS

 Data security and protect your system

 Facilitate your service and develop efforts and expand your data centers
configuration choices.

It’s very simple to replace 6G while still another industry buzzword, but there is a
concept in terms of what 6G systems will establish.

It is expected to be marketed at the beginning of the 2030s, advancing with faster

speeds, also the excellent capacity and even lower delay. The first 6G networks
will be mainly based on 5G infrastructure, a recognition that every generation
‘borrows’ components from the earlier one, and hence it will boost from the
extended number of radios and de-centralized system architecture that will obtain a
position with 5G.

The frequencies have generally been deemed inappropriate for mobile interfaces
but will be an important element of 5G networks. And 6G expects will need to
produce on this legacy by applying airwaves even higher in the spectrum.
However, the downside to this bandwidth is that it has low penetration rate signals,
and determining networks will have to be densified applying micro-infrastructure
like tiny cells, which will complement conventional poles.

Concerning speed, 6G network systems will support 1Tbps with the help of sub-
1THZ spectrum and also will concentrate on correlating the "trillions" of things,
instead of the "billions" of smartphone devices. Latency will also be enhanced by
making use of AI (Artificial Intelligence) to discover the high-grade method to
transfer data info from the device to the terminal station and within the channels.

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1.1.1 WIRELESS NETWORKS

6G is proposed to integrate 5G with satellite networks for global coverage. 6g

technology is considered to be cheap and Fast Internet Technology. It provides
high data rates and fast Internet speed to access on air through wireless and mobile
devices with data ranges up-to 11 G-bps when travelling far distances. The goal of
6g technology is to provide multimedia, internet connectivity and weather
information services to the mobile users. Nano Antennas which is designed is
implemented at different geographical locations like along roadsides, villages,
malls, airports, hospitals to broadcast high speed electromagnetic signals. The
globe is decorated by fly sensors with the help of 6G technology. They will
provide information to their remote observer station. The point to point wireless
communication networks transmit super- fast broad band signals through the air at
high speed optical fibers lines to transmit the secured information from transmitters
to destinations.

1.3 ADVANTAGES OF 6G MOBILE TECHNOLOGY

i. Ultrafast to access internet

ii. Automation and other related applications
iii. smart homes, cities and villages
iv. Space technology and defense applications will be modified with 6G
network
v. Satellite to satellite communication for development of mankind
vi. Sea to space communication

1.4 DISADVANTAGES OF 6G MOBILE TECHNOLOGY

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 i. High cost
ii. Research
iii. Infrastructure
iv. Security issues
v. Technology is still under process and research on its viability is going on.

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

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Telecommunications offers a striking example of the rapidity of the electronics
revolution. The move from 1G to 4G took a full decade. The pace of new
technologies is accelerating, meaning that the time to 5G and 6G will be much
shorter — it may be a little as three years until 6G is a reality. Higher Speed,
Lower Power, Smaller Packages — and Increasing Demands on System Designers.

6G is anything beyond the, but a source said that any improvement that is 15X
better than the 5G can be the 6G. Meanwhile, the Chinese minister of industry and
technology believes 6G should be able to transfer a massive volume of data with
super-speed. While Minister Wei Leping said 6G should provide free cell calls or
distributed massive MIMO, dynamic use of different, especially unlicensed up to
120 GHz.

According to Wei, should make the phone to connect to several cells instead of a
single cell that is already in place, with that; we can get much better performance
that will improve the lives of everyone. The 6G is believed to offer much more
capacity to phones and make it possible to connect several phones together within
a network for sharing of files, information, and with that, a Firm can run like a
family by having all cell synchronized to a single system, thereby increasing
employees trust since privacy will be reduced within a firm. The feature will make
any message to go viral within a second and get everyone notified.

“Optimization is the keyword for the, the ability to offer something special
possibilities into the trending. The possibility of having 6G in place is an already
concluded issue but the receiver needs more antennas, therefore the 6G may first
be installed in fixed wireless” 6G should have the ability to use different
frequencies dynamically especially the unlicensed ones. According to Henning
Schulzrine, the FCC Chief Technologist; “all new spectrum is going to be shared.

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Imagine if when Verizon is running out of spectrum, they could instead use
anything fallow at sprint or AT & T. each carrier has different traffic patterns.
There is usually excess but currently, no way to put it to use. Share everything you
learned in kindergarten. Today’s phone can handle two dozen spectrum bands,
even if true software defined radio is not down to consumer prices.” In other
words, Verizon & Qualcomm have shown that it will and that the LAA is part of
the 3GPP standard. However, a source said that 5G in 3GPP releases 15GHz up to
54GHz and is working at 60GHz. Some radio run at 70GHz up to 90GHz but they
are too expensive for consumers. Some are running test beyond 100GHz with
excellent results even though some of the are unlicensed.
2.1 BANDWIDTH ALLOCATION SCHEMES
Jain, et al (2013) depicted a traffic load and interference based bandwidth
allocation technique for 802.16 mesh networks. This enriches the delay and
throughput performance of the network by employing the assigned bandwidth. In
the proposed technique, an efficient route was established with the least delay and
load, which was considered in bandwidth allocation. The traffic load was
considered in the interfering neighbors as the metric of traffic interference. A
combined routing metric was defined for efficient route selection using the metric
traffic interferences and end-to-end service delay. The suitable path was chosen
based on the least routing metric value.
Esmailpour, et al (2011) suggested a novel methodology for packet scheduling and
bandwidth allocation in WiMAX networks. This solution efficiently improved the
resource utilization and provides QoS support to all traffic classes defined by the
standard. It also dynamically changed the bandwidth allocation based on the
traffic characteristics and service needs. The proposed solution provided a QoS
support for all classes of service in a mesh net. Hwang, et al (2011) suggested a

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novel adaptive downlink bandwidth allocation method for traffic profiles. The
Scalable Video Coding (SVC) layers and adaptive resource adjustment schemes
were introduced based on the traffic throughput. It achieved higher resource
utilization and encountered the required quality of service (QoS) for each traffic
type. Mobile users accessed the network resource by the WiMAX BS and the users
made new calls, hand off calls, and moving calls.
Feroz, et al (2011) suggested an adaptive mechanism to improve the efficiency of
bandwidth allocation. This method allocated a partial amount of bandwidth of
transport layer data flow and utilized a slow start phase. This approach upholds a
count of packets linked with the transport layer data.
Nasser, et al (2011) discussed an optimized bandwidth allocation in WiMAX
Networks. Distribution of radio resources in fourth generation network requires
sophisticated Radio Resource Management (RRM) techniques to ensure a
sustainable level of QoS.
2.2 Energy-Efficient Communication
6G will meet and fulfil many expectations, including the delivery of a high-energy
performance, most especially from the perspective of pervasive utilization of the
Internet-of-Things (IoTs) and with an eco-system of many minute sensors.
Furthermore, extending the battery-recharge capacity of smartphones must be
addressed, in line with the notion that their capabilities and abilities to deal with
sophisticated multimedia signal processing leap in quantum rises as their power
consumption increases (Alsharif et al, 2017). Thus, low energy utilization and
elongated battery charge life duration are two research topics in 6G to overcome
the daily re-charging difficulties for most communication equipment and enhance
communication needs. Accordingly, 6G must evoke a comprehensive energy-
efficient wireless communication strategy. A fundamental goal of 6G
communication is to perform whenever and wherever possible with battery-free
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communications, aiming at 1pico-Joules per bit communication efficiency (Strinati
et al, 2019). 6G communication has the advantages of high-power THz-waves,
apart from directional beam communication with MIMO antenna arrays, thereby
enabling devices to send power beams in a certain direction. This technique can
potentially supply sufficient energy to devices under the network coverage. The 6G
vision and directions, as published in (David, K.; Berndt, H, 2018), indicate that
research attention should prioritize battery lifetime and service classes in 6G rather
than data rate and latency. To reduce energy utilization, the computing functions of
user nodes must be transferred to smart base stations equipped with a dependable
power supply or universal smart radio space (van Huynh, et al 2019). Cooperative
relay communications and network densification can also have utmost importance
in a bid to reduce the transmitting power of mobile nodes by reducing the per-hop
signal propagation gap (Qi, N. et al, Su, L. et al, 2016). Achieving long battery
longevity in 6G requires an accumulation of divergent energy-harvesting strategies
which not only harvest energy from ambient RF signals but also extract energy
from micro-vibrations and sunlight (Luo, Y. et al 2019). Long-range wireless
power charging would also be a promising candidate to prolong battery longevity.
In addition, distributed laser charging is a technology that may be capable of safely
providing 2-W power and reach a distance of 10 m for mobile devices. Table 1
presents a comparison of the major wireless charging techniques (i.e., inductive
coupling, magnetic resonance coupling, microwave radiation, and distributed laser
charging).
2.3 COMPARISON BETWEEN 1G AND 6G

Features 1G 6G

Year 1970-1984 After 5G onwards

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Speed 2kbps 10 to 11Gbps

Technology Analog cellular 5G +satellite

Standards Mobile telephony GPS, COMPASS,

GLONASS, Galiloe system
Core Network PSTN Internet

Handoff Horizontal Horizontal and vertical

2.4 COMPARISON BETWEEN 2G AND 6G

Features 2/2.5G 6G

Year 1980-1999 After 5G onwards

Speed 14-64kbps 10 to 11Gbps

Technology Digital cellular 5G + satellite

Standards Digital voice, short GPS, COMPASS,

messaging GLONASS, Galiloe system
Core Network PSTN Internet

Handoff Horizontal Horizontal and vertical

2.5 COMPARISON BETWEEN 3G AND 6G

Features 3G 6G

Speed 2Mbps 10 to 11Gbps

Technology Broadband/CDMA? IP 5G +satellite

Technology
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Standards Integrated high video, GPS, COMPASS,
audio and data GLONASS, Galiloe system
Core Network Packet network Internet

Handoff Horizontal Horizontal and vertical

2.6 COMPARISON BETWEEN 4G AND 6G

Features 4G 6G

Year 2000-2010 After 5G onwards

Speed 20 Mbps 10 to 11Gbps

Technology Unified IP & seamless 5G +satellite

combo of
LAN/WAN/WLAN/PAN
Standards Dynamic information GPS, COMPASS,
access, variable devices GLONASS, Galiloe system
Core Network Internet Internet

Handoff Horizontal & vertical Horizontal and vertical

2.7 COMPARISON BETWEEN 5G AND 6G

Features 5G 6G
Year 2015 After 5G onwards

Speed 1Gbps and higher 10 to 11Gbps

Technology 4G+WWW 5G +satellite
Standards WiMAX LAS CDMA, GPS, COMPASS,
OFMD, MC-CDMA, GLONASS, Galileo system
UWB, network-

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 LMDS,Ipv6
Core Network Internet Internet
Handoff Horizontal & vertical Horizontal and vertical

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY

Wireless networks use radio waves or microwaves to maintain communication

channels between computers and other network devices. Wireless networks permit
the mobility of the user. The physical size of the network is firmed by the
maximum reliable propagation range of the radio signals. These are self-organizing
networks without any centralized control and use intensive physical and data link
layer. WiMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access and
also known as the IEEE 802.16 wireless Metropolitan Area Network (MAN). It
supplies the internet throughout the globe and connects the “last mile” of
broadband wireless connectivity services. This technology has a target range up to
31 miles and a target data transfer rate exceeding 100 Mbps. The WiMAX
technology is based on an All-IP platform (All packet technology) with no legacy
circuit telephony. The WiMAX architecture has the following requirements;
 The structural design is based on a packet-switched framework, which
 includes the basic procedures of IEEE 802.16.
 The framework allows the decoupling of access architecture and
 supported technologies from connectivity IP service.
 The layout permits modularity and flexibility to accommodate a broad
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range of deployment options.
Interworking and Roaming is another key strength of the End-to-End network
architecture with support for a number of deployment scenarios. The network
module consists of Subscriber Station (SS), Base Station (BS) and Relay Station
(RS). It is fully compatible with IEEE 802.16e standard by integrating relay
technology. It also offers real time video multicast services such as live video
streaming, online gaming and mobile IPTV. It affords broadband access to remote
places and has the ability to provide services in area with very poor infrastructure
deployment. An important element in a WiMAX network is a Relay Station (RS)
that is employed as an extension to BS. RS communicates with the macro BS
through a wireless channel and operates without additional carrier frequency. In a
WiMAX network, declaring that the application demands are satisfied requires the
following interdependent functionalities.
 Rate or congestion control: control the rates at which the different traffic
sources sharing the network inject traffic
 Resource allocation: allot resources to various connections such that the
minimum rate requirements of each connection are satisfied
 Admission control: assure that the newly admitted connections do not
violate the minimum rate requirements of existing flows.

3.1 THE DRIVING FORCE BEHIND 6G MOBILE TECHNOLOGY.

One key factor is the continuing evolution of the integrated circuit (IC) toward
higher speeds and lower power consumption, providing the ability to make
products of all kinds smaller and more powerful. Today, ICs are the brains of a
wide range of consumer products, from personal computers and smart phones to
entertainment devices, automobiles and home appliances. They are at the core of
industrial products such as industrial machinery and equipment, medical devices,
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renewable energy equipment, oil and gas exploration systems, digital homes,
networking components, process control equipment, aircraft, and construction
equipment. At the system level, designers are being asked to pack more and more
capability into devices and electronic systems with ever-decreasing dimensions.
The designers of the today’s smart phones have to introduce new products that are
lighter and thinner and more frequently than before, on an annual basis. At the
same time, the telecommunications equipment industry must continue to make
faster and faster networking devices to accommodate the increasing traffic caused
by these next generation smart devices. In such an environment, every design
decision, from the choice of components to the location of ports and switches,
affects every aspect of the product. Taken together, these trends create challenges
for designers in a number of areas: Signal integrity (SI) and electromagnetic
interference: Signals are closer together in chips, on printed circuit boards (PCBs),
inside product enclosures and in cables. Therefore, it is more likely that
electromagnetic fields from one signal could interfere with and distort an adjacent
signal, resulting in product failure. Thermal performance: Higher current densities
in chips, PCBs and cables can create hot spots, influencing signal timing and
potentially leading to component failures. In some cases, a component fails
because the temperature exceeds the limit of the materials. But even temperatures
below the threshold can produce failures due to electro migration. 
The Race to 6G - Faster Networks and Devices Promise a World of New
Possibilities.

3.2 HOW TERAHERTZ 6G WIRELESS WILL BE ACCOMPLISHED

Spatial multiplexing will be an important part of the researchers' development

thrust. That’s where separate data signals are sent out in streams, the bandwidth
gets efficiently reused continually. MIMO antennas, now in common use in Wi-Fi

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and in trials for 5G, for example, also will be used. That’s a way to maximize
antennas, taking advantage of multipath. Again, it adds efficiency. Overall,
terahertz should need less power and have more capacity. Problems, though, will
be encountered. Obstructions become more of an issue the higher up the spectrum,
wavelengths are physically smaller.

3.3 APPLICATION OF 6G MOBILE TECHNOLOGY

6G network systems will support 1Tbps with the help of sub-1THZ spectrum and
also will concentrate on correlating the "trillions" of things, instead of the
"billions" of smartphone devices. Latency will also be enhanced by making use
of AI (Artificial Intelligence) to discover the high-grade method to transfer data
info from the device to the terminal station and within the channels.

It is also prognosticated that businesses outside the mobile industry will perform an
extremely exceptional role in standardization, implying it can be customized to
their requirements.

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 CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 CONCLUSION

During the worldwide deployment of 5G networks, industrial and academia

synergy have commenced to conceptualize the next generation of wireless
communication systems (6G) to address the coming challenges of the drastic
increase in wireless data track. 6G technology allows bitrates of up to Tbps with a
latency less than 1 ms, apart from introducing a group of new services.

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