Aircraft General Knowledge FUSELAGE

- Common attachment point for other major

components
Overview - House the cockpit, seat for the occupants
● Airframe controls of the airplane and baggage
● Power plant compartment
● System
● Instrument Types of fuselage
● G1000 1. TRUSS STRUCTURE

Primary controls:
1. Aileron
2. Rudder
3. Elevator

Secondary controls:
1. Trim
2. Slat
3. Flaps
- The truss type fuselage is constructed
5 MAJOR AIRPLANE COMPONENTS of steel or aluminum tubing
- Strength and rigidity is achieved by
welding the tubing together into a
series of triangular shapes called,
trusses

2. MONOCOQUE

- Light weight metal, aluminum alloy;

uses the skin to support all imposed
loads
- Like an eggshell, has no internal
structure and the stress is carried
entirely by the skin
 - The true monocoque construction severely damaged structure. In medium and
mainly consists of the skin, frames, high energy impacts, the damage is visible to
and bulkheads the eye, but low energy impact is difficult to
detect
3. SEMI-MONOCOQUE
WING
- Supports the airplane in flight
- When air flows around the wings it generates
enough a force called lift the wings are
contoured to take advantage of this force

WING SPAN
WING AREA
- The fuselage of many modern
training airplanes is of semi- ASPECT RATIO
monocoque construction - Span of the wings, wingtip to wingtip,
- Lift framework covered by a skin divided by its average chord. In general,
(usually aluminum) that absorbs the higher the aspect ratio, the higher the
much of the stress lifting efficiency of the wing
- Consists of bulkheads and/or - AR=b2/A
former of various sizes and Types of wing location
stringers, reinforces skin by taking i. Low wing
some of the bending stress from ii. Mid wing
the fuselage iii. High wing

COMPOSITE Types according to number of set

i. Monoplan
i. Advantage ● Low-wing
- Weight reduction is the single greatest ● High-wing
advantage of composite material usage ii. Biplane
- Composite are also incredibly strong and as a iii. Triplane
result have a higher strength-to-weight ratio
- Composite materials aren’t prone to
corrosion due to harsh chemicals, and they're
resistant to many highly reactive chemicals
- Made from sole carbon fiber

ii. Disadvantage WING PLANFORMS

- Can be difficult to tell when the interior
structure of a composite aircraft piece has been
damaged. That makes inspections difficult and
more costly
- A high energy impact, such as a bird strike or
hail while in flight, results in a puncture and a
 - Ideal for flight at slow speed since it provides a
minimum of drag for a given aspect ratio. Is stall
characteristic are not as favorable as those of
the rectangular wings

Control surfaces found on the wings

Aileron
- Extends from the mid point of each wing
outward to the tip moves in opposite direction,
one goes up, the other goes down
- Steepens your angle of descent while
1. Rectangular maintaining airspeed
- Stability - Ex. Banking left - left aileron raises; banking
- Designed to stall at wing root right - raises right aileron
- Not as efficient as the elliptical wing, but it has
a tendency to stall first at the wing root which Flaps
provides adequate stall warning and aileron
effectiveness - Extends from the wing root to the
mid point move in the same
2. Swept direction
- Faster, holder heavier aircrafts - Increase the lifting efficiency of the
- Wings are efficient at high speeds but slow wing and decrease the stall speed
speeds performance is degraded by this design - Allow you to steepen the angle. Of
descent, without increasing
3. Delta airspeed
- Jets, fast tan sweptback - The function of flaps during landing
- Same as swept to provide the same amount of lift
at a slower airspeed
4. Tapered
- Combination of elliptical and rectangular
- Increase lift
- Mas kayang ihold yung mabigat an airplane
- Provides a decrease in drag and increase in lift
which is most effective at high speeds. Has a
tendency to stall first slightly inboard of the
wingti. Tapered outboard portion allows or a
reduction in weight and an increase in aspect
ratio

5. Elliptical
- Low wind drag
- Higher lift
Types of Flaps - Attached to the back of the horizontal
stabilizer
- Used to move or “pitch” the airplane's nose up
or down
- Operated by pulling the control wheel (pitch
up) or pushing (pitch down)

3. Trim tabs
- Small hinged section at the back of the
elevator
- It’s purpose is to lessen or relieve the
resistance or pressure you must Holden the
control wheel use t airflow over the associated
1. Plain flap
control surface, to keep the nose in the desired
- Attached to the wing by hinge
position
2. Spit
4. Stabilator
- Hinged to the lower portion of the wing
- One-piece horizontal stabilizer voting up and
down
3. Slotted flap
- Functions the same as an elevator
- Similar to the plain flap, but has a “space/slot”
allowing a portion of the air beneath to travel
5. Anti-servo tab
through it
- Mounted at the back of he stabilator
- Same function as the trim tab
4. Fowler flap
- Attached to the wing by a track and roller
LANDING GEARS
system
- Most efficient, most expensive
- Absorb a ding loads and supports the airplane
on the ground
EMPENNAGE/TAIL ASSEMBLY
- Typically made of three wheels
- Consists of the vertical stabilizer/fin and
Types of landing gears
horizontal stabilizer
- Helps maintain a straight path through the air
a) Conventional
- 2 main landing gear and 1 tail
Components of the tail assembly
- 3rd wheel located at the tail or called a
tailwheel
1. Rudder
- Disadvantage: may blindside
- Attached to the back of the fin
- Used to “yaw” the airplane’s nose to the left
b) Tricycle gear
and right
- The third wheel is located at the nose and it’s
- Operated with the use of rudder pedals
called a nose wheel
- Disadvantage: propstrike
2. Elevator
 o Fixed pitch propeller achieves
the best Effie Chien you only at
a given combination of
airspeed and rpm
Kinds of landing gears o Tecnam - can control the bite
1) Wheels o Two types:
2) Skis o Climb
3) Floats  Lower pitch, less drag
 Less drag of climb, higher
Classification of landing gears rpm
Fixed - remains extended  Increase performance in
- The oleo strut acts a shock absorber takeoff and climbs,
with a piston that can move within decrease during cruising
a cylinder against an opposing  High rpm
pressure of compressed air o Cruise
 Higher pitch, more drag
Retractable - can be stowed/retractable  More drag, lower rpm,
- Squat switch - used on airplanes it’s less horsepower capability
retractable landing gear to prevent  Decreases during takeoff
the wheel from wing inadvertently and climbs,increase
raised when the airplane is on the efficiency during cruising
ground flight
- o Ground-pitch propeller
POWERPLANT  Propeller with blades
1. Spinner whose pitch can be
- “nose-like tip” found of the adjusted on the ground
propeller with the engine not
2. Propeller running
- mounted in front of the engine  Usually has a split hub.
- Translates the rotating force of the Blade angle is specified by
engine into a forward-acting force the aircraft specifications
called “thrust” to help the airplane o Constant speed propeller
fly  The pilot can change the
- Rotating airfoil pitch of the propeller in
- Generates thrust to produce lift flight or while operated by
- Greatest angle of incidences, or the hydraulically
highest pitch, is at the hub while  Is more efficient than
the smallest angle of incidence of other propeller because it
smallest pitch is at the tip allows selection of the
- Types of propeller: most efficient engine rpm
o Fixed pitch propeller for the given conditions
o Propeller with fixed blade
angles 3. Cowling
 - Streamlining the nose of the - A propeller with blades whose pitch
airplane can be adjusted on the ground with
- Helps cool the engine, ducting air the engine not running
around the cylinder - This type of propeller usually has a
4. Engine split hub. The blade angle is
- Provides power to turn the specified by the aircraft
propeller specifications.
- Generates electrical power
3. CONSTANT SPEED PROPELLER
5. Firewall
- Protects the occupants, found
between the cockpit and engine Types of Engine
- Serves as mounting point of the
engine 1. Reciprocating
a. Back and forth movement of their
6. Engine Mount 2. Gas Turbine
- Place where engine is mounter
- Helps lessen engine vibration
Cylinder Arrangement
PROPELLER
TYPES OF PROPELLER 1. In-line type
a. Cylinder are lined up in one row
1. FIXED PROPELLER
TYPES OF FIXED PROPELLER 2. Opposed type
a. Provides better visibility; eliminates
A) CLIMB fluid lock on bottom cylinders;
- The climb propeller has a lower mostly free of vibration
pitch, therefore less drag. Less drag 3. V-type
result in higher rpm and more a. Two in-line cylinders tilted 30-60
horsepower capability, which degrees apart
increases performance during 4. Radial type
takeoffs and climbs, but decreases a. Row of cylinders arranged in a circle
performance during cruising flight around a crankcase located in the
B) CRUISE middle
- Has a higher pitch, therefore more
drag. More drag result in lower rpm Parts of a piston
and less horsepower capability,
which decreases performance Camshaft
during takeoffs and climbs, but
increases efficiency during cruising Intake and Exhaust valve
flight.
Spark plug
2. GROUND-PITCH PROPELLER
The spark plug provides the spark that ignites
the fuel/air mixture for combustion to occur

Piston

Mixture Control

Throttle Control
-Controls the throttle
-increase/decrease engine power

Mixture Control
-Controls the mixture needle
-Increase/decrease the amount of fuel from the
float chamber

Effect of proper mixture

-

Aviation Gasoline (AVGAS) is

-octane or performance number (grade)

Higher Grade
-More pressure the fuel can resist without
detonating

If the proper grade of fuel is not available

-use the next higher grade as substitute.

Never use a grade lower than recommend

-higher cylinder head temperature
-high engine oil temperature
-Detonation

Altimeter