Chapter-1

“Introduction to Communication
Systems”
Cont..
 Problems of Communication Channel

1- Attenuation

 Reduction in the received power

level due to signal displacement.

 Exists in both wire and wireless

channels.

Problem Solution:
 By means of signal amplification at both transmitting and receiving ends.
(multi-stage amplifier is recommended at receiver).
2- Noise

 It is random variation of voltage against

time added to information signal.

 Exists in both wire and wireless

channels.
3

0.8 2

0.6

0.4

Channel
1
0.2

-0.2 0

-0.4

-0.6
-1
-0.8

-1

+
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Tx
-2

-3
Rx
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Information signal Received signal

S(t) S(t) + N(t)
2

1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

Noise signal
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

N(t)
 Types of noise

1- Internal noise: generated inside transmitter or receiver due to random motion of electrons
inside circuit components as a result of temperature rise.

2- External noise: generated outside transmitter or receiver due to effect of external sources such
as: atmospheric changes, microwave towers, industrial smoke , ….

Problem Solution:
 Increase information signal power w.r.t. noise power known by signal- to- noise ratio
(SNR).
 Apply high order LPF at the receiver last stage (sharp cut- off) in order to reject
noise spectrum as much as possible.
3- Distortion
 Exists in wireless channels only due to
reflection of transmitted signal over
obstacles between transmitter and receiver
known by multi-paths fading.

 Effect of any channel could be represented

by its transfer function 𝑯𝑪 𝒇 which is time
variant in most cases of wireless channel.

𝑿(𝒇) 𝑯𝑪 𝒇 𝑿 𝒇 . 𝑯𝑪 𝒇
 Ideal channel (distortionless) should have Received
Transmitted Channel signal
transfer function with constant amplitude and signal
linear phase but that never happen in wireless
channels due multipath effect.
Problem Solution:
 Elimination of channel distortion could be done by applying equalizer filter at the
receiver which is the inverse of channel transfer function.

𝑿(𝒇) 𝑿 𝒇 . 𝑯𝑪 𝒇 𝑿 𝒇
𝑻𝒙 𝑯𝑪 𝒇 𝟏
𝑯𝑪 𝒇
Channel
Equalizer
Rx
4- Interference

 In multi-user communication system (wire or wireless channels) there should be

one of multiplexing techniques applied; TDM, FDM, TDM/FDM, or CDM.

 If transmitted signals are not separated enough in time domain, frequency domain,
or codes, that will result in signals interference which could never demultiplexd well
at receiver.

Problem Solution:
 In TDM system, there should be enough time spacing between successive
samples or bits.
 In FDM system, there should be enough guard band between successive spectra.

 In CDM system, users’ code should orthogonal.

 Advantages of Digital Comm. System over Analog one

(1) Noise Immunity:

Digital information signal is resistive to noise rather than analog signal. The reason for that is the ability
of applying threshold detector when receiving digital signal. This couldn’t be applied in analog system.

Analog
Source A/D + D /A Distention

Threshold Detector
1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

“Noise Signal”
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
(2) Regeneration using Repeaters:
Due to long distance between transmitter and receiver, received signal will be distorted or at least attenuated. In
case of digital system, repeaters could be inserted in different locations between Tx and Rx in order to
regenerate and amplify received signal.

Amp

Regenerative Repeater

(3) Security Coding of Information:

In digital system only, various forms of data coding could be applied in order to protect data from error and
unauthenticated access.
 Chapter (2)

“Amplitude Modulation AM”

 Introduction to modulation

 Modulation process is modification applied to periodic signal called carrier by

information signal as essential stage in transmitter producing modulated signal. At
receiver, reverse process occurs called demodulation in order to recover information
signal from modified received carrier signal.

 Two types of carrier signals are used in communication systems;

1- Continuous wave or CW which is sinusoidal signal that to be used in case of
wireless channels.

2- Pulse wave or PW that to be used in case of wire channels.

 Modulation Types

CW Modulation PW Modulation
“Wireless Channel” “Wire Channel”

Analog Information Digital Information Analog Information Digital Information

 AM  ASK  PAM  PCM

 FM  FSK  PWM  DPCM

 PM  PSK  PPM  DM
Abbreviation List:
 AM: amplitude modulation

 FM: frequency modulation

 PM: phase modulation

 ASK: amplitude shift keying

 FSK: frequency shift keying

 PSK: phase shift keying

 PAM: pulse amplitude modulation.

 PWM: pulse width modulation.

 PPM: pulse position modulation.

 PCM: pulse code modulation.

 DPCM: differential pulse code modulation.

 DM: delta modulation.

 Tx Rx
Recovered
Channel
Information signal
Information signal Modulator Demodulator
or modulating signal
Modulated
signal

Carrier signal

𝒎(𝒕)
1- Amplitude Modulation: 𝒙𝑨𝑴(𝒕)

 Modification applied to amplitude of CW carrier by 𝒕

𝒕
Modulating 𝒄(𝒕)
amplitude of analog information signal. signal AM signal
“Modulated signal”
𝒕
 The simplest method of AM is by using multiplier as Carrier signal with
frequency 𝑓𝑐
shown in the coming figure:
Spectrum of AM Signal:

𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 1 1
𝑥𝐴𝑀 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 . cos 2𝜋𝑓𝐶 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
2 2 2
1 1
∴ 𝑋𝐴𝑀 𝑓 = 𝑀 𝑓 − 𝑓𝐶 + 𝑀 𝑓 + 𝑓𝐶
2 2

𝑴(𝒇)
Baseband
Signal

𝒇
−𝐵 𝟎 𝐵

𝑿𝑨𝑴 𝒇
Band pass
Signal

−𝑓𝑐 − 𝐵 −𝑓𝑐 −𝑓𝑐 + 𝐵 𝑓𝑐 − 𝐵 𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐 + 𝐵 𝒇

𝟎
 Very Important Definitions:

 Baseband Signal: is the signal before modulation at its original low frequency (i.e. spectrum
centralized about zero frequency)

 Band pass Signal: is the modulated signal after being shifted to carrier frequency (i.e.
spectrum centralized about carrier frequency)

 Baseband Modulation: is PW modulation in which spectrum of modulated signal will still

centralized about zero frequency