Ch-4: Force System Resultant: Book: Engineering Mechanics Statics and Dynamics by R. C. Hibbeler

Ch-4: Force System Resultant
Book:
 Engineering Mechanics Statics and Dynamics by R. C. Hibbeler
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 77

Force System Resultant
Moment of a Force—Scalar Formulation
Torque / Moment of a force / Moment.
 When a force is applied to a body it will produce a tendency for the body to
Rotate About A Point that is not on the line of action of the force
o A force is applied to the handle of the wrench it will tend to

turn the bolt about point O (or the z-axis)
o Magnitude of the moment is directly proportional to the

magnitude of F and the Perpendicular Distance or Moment
Arm d
o Larger the Force or the longer the Moment Arm, the

greater the Moment or Turning Effect

Torque / Moment of a force / Moment..contd...
 If the force F is applied at an angle θ ≠ 90o → it

will be more difficult to turn the bolt since the
moment arm d’ = dsinθ will be smaller than d
 If F is applied along the wrench, its moment

arm will be zero since the line of action of F
will intersect point O (the z axis the
moment of F about O is also zero and no
turning can occur


 Moment Mo about point O, or about an axis passing

through O and perpendicular to the plane, is a Vector
Quantity since it has a specified Magnitude and
Direction
 Magnitude Mo is:
d = Moment arm or Perpendicular Distance from the
axis at point O to the line of action of the force
Units of Moment: N.m or lb.ft
 Direction:
o Direction of Mo is defined by its Moment Axis →
perpendicular to the plane that contains the force F
and its moment arm d


 Direction: Right Hand Rule

o Natural Curl of the fingers of the Right Hand, as drawn
towards the palm, represent the tendency for rotation
caused by the Moment → Thumb of the Right Hand will
give the directional sense of Mo
o In 3D: Moment Vector is represented by a Curl around an

arrow
o In 2D: Moment Vector is represented only by a Curl


 Resultant Moment
o For 2D-problems, the resultant moment about point
O (the z axis) can be determined by finding the
algebraic sum of the moments caused by all the
forces in the system
o Counterclockwise are taken as Positive Moments →
they are directed along the positive z-axis (out of the
page)
o Clockwise are taken as Negative Moments
o Resultant Moment is:
If the numerical result of this sum is a Positive Scalar, (MR)owill be a counterclockwise

moment (Out of the Page); and if the result is Negative, (MR)owill be a clockwise
moment (Into the Page)

Example 4.1
For each case illustrated in Fig., determine the moment of the force about point O.
(a)
(d)
(c)


Example 4.2
Determine the resultant moment of the four forces acting on the rod shown in Fig.
about point O.

Ability to remove the nail will require the moment

of FH about point O > Moment of the force FN
about O that is needed to pull the nail out
oMoment of a force does not always cause a rotation

oForce F tends to rotate the beam clockwise about its support at A with a
moment F.dA
oActual rotation would occur if the support at B were removed.
Cross Product
 Cross Product is used to find the moment of force

 Cross Product of two vectors A and B yields the vector C
C equals A cross B
 Magnitude of C is the product of the magnitudes of A and B

and the sine of the angle θ between their tails :
 Direction Vector C has a direction perpendicular (or

Orthogonal) to the plane containing A and B, such that C is
specified by the Right-hand Rule
o Right-hand Rule: Curling the fingers of the right hand
from vector A (cross) to vector B
uc defines the direction of C

Cross Product
Laws of Operation
 Commutative Law is not valid:
Cross product BA yields a vector that has the same

magnitude but acts in the opposite direction to C
 Associative Law is valid:
magnitude of the resultant |a|ABsinθ vector and its direction

are the same in each case
 Distributive Law of Addition is valid:

Cross Product
Cartesian Vector Formulation
 Cross Product of any pair of Cartesian Unit Vectors
=
resultant vector points in the +k direction
o “Crossing” two unit vectors in a Counterclockwise Fashion

around the circle yields the Positive Third Unit Vector
o “Crossing” two unit vectors in a Clockwise Fashion around

the circle yields the Negative Third Unit Vector

Cross Product
Cartesian Vector Formulation—contd--
 Cross product of two general vectors A and B
To find the Cross Product of any two Cartesian

vectors A and B, expand a determinant whose
first row of elements consists of the unit vectors
i, j, and k and whose second and third rows
represent the x, y, z components of the two
vectors A and B, respectively

Moment of a Force—Vector Formulation

 Moment of a force F about point O, can be expressed
using the vector cross product
r represents a position vector directed from O to any point on the

line of action of F
 Magnitude
angle θ is measured between the tails of r and F
 Direction (Right-hand Rule):

Curling the Right-hand Fingers from r toward F (“r
cross F”) the Thumb is directed upward or
perpendicular to the plane containing r and F and
this is in the same direction as Mo


Principle of Transmissibility
 Any position vector r measured from point O to any point on the line of action of
the force F
Since F can be applied at any point along

its line of action and still create this same
moment about point O → F can be
considered a Sliding Vector
This property is called the principle

of Transmissibility of a Force


Cartesian Vector Formulation
 If we establish x, y, z coordinate axes, then the
position vector r and force F can be expressed
as Cartesian Vectors
Represent x, y, z components of the Position Vector drawn from

point O to any point on the line of action of the force
represent the x, y, z components of the Force Vector
Mo will always be perpendicular to the shaded plane containing vectors r and F


Resultant Moment of a System of Forces
 Resultant Moment of any number of

forces about point O can be
determined by vector addition of the
moment of each force


Example 4.3
Determine the moment produced by the
force F in Fig. about point O. Express the
result as a Cartesian vector.

Principle of Moments
Principle of Moments----Verignon’s Theorem
 Moment of a Force about a point is equal to the sum of the
moments of the components of the force about the point
o consider
the Moments of the Force F and two of its
components about point O
Since,
 For 2D problems, Principle of Moments can

be used by resolving the force into its
Rectangular Components and then
determine the moment using a scalar
analysis

Principle of Moments
Moment of the applied force F

about point O is easy to determine
if we use the principle of moments

Example 4.5
Determine the moment of the force in Fig. about point O.

Problem 4.12
Determine the angle θ (0o ≤ θ ≤ 180o) of the force F so that it produces a maximum
moment and a minimum moment about point A. Also, what are the magnitudes of
these maximum and minimum moments?

Problem 4.14
Serious neck injuries can occur

when a football player is struck in
the face guard of his helmet in
the manner shown. Determine the
moment of the knee force P = 50
lb about point A. What would be
the magnitude of the neck force F
so that it gives the
counterbalancing moment about
A?

Example 4.5
In order to raise the lamp post from the position

shown, the force F on the cable must create a
counterclockwise moment of 1500 lb.ft about point
A. Determine the magnitude of F that must be
applied to the cable.

Example 4.7
Determine the resultant moment

produced by forces FB and FC
about point O. Express the result
as a Cartesian Vector.

Moment about a fixed axis

 Sometimes, the moment produced by a force
about a specified axis must be determined.
 Scalar Analysis: The moment arm perpendicular

distance from the axis to the line of action of the
force is dcos θ Thus, the moment of F about the
y axis is F (d cos θ)
 Vector Analysis: we must first determine the

moment of the force about any point O on the
y axis by applying Mo = r x F
 The component along the y axis is the projection
of onto the y axis. It can be found by DOT
PRODUCT

Moment about a fixed axis
 Vector Analysis: Projection can be generalized by

letting u be the unit vector that specifies the
direction of the axis. Then the moment of F about
the axis is

Moment of a Couple
 Couple is defined as two parallel forces that have
the same magnitude, but opposite directions, and
are separated by a perpendicular distance d
 Since the Resultant Force is zero, the only effect of a

couple is to produce a rotation or tendency of rotation
in a specified direction E.g, Steering Wheel of a Car
 CoupleMoment: Moment produced

by a couple is called a Couple
Moment
-F
F

Moment of a Couple
 Valueof Couple Moment can be determined

by finding the sum of the moments of both
couple forces about any arbitrary point
 Couple Moment determined about O
Couple Moment is a free vector, i.e., it can act at

any point since M depends only upon the position
vector r directed between the forces and not the
position vectors rA and rB directed from the
arbitrary point O to the forces

Moment of a Couple
Scalar Formulation
 Moment of a couple, M is defined as having a magnitude of
F = Magnitude of one of the forces

d = Perpendicular Distance or Moment Arm between the
forces
 Directionand Sense of the couple moment are

determined by the Right-hand Rule
o Thumb indicates this direction when the Fingers are curled with the
sense of rotation caused by the Couple Forces

Moment of a Couple
Vector Formulation
 Moment of a Couple can also be expressed by the Vector Cross Product
 If Moments are taken about point A, Moment of –

F is zero about this point, and the moment of F is
defined as M = r F

Moment of a Couple
Equivalent Couples
 If two couples produce a moment with the same magnitude and direction, then
these two couples are Equivalent
o Larger
forces are required in the second case to create the same turning effect
because the hands are placed closer together
Moment of a Couple
Resultant Couple Moment
 Moments are vectors, their resultant can be determined by Vector Addition
 Consider the couple moments M1 and M2 acting on the pipe
 Since each couple moment is a Free Vector, their
tails cab be joined at any arbitrary point to find
the resultant couple moment
 For more than two couple moments, generalized

form of the vector resultant is:

Example 4.8
Determine the resultant couple moment of the three couples acting on the plate in
Fig.

Example 4.9
Determine the couple moment acting on the pipe shown in Fig. 4–32. Segment
AB is directed 30° below the x–y plane.

Example 4.10
Replace the two couples acting on the pipe column in Fig. by a resultant couple
moment.

Example 4.10
If F = 200 lb, determine the resultant couple

moment.

Example 4.11
If M1 = 180 ld.ft, M2 = 90
lb.ft, and M3 = 120 lb.ft,
determine the magnitude
and coordinate direction
angles of the resultant
couple moment.

Simplification of a Force and Couple System

 Sometimes it is convenient to reduce a system of forces and couple moments
acting on a body to a simpler form by replacing it with an Equivalent System →
consisting of a Single Resultant Force acting at a specific point and a Resultant
Couple Moment
 Equivalent System: A system is Equivalent if the External Effects it produces on
a body are the same as those caused by the original force and couple moment
system
 External Effects of a system refer to the Translating and Rotating motion of the
body if the body is free to move, or it refers to the Reactive Forces at the
supports if the body is held fixed
Force F is moved from A to B without

modifying its external effects on the stick; i.e.,
reaction at the grip remains same

 Force can be moved to a point that is not on the line of action of the force
o F is applied perpendicular to the stick,
o then we can attach a pair of equal but opposite
forces F and –F
o Force F is now applied at B, and the other two
forces, F at A and –F at B, form a Couple that
produces the Couple Moment
force F can be moved from A to B provided a B

couple moment M is added to maintain an
Equivalent System
o Inboth cases the systems are equivalent which

causes a Downward Force F and Clockwise
Couple Moment M= Fd to be felt at the grip B


System of Forces and Couple Moments
 O is not on the line of action of F1, and so this force
can be moved to point O provided a couple moment
M1 = r1  F1 is added to the body
 Similarly, M2 = r2  F2 couple moment should be added to

the body when we move F2 to point O
 Since the Couple Moment M is a free

vector, it can just be moved to point O
 Equivalent System is now obtained,

which produces the same external
effects on the body as that of the
original Force and Couple System =

 By summing the forces and couple moments:

Resultant Force = FR = F1 + F2
Resultant Couple Moment = (MR)O = M + M1 + M2
 In general, the method of reducing a Force and
Couple System to an Equivalent System is
represented using following Equations:
Resultant Force FR of the system is

equivalent to the sum of all the forces
Resultant Couple Moment (MR)o of the
system is equivalent to the sum of all the
couple moments 𝚺M plus the moments of
all the forces 𝚺MO
Weights of these traffic lights can be replaced by their equivalent resultant force:
WR = W1 + W2, and a couple moment (MR)O = W1d1 + W2d2 at the support, O
In both cases the Support must provide the same resistance to Translation and
Rotation in order to keep the member in the Horizontal Position

Example 4.12
Replace the force and couple system acting on the member in Fig. by an
equivalent resultant force and couple moment acting at point O.

Example 4.13
The structural member is subjected to a couple moment M and forces F1 and F2
and shown in Fig. Replace this system by an equivalent resultant force and
couple moment acting at its base, point O.

Example 4.13
The slab is to be hoisted using the three slings shown. Replace the system of
forces acting on slings by an equivalent force and couple moment at point O. The
force F1 is vertical.


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Ch-4: Force System Resultant

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 77

Moment of a Force—Scalar Formulation

Torque / Moment of a force / Moment.

o A force is applied to the handle of the wrench it will tend to

o Magnitude of the moment is directly proportional to the

o Larger the Force or the longer the Moment Arm, the

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 78

Moment of a Force—Scalar Formulation

Torque / Moment of a force / Moment..contd...

 If the force F is applied at an angle θ ≠ 90o → it

 If F is applied along the wrench, its moment

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 79

Moment of a Force—Scalar Formulation

 Moment Mo about point O, or about an axis passing

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 80

Moment of a Force—Scalar Formulation

 Direction: Right Hand Rule

o In 3D: Moment Vector is represented by a Curl around an

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 81

Moment of a Force—Scalar Formulation

If the numerical result of this sum is a Positive Scalar, (MR)owill be a counterclockwise

Moment of a Force—Scalar Formulation

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 83

Moment of a Force—Scalar Formulation

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 84

Moment of a Force—Scalar Formulation

Ability to remove the nail will require the moment

oMoment of a force does not always cause a rotation

 Cross Product is used to find the moment of force

 Magnitude of C is the product of the magnitudes of A and B

 Direction Vector C has a direction perpendicular (or

uc defines the direction of C

Cross product BA yields a vector that has the same

 Associative Law is valid:

magnitude of the resultant |a|ABsinθ vector and its direction

 Distributive Law of Addition is valid:

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 87

o “Crossing” two unit vectors in a Counterclockwise Fashion

o “Crossing” two unit vectors in a Clockwise Fashion around

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 88

To find the Cross Product of any two Cartesian

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 89

Moment of a Force—Vector Formulation

r represents a position vector directed from O to any point on the

 Direction (Right-hand Rule):

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 90

Moment of a Force—Vector Formulation

Since F can be applied at any point along

This property is called the principle

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 91

Moment of a Force—Vector Formulation

Represent x, y, z components of the Position Vector drawn from

Mo will always be perpendicular to the shaded plane containing vectors r and F

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 92

Moment of a Force—Vector Formulation

 Resultant Moment of any number of

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 93