Dr.

 Wiboon LERTWIMOLNUN
wiboon.l@eng.kmutnb.ac.th
Outline
 What is a fluid?
 What is a fluid mechanics?
 Stress ‐ Strain
 Classification of fluid flow
 Properties of fluids
 What is a fluid?
A substance exists in three primary phases:

What is a Fluid ?
 A substance that deforms continuously under the action of a applied shear stress
 A substance in Liquid or Gas phase

Can substance in solid phase flow ?

Flow of solid Plasticity  Deep drawing, punching, stamping, etc.
What is a fluid mechanics?
The science that deals with the behavior of fluids at rest
Fluid Mechanics (fluid statics) or in motion (fluid dynamics), and the
interaction of fluids with solids or other fluids at the boundaries

Categories of Fluid Mechanics

 Hydrodynamics
 motion of fluids that are practically incompressible 
ti f fl id th t ti ll i ibl
(liquids or gases at low speed)
 Gas dynamics
 flow of fluids that under go significant density changes
 Aerodynamics
 flow of gases over bodies
flow of gases over bodies
 Naturally occurring flows
 Meteorology,   Oceanography,   Hydrology
Stress-strain
Stress  Force per unit area  determine by dividing the force by the
area upon which it acts
 Normal Stress  Normal component of force acting on a surface per unit area
 Sh  Tangential component of force acting on a surface per unit area
Shear stress 
t T i l ff i f i

Fluid at rest, normal stress is called

“P
“Pressure” ” andd shear
h stress
t =0
Stress-strain
Strain  Deformation of a physical body under the action of applied forces
 Normal Strain  Elongation or contraction of a line segment per unit of length
 Shear strain  Change in angle that occurs between two line segments that were originally    
di l t th
perpendicular to one other

Shear strain Normal strain
Classification of fluid flow
 Viscous vs. Inviscid regions of flow
 Internal vs. External flow
 Compressible vs. incompressible flow
 Laminar vs.
vs turbulent flow
 Natural (unforced) vs. forced flow
 Steady vs. unsteady flow
 Classification of fluid flow
 Viscous vs.
vs Inviscid regions of flow

Viscosity:
 Resistance of fluid to flow
 Cause by cohesive forces between the molecules in 
q y g
liquids and by molecular collisions in gases
 No fluid with zero viscosity
 Viscosity is not  intrinsic property

Viscous regions flow:

• Region of flow in which the frictional  effect is important

Inviscid regions flow:

• Region of flow in which the viscous forces (frictional effect) are negligible
 Classification of fluid flow
 Internal vs.
vs External flow
Internal flow:
 The type of flow which is the fluid is completely
The type of flow which is the fluid is completely 
bounded by solid surface
 Dominate by the influence of viscosity through the 
flow field
flow field
 Flow of fluid in a pipe or duct

External flow:
 Flow of an unbounded fluid over a surface such as a 
External flow over a tennis ball, and the 
plate, a wire, or a pipe turbulent wake region behind.
 Viscous effect (viscosity of fluid) is limited to 
Vi ff t ( i it f fl id) i li it d t
boundary layers near solid surfaces
 Classification of fluid flow
 Compressible vs.
vs Incompressible flow
 Depend on the variation of the level of variation of density during flow

Compressible flow:
 A flow in which the density during flow significantly change
 Flow of gas at high speed   compressible flow

Incompressible flow:
 A flow in which the density during flow remains nearly constant
 Incompressible flow is always an approximation
 Liquid flows can generally assumed as an incompressible flow
Li id fl ll d i ibl fl
 Gas flow can be approximated as incompressible if the density changes < 5%
 Classification of fluid flow
 Laminar vsvs. Turbulent flow
Laminar flow:
 A fluid motion which exhibits a highly ordered flow 
g y
characterizing  by smooth layers of fluid
 Flow at low speed or flow of a high viscosity fluid

Turbulent flow:
 A flow of fluid characterized by chaotic, stochastic 
property changes, and highly disordered fluid motion
p p y g g y
 Flow of low viscosity fluid  such as air at high velocities 
is typically turbulent
 Classification of fluid flow
 Natural (unforced) vs.
vs Forced flow

Natural flow:
 Any fluid motion is due to natural such as the buoyancy 
effect, density effect or thermal effect 

Forced
F flow:
d fl
 Flow of fluid caused by some equipment such as 
pump or fan 
 Classification of fluid flow
 Steady vs.
vs Unsteady flow
Study flow:
 A flow which is not change with time 
A flow which is not change with time
 Any device operate for long periods of time under same 
conditions could be considered as steady‐flow devices 
(turbines, compressors, boilers, …)
(turbines compressors boilers )

Unsteady flow:
 Any flow that is no steady flow 
 A flow depending on time 
 Periodic
Periodic flow refers to the kind of unsteady flow in 
flow refers to the kind of unsteady flow in
which the flow oscillates about a steady mean
 Properties of fluids
P
Property
t  A characteristic
h t i ti off a system
t

 Intensive properties
 the properties that are independent of the mass of a system

p p
 Extensive properties
 the properties that are depend on size or extent of the system

 Specific properties
 the extensive properties per unit mass
 ex. specific volume (v = v/m), specific energy (e = e/m)
Properties of fluids
 Density:
it
 is defined as “mass per unit volume”

 Specific volume
 is the reciprocal of density which is defined as “volume per unit mass”

 Density of a substance, in general, depends of temperature and pressure

 Most gas proportional to pressure and inversely proportional to temperature
 Liquids and solids are essentially “incompressible” substances
Properties of fluids

Properties of fluids
 Vapor pressure and cavitation:
 Partial pressure  Pressure of a gas or vapor in a mixture with other gases 
(ex.  atmospheric air is a mixture of dry air and water vapor)

 partial pressure of the vapor = vapor pressure

 Atmospheric  system is saturated

Effect of cavitation
 Properties of fluids
 Viscosity:

Velocity profile:

Shear strain or deformation or

angular displacement:
Rate of deformation for most fluids is
directly proportional to the shear stress

Rate of deformation 
or strain rate

Shear stress
Properties of fluids
 Viscosity:

 Unit of Kinematic viscosity, 

• m2/s or stoke
• 1 stoke = 1cm2/s = 0.0001 m2/s)
Properties of fluids
 Viscosity:

• This resistance law is first postulated by

Sir Isaac Newton
Ne ton
• Fluids that follow this relation are called
“Newtonian fluids”
Properties of fluids
 Viscosity:
 Properties of fluids
 Surface tension:

• At the surface of the liquid (Fig b) a

At the surface of the liquid (Fig. b), a 
molecule has this force acting only through 
180.  This imbalance forces means that the 
molecules at the surface tend to be drawn
molecules at the surface tend to be drawn 
together, and they act rather like a very thin 
membrane under tension
Properties of fluids
 Surface tension:
 Surface tension is the intensity of the molecular attraction per unit length
along any line in the surface.
surface
 Surface tension is a property of the liquid type, the temperature, and the
other fluid at the interface.
interface
 Properties of fluids
 Surface tension:

 For spherical
p droplet:
p
Properties of fluids
 Capillarity:
 Surface tension leads to the phenomenon
known as capillarity,
p y where a column of
liquid in a tube is supported in the
absence of an externally applied
pressure.
 Rise or fall of a liquid in a capillary tube is
caused by surface tension and depends
on the relative magnitude of cohesion of
the liquid and the adhesion of the liquid
to the walls of the containing vessels.
 Liquid rise in tubes if they wet a surface
(adhesion > cohesion), such as water,
and fall in tubes that do not wet
(cohesion > adhesion), such as mercury. Water Mercury
Properties of fluids
 Capillarity:

F
Free b d diagram:
body di
 Properties of fluids
Example:
A reservoir of oil has a mass of 825 kg. The reservoir has a volume of 0.917 m3.
density specific weight,
Compute the density, weight and specific gravity of the oil.
oil

mass m 825
 oil     900 kg
k / m3
volume  0.917
weight
g mgg
 oil    g  900 x 9.81  8829 N / m 3
volume 
 oil 900
SGoil    0 .9
 w @ 4C 1000
 Properties of fluids
Example:
Water has a surface tension of 0.4 N/m. In a 3-mm diameter vertical tube, if the
liquid rises 6 mm above the liquid outside the tube
tube, calculate the wetting angle
angle.

2 cos 
h
r

rh 9810 x0.0015 x0.006

cos   
2 2 x 0 .4

 = 83.7
83 7
 Basic flow analysis technique, Flow pattern
Streamlines and Streamtubes
 Basic flow analysis technique, Flow pattern
Pathlines
 Basic flow analysis technique, Flow pattern
Streaklines

If the flow steady, steamlines, pathlines, and streaklines

are identical
 St
Steamline
li represents an instantaneous flow pattern at a 
t i t t fl tt t
give instant in time
 Steakline is an instantaneous snapshot of a time 
i t
integrated flow pattern
t d fl tt
 Partline is the time exposed flow path of an individual 
particle over some time period
 Basic flow analysis technique, Flow pattern
Timelines