MAE 212: Spring 2001 Test Ii: V Sites

MAE 212: Spring 2001
TEST II
Monday, April 2: 7:30 - 9:30 p.m.
Closed books and notes. Answer all questions. Make sure your answers are legible. Circle
your ﬁnal answer and show all work. Solutions not supported by appropriate development
will not be accepted.
1. (10 points)
A tensile specimen is machined to a gage diameter of 0.505-in. When subjected to a
tensile test, the following results were found: (i) yield load = 4,000 lbf and (ii) area
reduction at the maximum load = 20 %
(a) (2 points) What is the yield stress for this specimen?

(b) (4 points) After completing this test, you are informed that the tensile specimen
had been cold-worked (plastically deformed) some amount before it was machined
and tested, and that in the ‘annealed’ state σ = K n with n=0.45. How much
strain was induced by the unknown amount of cold work?
(c) (4 points) Find K.
2. (10 points)
Consider a plane strain state (2 = 0). Assuming the von-Mises yield criterion:
• (3 points) Calculate anexpression for the equivalent plastic strain d¯

in terms of
2
d1 alone (recall d¯ = 3 (d1 2 + d2 2 + d3 2 ) ).
• (4 points) Calculate an
expression for the equivalent stress σ̄ in terms of σ1 and
1
σ3 alone (recall σ̄ = 2 (σ1 − σ2 )2 + (σ2 − σ3 )2 + (σ3 − σ1 )2 ).
√
• (3 points) Consider a rigid plastic material (constant yield stress Y , i.e. no hard-
ening). For this material, calculate the plastic work increment per unit volume
dw in terms of Y and d1 .
3. (10 points)
nv
At 400o C, the fraction of aluminum lattice sites vacant nsites is 2.29 × 10−5 . Calculate
the fraction at 660o C (just below its melting point). The energy required to create
a single vacancy in the aluminum crystal structure is Ev = 0.76 eV . (Hint: the
number of vacancies nv at a given temperature T is given from the Arrhenius law
nv
nsites
= Ce−Ev /kT , where k = 86.2×10−6 ev/K and C is an unknown material constant.)
1
4. (10 points)
Consider many dislocations moving on the same slip plane with the same Burgers
vector and average velocity v̄. Prove that the shear strain rate γ̇ (= change in γ per
unit time) produced by the motion of dislocations is equal to γ̇ = ρbv̄, where ρ is the
dislocation density and b is the magnitude of the Burgers vector.
5. (15 points)
The energy necessary to generate a dislocation is proportional to the square of the
energy of the Burgers vector |b|2 . This means that the most stable (lower energy
dislocations have the minimum length |b|. For the BCC metal structure, calculate
relative to Eb=[111] the dislocation energy for Eb=[110] .
6. (10 points)
Calculate the resolved shear stress on the (111)[01̄1] slip system of a unit cell in an fcc
nickel crystal if a stress of 13.7 MPa is applied in the [001] direction of a unit cell.
7. (10 points)
One kilogram of an alloy of 60 weight % Pb and 40 weight % Sn is slowly cooled from
300o C. Refer to the lead-tin phase diagram of the Figure 1 and calculate the following:
C Atomic percentage tin

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
400
327.502
300 L
231.9681
200 (α − Pb)
19 183 61.9 97.5
100 (β − Sn)
(α − Sn)
13
0
Pb 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Sn
Weight percentage tin
FIGURE 5-38
Figure 1: The lead-tin equilibrium phase diagram.
(a) (5 points) The weight percent of the liquid and proeutectic alpha just above the
eutectic temperature (183o C) and the weight in kilograms of these phases.
(b) (5 points) The weight in kilograms of alpha and beta formed by the eutectic
reaction.
2
8. (15 points)
A hypoeutectoid plain carbon steel which was slow-cooled from the austenitic region
to room temperature contains 9.1% weight eutectoid ferrite. Compute the % carbon
content of the steel assuming no change in structure on cooling from just below the
eutectoid temperature to room temperature (see Fig. 2 for the Fe-C phase diagram).
Atomic percentage carbon

C
2 5 10 15 20 25
1700
1600
1538
1495
1500 L
1400
1394
1300
γ +L 1227C
1200
γ 1148 L + Fe3C
(austenite)
1100 2.11 4.30 6.69
1000
γ + Fe3C
912
900
800
727
700
0.02 0.77
600 α Fe3C
(ferrite) (cementite)
500
400 α + Fe3C
300
200
100
0
Fe 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Weight percentage carbon
FIGURE 5-26
Figure 2: The Fe-C equilibrium phase diagram.
3
9. (10 points)
Consider 0.77 wt % C steel.
(a) (3 points) Estimate the quench rate from 727o C to avoid pearlite transformation.
(b) (3 points) How long a time is required for austenite to transform to 50% bainite
at 300o C?
(c) (4 points) Calculate the microstructure that results from the following heat treat-
ment from the γ region: (a) instantly quenched to 500o C, (b) held for 5 secs
and (c) quenched to room temperature.
C
800
727
700
Coarse pearlite
600
γ α + Fe3C
500 Fine pearlite
γ+
α+
400 Fe
3C
Bainite
300
Ms
200
M50
M90
100
1 sec 1 min 1 hour 1 day
0
0.1 1 10 102 103 104 105 0 0.77
Time, seconds wt % C
FIGURE 6-10
Figure 3: The TTT diagram for eutectoid steel.

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MAE 212: Spring 2001

Monday, April 2: 7:30 - 9:30 p.m.

(a) (2 points) What is the yield stress for this specimen?

• (3 points) Calculate anexpression for the equivalent plastic strain d¯

C Atomic percentage tin

Figure 1: The lead-tin equilibrium phase diagram.

Atomic percentage carbon

Figure 2: The Fe-C equilibrium phase diagram.

Figure 3: The TTT diagram for eutectoid steel.

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