1. What is communication?

Communication is two-way process of reaching mutual understanding, in which participants

not only exchange (encode-decode) information, news, ideas and feelings but also create
and share meaning. In general, communication is a means of connecting people or places.
In business, it is a key function of management--an organization cannot operate without
communication between levels, departments and employees.
Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place, person or
group to another.
Every communication involves (at least) one sender, a message and a recipient. This may
sound simple, but communication is actually a very complex subject.
The transmission of the message from sender to recipient can be affected by a huge range
of things. These include our emotions, the cultural situation, the medium used to
communicate, and even our location. The complexity is why good communication skills are
considered so desirable by employers around the world: accurate, effective and
unambiguous communication is actually extremely hard.

2. What are the parts of communication?

A communication therefore has three parts: the sender, the message, and the recipient.
The sender ‘encodes’ the message, usually in a mixture of words and non-verbal
communication. It is transmitted in some way (for example, in speech or writing), and the
recipient ‘decodes’ it.
Of course, there may be more than one recipient, and the complexity of communication
means that each one may receive a slightly different message. Two people may read very
different things into the choice of words and/or body language. It is also possible that
neither of them will have quite the same understanding as the sender.
In face-to-face communication, the roles of the sender and recipient are not distinct. The
two roles will pass back and forwards between two people talking. Both parties
communicate with each other, even if in very subtle ways such as through eye-contact (or
lack of) and general body language. In written communication, however, the sender and
recipient are more distinct.
There are a wide range of ways in which we communicate and more than one may be
occurring at any given time.
Misunderstanding can occur at any stage of the communication process. Effective
communication involves minimizing potential misunderstanding and overcoming any
barriers to communication at each stage in the communication process. An effective
communicator understands their audience, chooses an appropriate communication
channel, hones their message for this particular channel and encodes the message
effectively to reduce misunderstanding by the recipient(s). They will also seek out feedback
from the recipient(s) to ensure that the message is understood and attempt to correct any
misunderstanding or confusion as soon as possible. Receivers can use techniques such
as Clarification and Reflection as effective ways to ensure that the message sent has been
understood correctly.

3. WHAT are the types of communication?

The different categories of communication include:
• Spoken or Verbal Communication, which includes face-to-face, telephone, radio or
television and other media.
• Non-Verbal Communication, covering body language, gestures, how we dress or act,
where we stand, and even our scent. There are many subtle ways that we communicate
(perhaps even unintentionally) with others. For example, the tone of voice can give clues to
mood or emotional state, whilst hand signals or gestures can add to a spoken message.
• Written Communication: which includes letters, e-mails, social media, books,
magazines, the Internet and other media. Until recent times, a relatively small number of
writers and publishers were very powerful when it came to communicating the written
word. Today, we can all write and publish our ideas online, which has led to an explosion of
information and communication possibilities.
• Visualizations: graphs and charts, maps, logos and other visualizations can all
communicate messages.
There are several different ways we share information with one another. For example, you
might use verbal communication when sharing a presentation with a group. You might use
written communication when applying for a job or sending an email.

4. Verbal Communication (with examples)

Verbal communication is the use of language to transfer information through speaking or
sign language. It is one of the most common types, often used during presentations,
videoconferences and phone calls, meetings and one-on-one conversations. Verbal
communication is important because it is efficient. There are a few steps you can take to
develop your verbal communication skills: • Use a strong, confident speaking voice.
Especially when presenting information to a few or a group of people, be sure to use a
strong voice.Be confident when speaking so that your ideas are clear and easy for others to
understand.
• Use active listening. Active listening skills are key when conducting a meeting,
presentation or even when participating in a one-on-one conversation.
• Avoid filler words. It can be tempting, especially during a presentation, to use filler
words such as “um,” “like,” “so” or “yeah.” While it might feel natural after completing an
sentence or pausing to collect your thoughts, it can also be distracting for your audience.

5. Nonverbal communication (with examples)

Nonverbal communication is the use of body language, gestures and facial expressions to
convey information to others. It can be used both intentionally and unintentionally. For
example, you might smile unintentionally when you hear a pleasing or enjoyable idea or
piece of information. Nonverbal communication is helpful when trying to understand
others’ thoughts and feelings.
Here are a few steps you can take to develop your nonverbal communication skills:
• Notice how your emotions feel physically. Throughout the day, as you experience a
range of emotions (anything from energized, bored, happy or frustrated), try to identify
where you feel that emotion within your body. For example, if you’re feeling anxious, you
might notice that your stomach feels tight.
• Be intentional about your nonverbal communications. Make an effort to display
positive body language when you feel alert, open and positive about your surroundings.
You can also use body language to support your verbal communication if you feel confused
or anxious about information,
• Mimic nonverbal communications you find effective. If you find certain facial
expressions or body language beneficial to a certain setting, use it as a guide when
improving your own nonverbal communications. For example, if you see that when
someone nods their head it communicates approval and positive feedback efficiently

6. What is Empathic communication?

Empathic communication is communication that takes into account what we do, the way
we do it, and our impact on other people.
Empathic means having or tending to have empathy—the ability or practice of imagining or
trying to deeply understand what someone else is feeling or what it’s like to be in their
situation.

7. What are the levels of listening?

No wonder why the cause of 90% of conflicts has to do with faulty communication. That is
because when someone talks, we usually choose a level of listening out of three:
1) We pretend to listen, by nodding in agreement now ans again during the conversation
2) We selectively listen and choose to answer/ debate fragments of the conversation
3) (the least used method) We are fully engaged in the conversation, concentrating our
attention and energy on what is being said.

8. What are the reactions that we usually have after listening

someone talking?
-From a psychological point of view after listening to someone talking, we usually have one
of the following four reactions:
 Evaluating: we assess whether we agree or disagree;
 Examining: we ask questions from our subjective perspective;
 Advising: we offer advice from our own experience;
 Interpreting: we tend to think we fully understood all the aspects of the situation

9. How to Develop Your Empathic Communication Skills?

• Increase the attention by self-detachment and self-decentralization.
• Be more receptive to what the other person is saying.
• Abstain from quickly assessing the situation and giving suggestions to the speaker.
• Increase the active listening by participating in what the other person says. Make the
effort to see the situation from their angle and have the patience to let them finish what
they are saying.
• Move from listening to the dialogue’s informative content to listening to the things
that cannot be directly or verbally expressed (nonverbal communication).
• Check whether what you heard and what the other person didn’t verbalize is correct.
Try not to make assumptions.

10. What is leadership?

“The only definition of a leader is someone who has followers. To gain followers requires
influence over people. To be successful a leader has to have different skills such as
communication, motivation, creativity responsibility, flexibility and so on.
11. What is management?
It’s the process of dealing with or controlling things or people.
Managers are people who plan, organize and coordinate. They are methodical and are
always reassessing their process to make sure they’re progressing as planned. If not, they
tweak to get back to their baseline assessment.
Managers ensure that employees conform to standards and adhere to policies. They make
sure that the goals of their leaders are carried out. They are capable and responsible, but
their contribution to organizations is strictly by-the book.
Managers are the people to whom this management task is assigned, and it is generally
thought that they achieve the desired goals through the key functions of planning and
budgeting, organizing and staffing, problem solving and controlling.

12. What are differences between leader and manager?

When you get promoted to the role of a manager, unfortunately, you don’t automatically
become a leader. Although these two words can be used interchangeably, they represent
two completely different traits. Being a leader is much different than being a manager.
There are important differences between the two and now, i'm going to enumerate some
of them:
•Managers set goals but leaders set the vision. It is the leader’s job to turn the vision into
reality. Leaders think beyond what people are capable of and try to make everyone part of
something bigger.
•Managers usually think short term but leaders think long term. Leaders always look at the
big picture and think about the next phase to set the direction towards the final goal.
•Managers don’t want to get out of their comfort zone, leaders take risks. Leaders are not
afraid of trying out new things even though, they fail sometimes. Leaders don’t forget that
failing is not the end but actually the beginning for a new path to success.
•Managers are process focused but leaders are people focused. Leaders always think about
their teams and give importance to their growth because a good leader knows that once
his/her team grows, the business grows too.
•Managers supervise their team but leaders coach them. Leaders don’t micromanage their
team but instead guide them towards the vision when necessary.
•Managers are controllers and think with their brains but leaders are passionate and think
with their hearts too alongside their brains. Leaders know the importance of the gut feeling
and believe in their sixth senses.
•Managers do things right but leaders do the right thing. If leaders need to break and set
new rules for a business, then, they don’t hesitate of doing it because leaders are open to
change.
13. What is conversation?
Conversation is interactive communication between two or more people. The development
of conversational skills and etiquette is an important part of socialization. The development
of conversational skills in a new language is a frequent focus of language teaching and
learning. Conversations follow rules of etiquette because conversations are social
interactions, and therefore depend on social convention. Conversation is generally face-to-
face person-to-person at the same time – possibly online with video applications such as
Skype, but might also include audio-only phone calls. In face to face conversation it has
been suggested that 85% of the communication is non-verbal/body language – a smile, a
frown, a shrug, tone of voice conveying much added meaning to the mere words

14. What are the essential skills of a good conversation?

Tips for a good conversation:
1. Don’t interrupt. Yes, of course it’s impolite, but more importantly interrupting is self-
focused. We interrupt because we don’t have time, we’re in a hurry, we don’t want to hear
what the other person is thinking, we want to say what we mean-all of which is self-
focused. Interrupters won’t stop interrupting just because it’s impolite. They’ll stop when
they make the other person important-that is, when interrupters become other-focused-
and not before.
2. Ask a question. Our automatic question - “How are you?”- often goes unanswered,
usually because we didn’t want to know. Either don’t ask that question or, if you do, wait
for an answer (other-focused) and comment on it. And if the response is, “I’m still battling
this cold,” don’t follow up with details about the terrible cold you had last month (self-
focused) but just say you’re sorry to hear that and keep listening.
3. Listen. That’s not the same thing as “hear.” Listening means suppressing your own inner
voice, the one that is prepping what you should say next-even before the other person is
done talking. Listening means giving your full attention to the speaker. When we listen,
we’re other-focused, not self-focused. It’s such a gift! Think about the last time someone
did that for you? Great, wasn’t it?
15. How one can be a better listener?
The key to improving communication with people is to develop your listening skills. By
concentrating harder and trying to relate to the person talking, we can train ourselves to
become active, empathetic, and understanding listeners. Here are some tips to help you
develop effective listening skills.

• Motivate yourself to listen enthusiastically. Before the other person even begins
speaking, tell yourself that you're going to give this person and his or her message your full
attention.

• Learn to be an active listener. Try hard to understand other’s point of view and
empathize with their experiences by "putting yourself in their shoes."

• Refrain from judging or disagreeing. Instead, aim to understand.

• Put emotions aside. Try not to let feelings like anger or jealousy stand in the way of
attentive listening.

• Give the talker incentives to open up. Use phrases like "Wow, go on!" or "That is very
interesting."

• Be patient with talkers who have a difficult time communicating, especially young
children. Show them respect by letting them fully express their thoughts and problems.

• Avoid distractions. Focus your attention on the person you are listening to, and
maintain eye contact with them.

• Do not interrupt the speaker. Doing so demonstrates a lack of respect for the talker
and breaks their chain of thought, leading to a mixed or incomplete message.

• Ask questions about anything you do not understand. Pick your spots carefully and
ask for clarification.

• Listen with your entire body. Nod your head to indicate that you understand. Use
appropriate body language to demonstrate that the message is being received loud and
clear.

• Pay attention to the speaker's body language. Hand gestures, physical mannerisms,
tone of voice, and intensity of the eyes can reveal more than the actual words being
spoken.

• Use "I" statements rather than "you" statements. Instead of saying "You always treat
me like a child," say, "I don't appreciate when you treat me like a child."
• Do not give up on a poor talker. If the speaker is rambling, repeating himself or
herself, or losing your interest try to be patient. Ask specific questions like "So what was the
result?" or "What did you do next?” to get to the point

• React to the message, not the messenger. Repeat what the person said to you back
to them in your own words to confirm the message they were trying to relate and
demonstrate that you understood.

16.What are the keys to an effective listening?

Keys to Effective Listening Listening is an art that can be learned. Try these tips the next
time a family member is talking to you. These strategies are also ideal for the workplace
and classroom: Motivate yourself to listen enthusiastically; Learn to be an active listener. Be
attentive to the other person's concerns; Refrain from judging or disagreeing. Instead, aim
to understand; Put emotions aside. Try not to let feelings like anger or jealousy stand in the
way of attentive listening; Give the talker incentives to open up. Use phrases like "Wow, go
on!" or "That is very interesting.; Be patient with talkers who have a difficult time
communicating, especially young children; Avoid distractions. Focus your attention on the
person you are listening to, and maintain eye contact with them. Choose a location that is
not noisy or disruptive; Do not interrupt the speaker; Ask questions about anything you do
not understand. Effective listening requires true interpretation and comprehension of the
speaker's message. Pick your spots carefully (so as not to interrupt the speaker) and ask for
clarification; Encourage the speaker to reveal more. Encourage sharing with questions like,
"What are you thinking/feeling?" By reassuring the talker that you are interested and want
to hear all the details, the person will feel more comfortable and convey a more complete
message; Listen with your entire body. Nod your head to indicate that you understand. Use
appropriate body language to demonstrate that the message is being received loud and
clear; Pay attention to the speaker's body language. Hand gestures, physical mannerisms,
tone of voice, and intensity of the eyes can reveal more than the actual words being
spoken; Focus on listening, not responding; Use "I" statements rather than "you"
statements. Instead of saying "You always treat me like a child," say, "I don't appreciate
when you treat me like a child; Do not give up on a poor talker. If the speaker is repeating
himself or herself, or losing your interest try to be patient. Challenge the speaker to get to
the point by asking specific questions like "So what was the result?" or "What did you do
next?"; React to the message, not the messenger. Do not let your opinions interfere with a
sincere response. Repeat what the person said to you back to them in your own words to
confirm the message they were trying to relate and demonstrate that you understood.
17. What is kinesics?
Kinesics or kinesic communication is all about communication through body movements,
such as gestures and facial expressions. Kinesics is a non-verbal form of communication.
However, it is not the only non-verbal way of communicating with other people. Example:
People in one ship can communicate with those in another ship using Morse code or flags.
In popular culture, we call this ‘body language’. In fact, the founder of kinesics, American
anthropologist Ray Birdwhistell did not like the term, insisting that our bodies do not
convey what linguists define as ‘language. He showed how humans communicate in ways
we had not clearly seen before. He argued that all body movements convey meaning. In
fact, he believed that non-verbal behavior had a grammar that we could analyze in similar
terms to spoken or written language.
The ability to interpret facial expressions, posture and other cues is crucial for police
officers and anyone in law enforcement. Being able to read body language helps to defuse
potentially deadly situations and gives police officers the ability to determine whether
people are telling the truth or being deceptive.
Paying attention to nonverbal cues can help interviewers more thoroughly investigate
workplace issues. While they may not give a definitive answer as to whether someone is
being deceptive, they are an indicator that more questioning should occur. An observant
eye will pick up on these nuances and understand their role in painting the overall picture
from which a decision on next steps can be made

18. What is the role of gesture and motion in communication?

When speakers talk, they gesture. Gesture can play a role in communication and thought at
many timespans.
Gesture reflects speakers’ thoughts, often their unspoken thoughts, and thus can serve as a
window onto cognition. Encouraging speakers to gesture can thus provide another route
for teachers, clinicians, interviewers, etc., to better understand their communication
partners. Gesture can change speakers’ thoughts. Encouraging gesture thus has the
potential to change how students, patients, witnesses, etc., think about a problem and, as a
result, alter the course of learning, therapy, or an interchange. Gesture provides building
blocks that can be used to construct a language. By watching how children and adults who
do not already have a language put those blocks together, we can observe the process of
language creation first hand. Our hands are with us at all times and thus provide
researchers and learners with an ever-present tool for understanding how we talk and
think.
So, gesture conveys meaning globally, relying on visual and mimetic imagery, whereas
speech conveys meaning discretely, relying on codified words and grammatical devices.
19.What is the role of body language in communication?
Body language is a type of a nonverbal communication in which physical behaviors, as
opposed to words, are used to express or convey the information.Put simply, body
language is the unspoken element of communication that we use to reveal our true feelings
and emotions. Such behavior includes facial expressions, body posture, gestures, eye
movement, touch and the use of space. Body language exists in both animals and humans.
The origin of the word body language (also known as kinesics) in German means
movement. Body language plays a major role in almost all aspects of business, especially in
leadership and management roles. It goes both ways round. 
When we are able to "read" these signs, we can use it to our advantage. For example, it can
help us to understand the complete message of what someone is trying to say to us, and to
enhance our awareness of people's reactions to what we say and do.
Body language can also help you to stay calm in situations where emotions have the
potential to run high – a negotiation , for example, or a performance review.
Body language also refers to the nonverbal signals that you use to communicate your
feelings and intentions. It includes your posture, your facial expressions, and your hand
gestures.
The ability to understand and to interpret body language can help you to pick up on
unspoken issues, problems or negative feelings that other people might have. You can also
use it in a positive way to add strength to your verbal messages.

20.What is Success?
Success in the accomplishment of an aim or purpose;
It is a process, journey;
Success means attempting to move forward;
Success is doing meaningful work that both meets your personal or professional goals and
provides enough income to support your desired lifestyle;
Success means different things for different people depending on your circumstances,
goals, and desires
True success is gained not only from the achievement of our goals but also from the
happiness and satisfaction derived from pursuing those goals. To become successful, one
has to have and keep a plan on how they will obtain success. Keep improving and
increasing your work ethic. Whether you want to become an athlete, musician, speaker,
entrepreneur, model, etc., train to become the best at what you do. Give it all. Work as
hard, or harder, as the top professionals in that field. Know that you will experience some
failure along the way but its important to remember that failure is a necessary step on the
road to success. Youve heard it before; its not how many times you fall that matters; what
matters is how many times you stand back up. When you keep reaching for your goals then
look back to see how far youve come since falling it is the failures that allow you to achieve
a sense of satisfaction, no matter where you are on your journey.
Success does come with a price it may mean spending less time on personal enjoyment
and some people may become jealous of your success, affecting your relationships in
unforeseen ways. However, if your priorities and values are in order, the success you
achieve will be well worth it and the people that truly matter will be able to share in that
success with you.Success should be about happiness. Too many people today display or
project success with material possessions or extreme actions. It is so profound today
because everyone is trying to keep up with the Jones.
Success isnt about owning a fancy car, a big mansion, or flying on a private jet. Instead,
success should be determined by the internal happiness of how a person feels.
The media and masses online today promote the outcome the money, the financial
freedom, the material stuff. If you just love the process, youre already more successful,
fulfilled and happier than most.

21. How can one be successful?

1. Focus on commitment, not motivation.
Just how committed are you to your goal? How important is it for you, and what are you
willing to sacrifice in order to achieve it? If you find yourself fully committed, motivation
will follow.
2. Seek knowledge, not results.
If you focus on the excitement of discovery, improving, exploring and experimenting, your
motivation will always be fueled. So the key is to focus on the journey, not the destination.
Keep thinking about what you are learning along the way and what you can improve.
3. Make the journey fun. The minute you make it serious, there’s a big chance it will start
carrying a heavy emotional weight and you will lose perspective and become stuck again.
4. Get rid of stagnating thoughts.
Thoughts influence feelings and feelings determine how you view your work. You have a lot
of thoughts in your head, and you always have a choice of which ones to focus on: the ones
that will make you emotionally stuck or the ones that will move you forward
5. Use your imagination.
Next step after getting rid of negative thoughts is to use your imagination. When things go
well, you are full of positive energy, and when you are experiencing difficulties, you need to
be even more energetic.
6. Stop being nice to yourself.
Motivation means action and action brings results. Sometimes you prefer to be nice to
yourself and not put yourself in a difficult situation. Get out there, challenge yourself, do
something that you want to do even if you are afraid.
7. Get rid of distractions.
Meaningless things and distractions will always be in your way. Learn to focus on what is
the most important. Write a list of time-wasters and hold yourself accountable to not do
them.
8. Don’t rely on others.
You should never expect others to do it for you, not even your partner, friend or boss. No
one will make you happy or achieve your goals for you.
9. Plan.
Know your three steps forward. You do not need more. Fill out your weekly calendar,
noting when you will do what and how
10. Protect yourself from burnout.
It’s easy to burn out when you are very motivated. Your body and mind rest when you
schedule relaxation and fun time into your weekly calendar.

22.What is visualization (graphics)?

Visualization is any technique for creating images, diagrams, or animations to communicate
a message. Visualization through visual imagery has been an effective way to communicate
both abstract and concrete ideas since the dawn of humanity. Examples from history
include cave paintings, Egyptian hieroglyphs, Greek geometry, and Leonardo da Vinci's
revolutionary methods of technical drawing for engineering and scientific purposes.
Visualization today has ever-expanding applications in science, education, engineering (e.g.,
product visualization), interactive multimedia, medicine, etc.
Typical of a visualization application is the field of computer graphics. The invention of
computer graphics may be the most important development in visualization. The
development of animation also helped advance visualization.
The use of visualization to present information is not a new phenomenon. It has been used
in maps, scientific drawings, and data plots for over a thousand years.
Scientific visualization is usually done with specialized software.

23.What is creative visualization?

Creative visualization is a technique using your imagination to create and visualize scenarios
in the mind’s eye. By using visualization techniques, you create a mental picture of
something and then focus on this image or scenario for periods of time. The main belief
with creative visualization is that by changing ones thoughts and perceptions, you can
change the outer world.
Visualization is the process of putting together visual mental imagery of what you are
wanting to manifest. Consequently, you can start to gain emotions associated with the
desired image. In simpler terms, creative visualization is where you visualize what you want
and experience the emotions or feelings you would have if it were true.

24. What is affirmation?

Affirmation is the act or an instance of affirming; state of being affirmed.
It is not necessary to repeat affirmations all the time. You need to choose a few
affirmations, and repeat any one of them for a few minutes, several times a day. While
affirming, you need to be feel confident that what you are saying is true. If you are aware of
negative thoughts, don’t listen to them, just keep affirming with complete faith that what
you are affirming is already true.
It is also important to be aware of the opportunities that come your way, and use them
when they come. Furthermore, listen to your intuition – those feelings, and to the ideas
your subconscious mind sends you, and do something about them. Opportunities and ideas
will come, but you have to take action when they come, and don’t just await for miracles to
happen with no action on your part.
Put feelings, desire and faith into your affirmations. it is better not to fix a date for the
affirmations to accomplish a goal, because you are forcing a situation to happen at a certain
date, and this is not always possible. Often, certain things have to happen before a goal is
accomplished, and you can’t put a time limit on them.

25. What are the benefits of creative visualization?

Firstly Creative visualization is a technique using your imagination to create and visualize
scenarios in the mind’s eye. Benefits of creative visualization are the followings:
1) Reduces stress like meditation;
2) Increases focus - You can increase your focus and concentration by sitting down and
visualizing.
3) You gain self-confidence.
4) Visualization can bring you joy.
5) It improves relationships