Internal Relations Reading

READING
1 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
PRE-READING
A Before reading the text make sure you know the meanings of
the following words:
development sanction diverse equal

advancement ultimate involve entity
encourage research impact found
trace back mobilize notion train
recognize institute failure alter
stimulate superior resort seek
establish channel shame tool
devote to enforce range
B Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of

the word from the list above:
1) Most countries want to have _________ rights in global
decision making.
2) They also want to enjoy nuclear security for development
and _________ of their countries.
3) For this purposes states establish international institutions
_________ in diverse range of activities.
4) A number of organisations define their functions which
include _______ research, _______ personnel, _______
human contacts etc.
5) Diplomacy is one of the _________ to resolve issues instead
of resorting to force.
6) To alter a state’s unfair actions a world organisation can
mobilize international _________ .
7) The _________ of international shame can be effective.
8) International Relations _________ to analyse and define
foreign policy.
READING
Read the text and remember four systemic tools of international
relations mentioned in it.
7
International Relations
International Relations is the study of the relations of states
with each other and with international organisations and certain
subnational entities (e.g. political parties and interest groups). It
studies the roles of states, inter-governmental organisations, non-
governmental organisations, and multinational corporations.
International relations involves a diverse range of issues, from
globalisation and its impacts on societies and state sovereignty to
ecological problems, nuclear proliferation, economic
development, terrorism, organised crime, human security, and
human rights.
It seeks both to analyze as well as formulate foreign policy. It
is related to a number of other academic disciplines, including
political science, geography, history, economics, law, sociology,
psychology, and philosophy.
The history of international relations is often traced back to
the Peace of Westfalia of 1648, where the modern state system
was developed. Westfalia instituted the notion of sovereignty,
which meant that rulers, or sovereigns, would recognize no
internal equals within a defined territory, and no external
superiors. Westfalia encouraged the rise of the nation-state and the
institution of diplomacy and armies. Later, this European system
was exported to America, Africa and Asia. The contemporary
international system was finally established during the Cold War.
In the 1920s, there came a strong impulse toward the
development of international studies in universities. New centres,
institutes, and schools devoted to teaching and research in
International Relations were founded. Courses were organised and
general textbooks on the subject began to appear. Private
organisations were formed, and large grants were channeled to the
advancement of citizens in world affairs through special training
institutes, conferences, and seminars, and to the stimulation of
university research.
Systemic tools of international relations are:
 Diplomacy which is the practice of conducting negotiating
between representatives of states. All other tools of
international relations can be considered the failure of
diplomacy.
8
 Sanctions are usually a first resort after the failure of
diplomacy, and are one of the main tools used to enforce
treaties. They can take the form of diplomatic or economic
sanctions.
 War, the use of force, is often thought of as the ultimate
tool of international relations. A widely accepted definition
is that “war is the continuation of politics by other means”.
 The mobilization of international shame can also be
thought of as a tool of international relations. This is
attempting to alter states actions through ‘naming and
shaming’ at the international level.
POST-READING
Give the Russian equivalents for the following:
tools of international relations; practice of conducting
negotiations; the failure of diplomacy; a first resort; to alter
states actions; to name and shame states at international level;
economic sanctions; a widely accepted definition; the use of
force; representatives of states; schools devoted to teaching and
research; a strong impulse toward the development; the
contemporary international system; to encourage the rise of
diplomacy; to institute the notion of sovereignty; to trace back
to; to seek to analyse foreign policy; to be related to a number of
other academic disciplines; a diverse range of issues.
A Find the synonyms among verbs given below + policy

combinations:
conduct policy, form policy, consider policy, pursue policy,
analyse policy, decide policy, make policy.
B There is a set of words in the table related to the word

‘policy’. Explain their meanings.
cy
Poli+ tics
tical ly
tician

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READING

development sanction diverse equal

B Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of

A Find the synonyms among verbs given below + policy

B There is a set of words in the table related to the word

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