Experiment 6: Pre-Post Lab BSN 1H

Members: Arabis, Aranas, Bada, Idong, Peñaloga, Sumiguin

PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT
(A)
1. What is the general structure of carbohydrate?

The compound named carbohydrates consists purely of molecules and is naturally formed by
some organic atoms such as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. As a matter of fact, this compound
has its original formula, which is mainly known as C6H12O6 (Davidson, 2020). Each carbon is
anchored to one oxygen atom, and this compound also incorporates the chain of carbons, a
ketone, and a hydroxyl group connected in a chain. In addition, carbohydrates have a different
structure depending on where they came from. Still, even though it has many widely known
formulas, all of them are composed of monosaccharides wherein it is called as the smaller units
of carbohydrates (Soult, 2020).

2. Differentiate glycogen, starch and cellulose in terms of structure.

Ramirez, I. (2017, October 20). What is the difference between starch and glycogen? [Illustration]. Quora.
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-starch-and-glycogen

Based on the picture, it is evident that the three molecules have distinct structures. Starch exists
in two forms: Amylose, which is in a linear form, and Amylopectin, which is in a branched-chain
formation. On the other hand, Glycogen is somewhat close to the structure of an Amylopectin;
however, it is composed of shorter branches and more highly branched as well. Meanwhile,
cellulose is the only linear polymer among the three. It also has a more extended structure
compared to amylose (Libretexts, 2020).

3. Draw the Fischer and Haworth projections of glucose.

Fischer projections of glucose

Haworth projections of glucose

(B)
1. What are the different classifications of monosaccharides?

Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates, as they cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller
carbohydrates. They are basic carbohydrate units. They only consist of one carbohydrate
moiety ("What are Monosaccharides? How to Classify?", 2020).

1. Trioses
 A triose is a monosaccharide that comprises three (3) atoms of carbon. C3H6O3 is its
general formula. Trioses are essential in respiration. Lactic acid and pyruvic acid are,
respectively, derived from aldotriose and ketotriose.

2. Tetroses

A monosaccharide containing four (4) atoms of carbon is a tetrose. C4H8O4 is the

general formula. Example:D- Erythrose-4-P is a hexosemonophosphate shunt
intermediate that is an alternative of glucose oxidation.

3. Pentoses

A monosaccharide containing five (5) atoms of carbon is a pentose. C5H10O5 is the

general formula.

4. Hexoses

A Hexose is a monosaccharide which contains six (6) atoms of carbon. C6H12O66 is

the general formula.

5. Heptoses

The monosaccharide containing seven carbon atoms is a heptose. C7H14O7 is the

general formula. Sedoheptulose is an example of keto-heptulose found in plants of the
sedum family. (The majority of aldoses end in "-o'ses" and ketoses end in "-uloses"
such as erythrose and erythrulose).

2. In each test in the procedure, determine the following:

a. Purpose of test
b. Expected results

Tests: Purpose and Expected results.

Mucic Acid Test

is a test used for detecting the presence of
galactose and lactose. The expected result
of this test would be formation of crystal in
the solution (Sapkota, 2020).

Moore’s Test is a test used to determine the presence of

reducing sugars in a solution. The expected
result is the color turns yellow to orange and
finally the dark brown and odor of caramel
( Bolinbough, 2019).

Barfoed’s Test is a test used for detecting the

monosaccharides from reducing
disaccharides. The expected result of this
 would be development of brick red color
within 3-5 minutes due to formation of
cuprous oxide (Karki, 2018).

Bial Test is a test used to determine the presence of

pentoses, dehydrated pentoses yield to form
furfural, which in turn condense with orcinol
to form a blue-green precipitate. The blue
green color indicates the expected result for
bial’s test (Sapkota,2020)

Seliwanoff Test is a test to determine the presence of ketose

in a solution. The expected result would be a
cherry red complex formed color which
indicates the presence of ketose (Sapkota,
2020).

Benedict Test is a test used for simple carbohydrates in a

solution. It identifies reducing sugars like
monosaccharides or disaccharides which
have free ketone or functional groups.
Benedict test also is used to test the glucose
of urine. The expected result of this test
would be a reddish precipitate, it indicates
the presence of reducing sugars present
(Aryal,2019).

POST-LAB ASSIGNMENT

1. Explain the results gathered from each test by presenting the principle behind it. What
makes the test positive? Explain why some samples exhibit positive results and why
Some have negative results.

A. Mucic acid test

Of all sugar solutions only the galactose produced a crystal formation as what can be seen
through the microscope and all other solutions like the lactose showed no crystal formation
under mucic acid test. Mucic acid test is a specific test for galactose as well as lactose being a
dimer of glucose and galactose. The oxidation of galactose produces an insoluble mucic acid
using nitric acid, Being insoluble in cold aqueous solution, galacto saccharic acid crystals
separate out.
Lactose may result positively in this test since it yields a mucic acid but due to its soluble nature
in room temperature and in H20 (UST, 2017).

B. Moore test
Moore's test is a test for reducing sugars that contains free aldehyde or ketones. When in a
solution is basic there will be a reaction called aldol condensation or the caramelization reaction
where the reagent caused alteration aldehydes functional group where it undergoes reduction
and became sugar alcohol but due to its basic/alkaline conditions it undergoes caramelization
and the solution became brown-yellowish colored complex with a caramel odor. The experiment
shows that Galactose, glucose, maltose, fructose and lactose came out with those given
indicators as they have free aldehyde or free ketone group while the other sugar, Glycogen,
Sucrose and starch don't have free aldehyde group. (Lab1, n.d.)

C. Barfoed's test

The objective of this test is to distinguish monosaccharide from reducing disaccharide. The way
of distinguishing the monosaccharide and disaccharide is by the reaction time. If a brick red
precipitates come out within 3 minutes, then it is Monosaccharide but if it would take longer than
that, then it is disaccharide. Both have the same reaction but differ only on the reaction rate.
The red brick precipitates when the cupric ion is reduced, gaining one electron forming copper
(I) oxide responsible for the precipitate. expectedly in the experiment, Glucose, galactose,
fructose and ribose are the one that came out positive in this test because they are
monosaccharide while the other disaccharide sugars like sucrose, lactose and maltose will take
more time to react because it will hydrolyzed first and then react with the reagent cupric acetate
to produce cuprous oxide (Karki, 2018).

D. Bial's test

bial's test is a test that will determine if there are pentoses present in the solution. This test is
based on the principle that pentosans are hydrolyzed into pentoses and that pentoses will be
dehydrated to form furfural and hydroxyfurfural that will condense with orcinol to form blue-
green precipitate. The ribose will be theoretically positive for this kind of test since it has 5
carbon sugar while the other samples give a negative result in this test considering it's sugar
class (Sapkota, 2020).

E. Seliwanoff's test

Aldohexose are more reactive than the ketohexose so the objective of this test is to detect the
presence of ketohexose in a sample using the reagent HCL and resorcinol. in the presence of
concentrated acid, the ketoses will undergo dehydration to form hydroxymethyl furfural and in a
series of condensation where the dehydrated ketose reacts with two equivalents of resorcinol
and produce a complex termed xanthanoid with deep cherry red color while the aldoses reacts
slightly that why they produce faint pink color. The only sample that contains ketose is the
sucrose specifically in the fructose while the other sample did not show the presence of ketose
(Aryal, 2020).

F. Benedict's test
 This test is used to identify reducing sugars like in monosaccharides and some disaccharides
that have free ketones and aldehyde functional groups. Reducing sugars are those capable of
transferring electrons to other compounds which called reduction but when those reducing
sugars are mixed with benedict's reagent and subjected to heat, the color of the reagent
changes in color in result to the reduction reaction where the copper (II) ions in the benedict's
solution are reduced to copper (I) ions as the precipitates. The colors varies from green to dark
red or rusty brown depending to the amount and type of sugar present so expectedly the
glucose, galactose, fructose, lactose and robise have the presence of ketones or aldehyde
functional group while other sugars have the traces but they can't act as a reducing sugars
(Aryal, 2019).

2. Explain the identity of your unknown sample and explain how you come up with the
Answer
Sucrose is the logical name for table sugar. Sugars are classified as monosaccharides or
disaccharides. Disaccharides are composed of two, connected monosaccharides and crushed
spirit down into the last during processing. Sucrose is a disaccharide consisting of one glucose
and one fructose atom, or half glucose and half fructose. It's a normally happening starch found
in numerous organic products, vegetables and grains, but at the same time it's additional to
many prepared nourishments, for example, candy, frozen yogurt, breakfast oats, canned food
sources, pop and other improved drinks. Table sugar and the sucrose found in handled
nourishments are normally removed from sugar sticks or sugar beets. Sucrose tastes less
sweet than fructose yet better than glucose Melissa Groves (2018).

I was able to come up with this answer by watching the video a lot of times and taking down
notes the result of each sample during the different types of test. In mucic acid test the unknown
sample’s result was negative because it doesn’t have galactose or its derivatives, thus the
galactose was only the one which result was positive. In Moore's test the unknown sample’s
result was negative as well as the sucrose and the glycogen it is because these samples are
non-reducing sugar and it doesn’t have free ketone or aldehyde groups. In barfoed’s test the
unknown sample’s result was negative as well as the sucrose and glycogen this is because
barfoed’s test detects the presence of monosaccharide, hence the unknown sample along with
the glycogen and sucrose is negative because they are disaccharide. In bial’s test the sucrose’s
result was positive with the unknown sample and the glycogen’s result was positive because
both samples contain pentose sugar. Lastly the seliwanoff’s test the unknown sample’s result
was positive with the sucrose because it is a disaccharide consisting of fructose and glucose
which is the purpose of this test. After I based it on my own observation, I concluded that the
unknown sample was sucrose because whenever the unknown sample’s result is positive the
sucrose result is also positive and vice versa and it continued in all of the test.
References:

Aryal, S. (2019). Benedict’s Test- Principle, Composition, Preparation, Procedure and Result
Interpretation. https://microbiologyinfo.com/benedicts-test-principle-composition-
preparation-procedure-and-result-interpretation/

Bolinbough, P.O. (2019). STED14a Different Laboratory test.

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/columban-college/architecture/lecture-
notes/sted14a-different-laboratory-test/7342105/view

Davidson, E.A. (2020). Carbohydrate. Encyclopædia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/science/carbohydrate

Groves, M.(2018). Sucrose vs Glucose vs Fructose: What’s the difference? Retrieved from:
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/sucrose-glucose-fructose. Retrieved on: December
04, 2020.

Karki, G. (2018).0 test for carbohydrates. https://www.onlinebiologynotes.com/barfoeds-test-

objective-principle-reagents-procedure-and-result

Karki, G. (2018). Barfoed’s Test: Objective, Principle, Reagents, Procedure and Result.
https://www.onlinebiologynotes.com/barfoeds-test-objective-principle-reagents-
procedure-and-result/.

Lab1, (n.d.). Testing organic compounds. https://msu.edu/course/lbs/145/luckie/Lab1.html

Libretexts. (2020, July 14). 5.1: Starch and Cellulose. Chemistry LibreTexts.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map
%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/Chapter_05%3A_Stereochemistry/5.01_Starch_and_
Cellulose

Sapkota, A. (2020). Bial’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses.

https://microbenotes.com/bials-test/

Sapkota, A. (2020). Mucic Acid Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses.
https://microbenotes.com/mucic-acid-test/#:~:text=The%20most%20important%20use
%20of,of%20lactose%20or%20agar%2Dagar

Sapkota, A. (2020). Biochemistry. https://microbenotes.com/bials-test/#principle-of-bials-test

Sapkota, A. (2020). Seliwanoff’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses.

https://microbenotes.com/seliwanoffs-test/

Soult, A. (2020). Carbohydrates Structure. University of Kentucky.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Kentucky/UK%3A_CHE_103_-
_Chemistry_for_Allied_Health_(Soult)/Chapters/Chapter_5%3A_Properties_of_Compou
nds/5.2%3A_Carbohydrate_Structures
University of santo tomas. (2017). Pharmacy 1234: mucic acid test.
https://www.coursehero.com/file/p18dth5/2-Mucic-Acid-Test-Mucic-acid-test-is-highly-
specific-for-galactose-and-the/

What are Monosaccharides? How to Classify? (2020). Biochemistry Den. Retrieved

from: https://biochemden.com/monosaccharide-classify/.