COURSE MODULE Name of University

MODULE WEEK NO.1

University Logo University Address
Contact Information

College/Department
COURSE CODE: Course Name
Semester of A.Y. 2020-2021

Introduction

Write your introduction in this section. Give the students an overview about the module.

Rationale

You may encode the rationale in this section.

Intended Learning Outcomes

A. ILO1
B. ILO 2
C. ILO 3
Activity

Write your activity here, or you may provide links to interactive websites or videos.

Discussion

C++ is a statically typed, compiled, general-purpose, case-sensitive, free-form programming

language that supports procedural, object-oriented, and generic programming.
C++ is regarded as a middle-level language, as it comprises a combination of both high-
level and low-level language features.
C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New
Jersey, as an enhancement to the C language and originally named C with Classes but later
it was renamed C++ in 1983.
C++ is a superset of C, and that virtually any legal C program is a legal C++ program.
Note − A programming language is said to use static typing when type checking is
performed during compile-time as opposed to run-time.

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Object-Oriented Programming
C++ fully supports object-oriented programming, including the four pillars of object-oriented
development −

 Encapsulation
 Data hiding
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism

Standard Libraries
Standard C++ consists of three important parts −
 The core language giving all the building blocks including variables, data types and
literals, etc.
 The C++ Standard Library giving a rich set of functions manipulating files, strings, etc.
 The Standard Template Library (STL) giving a rich set of methods manipulating data
structures, etc.

The ANSI Standard

The ANSI standard is an attempt to ensure that C++ is portable; that code you write for
Microsoft's compiler will compile without errors, using a compiler on a Mac, UNIX, a
Windows box, or an Alpha.
The ANSI standard has been stable for a while, and all the major C++ compiler
manufacturers support the ANSI standard.

Learning C++
The most important thing while learning C++ is to focus on concepts.
The purpose of learning a programming language is to become a better programmer; that is,
to become more effective at designing and implementing new systems and at maintaining
old ones.
C++ supports a variety of programming styles. You can write in the style of Fortran, C,
Smalltalk, etc., in any language. Each style can achieve its aims effectively while maintaining
runtime and space efficiency.

Use of C++
C++ is used by hundreds of thousands of programmers in essentially every application

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domain.
C++ is being highly used to write device drivers and other software that rely on direct
manipulation of hardware under realtime constraints.
C++ is widely used for teaching and research because it is clean enough for successful
teaching of basic concepts.
Anyone who has used either an Apple Macintosh or a PC running Windows has indirectly
used C++ because the primary user interfaces of these systems are written in C++.

C++ Program Structure

Let us look at a simple code that would print the words Hello World.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

// main() is where program execution begins.

int main() {
cout << "Hello World"; // prints Hello World
return 0;
}

Let us look at the various parts of the above program −

 The C++ language defines several headers, which contain information that is either
necessary or useful to your program. For this program, the header <iostream> is
needed.
 The line using namespace std; tells the compiler to use the std namespace.
Namespaces are a relatively recent addition to C++.
 The next line '// main() is where program execution begins.' is a single-line
comment available in C++. Single-line comments begin with // and stop at the end of
the line.
 The line int main() is the main function where program execution begins.
 The next line cout << "Hello World"; causes the message "Hello World" to be
displayed on the screen.
 The next line return 0; terminates main( )function and causes it to return the value 0
to the calling process.

Compile and Execute C++ Program

Let's look at how to save the file, compile and run the program. Please follow the steps given
below −
 Open a text editor and add the code as above.
 Save the file as: hello.cpp
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 Open a command prompt and go to the directory where you saved the file.
 Type 'g++ hello.cpp' and press enter to compile your code. If there are no errors in
your code the command prompt will take you to the next line and would generate
a.out executable file.
 Now, type 'a.out' to run your program.
 You will be able to see ' Hello World ' printed on the window.
$ g++ hello.cpp
$ ./a.out
Hello World
Make sure that g++ is in your path and that you are running it in the directory containing file
hello.cpp.
You can compile C/C++ programs using makefile. For more details, you can check
our 'Makefile Tutorial'.

Semicolons and Blocks in C++

In C++, the semicolon is a statement terminator. That is, each individual statement must be
ended with a semicolon. It indicates the end of one logical entity.
For example, following are three different statements −
x = y;
y = y + 1;
add(x, y);
A block is a set of logically connected statements that are surrounded by opening and
closing braces. For example −
{
cout << "Hello World"; // prints Hello World
return 0;
}
C++ does not recognize the end of the line as a terminator. For this reason, it does not
matter where you put a statement in a line. For example −
x = y;
y = y + 1;
add(x, y);
is the same as
x = y; y = y + 1; add(x, y);

C++ Identifiers
A C++ identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, class, module, or any other
user-defined item. An identifier starts with a letter A to Z or a to z or an underscore (_)

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followed by zero or more letters, underscores, and digits (0 to 9).
C++ does not allow punctuation characters such as @, $, and % within identifiers. C++ is a
case-sensitive programming language. Thus, Manpower and manpower are two different
identifiers in C++.
Here are some examples of acceptable identifiers −
mohd zara abc move_name a_123
myname50 _temp j a23b9 retVal

C++ Keywords
The following list shows the reserved words in C++. These reserved words may not be used
as constant or variable or any other identifier names.

asm else new this

auto enum operator throw

bool explicit private true

break export protected try

case extern public typedef

catch false register typeid

char float reinterpret_cast typename

class for return union

const friend short unsigned

const_cast goto signed using

continue if sizeof virtual

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default inline static void

delete int static_cast volatile

do long struct wchar_t

double mutable switch while

dynamic_cast namespace template  

Trigraphs
A few characters have an alternative representation, called a trigraph sequence. A trigraph is
a three-character sequence that represents a single character and the sequence always
starts with two question marks.
Trigraphs are expanded anywhere they appear, including within string literals and character
literals, in comments, and in preprocessor directives.
Following are most frequently used trigraph sequences −

Trigraph Replacement

??= #

??/ \

??' ^

??( [

??) ]

??! |

??< {

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??> }

??- ~

All the compilers do not support trigraphs and they are not advised to be used because of
their confusing nature.

Whitespace in C++
A line containing only whitespace, possibly with a comment, is known as a blank line, and C+
+ compiler totally ignores it.
Whitespace is the term used in C++ to describe blanks, tabs, newline characters and
comments. Whitespace separates one part of a statement from another and enables the
compiler to identify where one element in a statement, such as int, ends and the next
element begins.
Statement 1
int age;
In the above statement there must be at least one whitespace character (usually a space)
between int and age for the compiler to be able to distinguish them.
Statement 2
fruit = apples + oranges; // Get the total fruit
In the above statement 2, no whitespace characters are necessary between fruit and =, or
between = and apples, although you are free to include some if you wish for readability
purpose.
rogram comments are explanatory statements that you can include in the C++ code. These
comments help anyone reading the source code. All programming languages allow for some
form of comments.
C++ supports single-line and multi-line comments. All characters available inside any
comment are ignored by C++ compiler.
C++ comments start with /* and end with */. For example −
/* This is a comment */

/* C++ comments can also

* span multiple lines
*/
A comment can also start with //, extending to the end of the line. For example −

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

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main() {
cout << "Hello World"; // prints Hello World

return 0;
}

When the above code is compiled, it will ignore // prints Hello World and final executable
will produce the following result −
Hello World
Within a /* and */ comment, // characters have no special meaning. Within a // comment, /*
and */ have no special meaning. Thus, you can "nest" one kind of comment within the other
kind. For example −
/* Comment out printing of Hello World:

cout << "Hello World"; // prints Hello World

*/

C++ Data Types

While writing program in any language, you need to use various variables to store various
information. Variables are nothing but reserved memory locations to store values. This
means that when you create a variable you reserve some space in memory.
You may like to store information of various data types like character, wide character,
integer, floating point, double floating point, boolean etc. Based on the data type of a
variable, the operating system allocates memory and decides what can be stored in the
reserved memory.

Primitive Built-in Types

C++ offers the programmer a rich assortment of built-in as well as user defined data types.
Following table lists down seven basic C++ data types −

Type Keyword

Boolean bool

Character char

Integer int

Floating point float

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Double floating point double

Valueless void

Wide character wchar_t

Several of the basic types can be modified using one or more of these type modifiers −

 signed
 unsigned
 short
 long
The following table shows the variable type, how much memory it takes to store the value in
memory, and what is maximum and minimum value which can be stored in such type of
variables.

Type Typical Bit Width Typical Range

char 1byte -127 to 127 or 0 to 255

unsigned char 1byte 0 to 255

signed char 1byte -127 to 127

int 4bytes -2147483648 to 2147483647

unsigned int 4bytes 0 to 4294967295

signed int 4bytes -2147483648 to 2147483647

short int 2bytes -32768 to 32767

unsigned short int 2bytes 0 to 65,535

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signed short int 2bytes -32768 to 32767

long int 8bytes -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

signed long int 8bytes same as long int

unsigned long int 8bytes 0 to 4,294,967,295

long long int 8bytes -(2^63) to (2^63)-1

unsigned long long int 8bytes 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615

float 4bytes

double 8bytes

long double 12bytes

wchar_t 2 or 4 bytes 1 wide character

The size of variables might be different from those shown in the above table, depending on
the compiler and the computer you are using.
Following is the example, which will produce correct size of various data types on your
computer.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
cout << "Size of char : " << sizeof(char) << endl;
cout << "Size of int : " << sizeof(int) << endl;
cout << "Size of short int : " << sizeof(short int) << endl;
cout << "Size of long int : " << sizeof(long int) << endl;
cout << "Size of float : " << sizeof(float) << endl;
cout << "Size of double : " << sizeof(double) << endl;
cout << "Size of wchar_t : " << sizeof(wchar_t) << endl;

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return 0;
}

This example uses endl, which inserts a new-line character after every line and << operator
is being used to pass multiple values out to the screen. We are also using sizeof() operator
to get size of various data types.
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result which can
vary from machine to machine −
Size of char : 1
Size of int : 4
Size of short int : 2
Size of long int : 4
Size of float : 4
Size of double : 8
Size of wchar_t : 4

typedef Declarations
You can create a new name for an existing type using typedef. Following is the simple
syntax to define a new type using typedef −
typedef type newname;
For example, the following tells the compiler that feet is another name for int −
typedef int feet;
Now, the following declaration is perfectly legal and creates an integer variable called
distance −
feet distance;

Enumerated Types
An enumerated type declares an optional type name and a set of zero or more identifiers that
can be used as values of the type. Each enumerator is a constant whose type is the
enumeration.
Creating an enumeration requires the use of the keyword enum. The general form of an
enumeration type is −
enum enum-name { list of names } var-list;
Here, the enum-name is the enumeration's type name. The list of names is comma
separated.
For example, the following code defines an enumeration of colors called colors and the
variable c of type color. Finally, c is assigned the value "blue".
enum color { red, green, blue } c;
c = blue;
By default, the value of the first name is 0, the second name has the value 1, and the third
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has the value 2, and so on. But you can give a name, a specific value by adding an initializer.
For example, in the following enumeration, green will have the value 5.
enum color { red, green = 5, blue };
Here, blue will have a value of 6 because each name will be one greater than the one that
precedes it.

Exercise

When to use Boolean, integer, character, double, string and float? Write your answer in a short bond paper.

Assessment

Short Quiz
Deadline: August 20, 2020

Reflection

Why you need to study C++ programming?

Resources and Additional Resources

 TutorialPoints

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