MVS ACADEMY

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MVS ACADEMY GEOMATICS ENGINEERING MODULE-94

Principles of surveying; Errors and their adjustment; Maps - scale, coordinate system

Surveying is defined as the science of making measurements of the earth specifically the surface of the
earth. This is being carried at by finding the spatial location of points on or near the surface of the earth.
Different methods and instruments are being used to facilitate the work of surveying.

The primary aims of field Surveying are:

1. To measure the horizontal distance between points.

2. To measure the vertical elevation between points.
3. To find out the relative direction of lines by measuring horizontal angles with reference to any arbitrary
direction.
4. To find out absolute direction by measuring horizontal angles with reference to a fixed direction.
These parameters are utilized to find out the relative or absolute co-ordinates or location.

Importance of Surveying: The Planning and design of all Civil Engineering Projects such as Construction of
highways, bridges, tunnels, dams etc are based upon surveying measurements. Moreover, during
execution, project of any magnitude is constructed along the lines and points established by surveying.
Thus surveying is a basic requirement for all civil engineering projects other principal works in which
surveying is primarily utilized are

1. To fix the national and state boundaries.

2. To chart coast lines, navigate streams and lakes
3. To establish control points.
4. To execute hydrographic and oceanographic charting and mapping.
5. To prepare topographic map of land surface of the earth.

Objectives of surveying:

1. To collect field data

2. To prepare plan or map of the area surveyed
3. To analyze and to calculate the field parameters for setting out operation of actual engineering works.
4. To set out field parameters at the site for further engineering works.

Divisions of surveying: The approximate shape of the earth can best be defined as an absolute tri-axial
ovaloid. But most of the civil engineering works, concern only with a small portion of the earth which
seems to be plane surface. Thus, based upon the consideration of the shape of the earth, surveying is
broadly divided into two types.

(a) Geodetic surveying (b) Plane surveying

(a) Geodetic surveying: The shape of earth is taken consideration.

(b) Plane surveying: The mean surface of earth is considered to be a plane surface.

Classification of surveying:

1. Control surveying: To establish horizontal and vertical positions of control points.

2. Land surveying: To determine the boundaries and areas of land.
(a) Topographical survey: To prepare a plan or map of a region which includes natural as well as man-
made features
(b) Cadastral survey: This is referred to extensive urban and rural surveys made to plot the details such as
boundaries of fields, houses and property lines.

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MVS ACADEMY GEOMATICS ENGINEERING MODULE-95

Correction for curvature:

BC

( )

Radius of earth R 6370km

0.0785 , D is in km, in m

The correction is negative

Refraction: The rays of light while passing through layers of air of different densities refract or bend
down. It is 1/ of the curvature correction.

Refraction correction

The correction due to refraction is additive

Combined correction: (negative)

Arithmetic check: ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑

Questions and Answers:

24. An observer standing on the deck of a ship just sees the top of a lighthouse. The top of the
lighthouse is 40m above the sea level and the height of the observer’s eye is 5m above the sea
level. The distance (in km. up to one decimal place) of the observer from the lighthouse
is_____________ (GATE:CE-2017-II)
Ans: 33.0

25. The staff reading taken on a workshop floor using a level is 0.645 m. The inverted staff reading taken to
the bottom of a beam is 2.960 m. The reduced level of the floor is 40.500 m. The reduced level (expressed
in m) of the bottom of the beam is (GATE:CE-2016)
(A) 44.105 (B) 43.460 (C) 42.815 (D) 41.145
Ans: A

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26. The vertical angles subtended by the top of a tower T at two instrument stations set up at P and Q, are
shown in the figure. The two stations are in line with the tower and spaced at a distance of 60 m.
Readings taken from these two stations on a leveling staff placed at the benchmark (BM = 450.000 m) are
also shown in the figure. The reduced level of the top of the tower T (expressed in m) is _________
(GATE:CE-2016)

Ans:
ℎ
ℎ
ℎ
ℎ
ℎ ℎ ℎ

27. The latitude and departure of a line AB are and m respectively. The whole circle bearing of
the line AB is
(A) (B) (C) (D)

Ans: D

330

28. The reduced bearing of a 10 m long line is N30°E. The departure of the line is (GATE:CE-2016)
(A) 10.00 m (B) 8.66 m (C) 7.52 m (D) 5.00 m
Ans:D

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MVS ACADEMY GEOMATICS ENGINEERING MODULE-95

R. Bubble tube 3. Plain table surveying

S. Stadia hair 4. Theodolite surveying
(A) P – 3; Q – 2; R – 1; S – 4 (B) P – 2; Q – 4; R – 3; S – 1
(C) P – 1; Q – 2; R – 4; S – 3 (D) P – 3; Q – 1; R – 2; S – 4
Ans: D

39. A levelling is carried out to establish the Reduced Levels (RL) of point R with respect to the Bench Mark
(BM) at P. The staff readings taken are given below. (GATE: CE-2014)
Staff station BS IS FS RL
1.655 m 100.00 m
P
0.950 m 1.500 m
Q
0.750 m ?
R
If RL of P is +100.000 m, then RL (in m) of R is

(A) 103.355 (B) 103.155 (C) 101.455 (D) 100.355

Ans: C
( )

40. Following bearings are observed while traversing with a compass

Line Fore bearing Back bearing
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
After applying the correction due to local attraction, the corrected fore bearing of line BC will be
a) b) c) d)

Ans: D

By observation FB and BB of DE are differs by

∴The points D and E are free from local attraction
∴The FB of EA is correct and is
The BB of EA =
Correction=
The FB of AB =
The BB of AB =
Correction =
The FB of BC=

41. In quadrantal bearing system, bearing of line varies from

a) to b) to c) to d) to
Ans: C

42. The magnetic bearing of a line AB was in the year 1967, when the declination was . If
the present declination is , the whole circle bearing of the line is

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MVS ACADEMY GEOMATICS ENGINEERING MODULE-95

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Ans: B

True bearing =
=

Magnetic bearing =
=
W.C.B=360-
=
43. The plan of survey plotted to a scale of 10m to 1cm is reduced in such a way that a line originally 10cm
long now measure 9cm. the area of the reduced plan is measured as 81 . The actual ( ) area of the
survey is
(A) 10000 (B) 6561 (C) 1000 (D) 1656

Ans: A

( )
44. A 20 m steel tape used in a mine survey is found to be 20 cm short when compared with a standard tape.
If the measured volume of a dump using the tape is 4000 , its actual volume in is (GATE-2013, MN)
(A) 3881 (B) 3902 (C) 3920 (D) 4121
Ans: A

( )
45. The boundary of a mine is plotted on a scale of 1:2000. If a planimeter measures the plotted area as 58
, the actual mine area in is (GATE-2013, MN)
(A) 5800 (B) 11600 (C) 23200 (D) 29000
Ans: C

( )
46. The following observations are taken during a closed traverse. (GATE-2013, MN)

Side Length (m) WCB

AB 100 90°
BC 173 180°
CA 200 330°
(i) The closing error of the traverse in mm is

(A) 205 (B) 20.5 (C) 2.05 (D) 0.205

(ii) The reduced bearing of the closing error in degrees is

(A) 87.21 (B) 64.03 (C) 14.04 (D) 0

Ans:

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Curvature

Combined correction

62. An observer standing on the deck of a ship just sees the top of a lighthouse. The top of the lighthouse is
40m above the sea level and the height of the observer’s eye is 5m above the sea level. The distance (in
km. up to one decimal place) of the observer from the lighthouse is_____________ (GATE:2017-1)
Ans: 33.0

63. A observer standing on the deck of a ship just sees a light house. The top of the light house is 64m. Above
sea level and the height of observer’s eye is 9m above sea level. Find the distance of the observer from
the light house.
Ans: 42.39

64. A reduced level of ground at A and B are 54.35, 54.30 respectively. A sewer is to be laid so that its invert is
3.048m below the ground at A and its falls with a uniform gradient of 1 in 340 to B. the distance of AB is
35.845m. Find the invert level and depth of trench at B.
(A) 51.197, 3.103 (B) 50.197, 3.103 (C) 51.197, 2.103 (D) 52, 3
Ans: A
Invert level at A
Invert level at B

Depth of ttench = 54.3-51.197=3.103m

65. Reciprocal levelling was done between two points A and B situated on the opposite sides of a valley 730m
wide.
Instrument at Staff at
A B
1.463 1.688
A
0.991 1.463
B

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Determine the difference in level between A and B and the amount of collimation error.
a) 0.3485, b) 0.2485, 0.1235 c) 0.2485, d) 0.1, 0.2

Ans: A
st
Incorrect level difference between A & B in 1 case
nd
Incorrect level difference between A & B in 2 case
True level difference
Correct reading of B in case-I = 1.463 + 0.3485 = 1.8115
Assume collimation error is downwards and its value as
Correct reading = observed reading

66. In leveling between the two points A and B on opposite banks of a river, the level was set up near A and
the staff readings on A and B were 2.15m and 3.565m respectively. The level was then moved to B and
the respective staff readings on A and B were 1.965m and 3.260m. find the true difference in levels A and
B?
(A) 1.355 (B) 1.255 (C) 1.455 (D) 1.655

Ans: A
( ) ( )

67. Calculate the combined correction for curvature and refraction for distance of 5Km and 500m
(A) 1.682, 0.168 (B) 1.682, 0.0168 (C) 0.168, 1.682 (D) 0.0168, 1.682
Ans: b

( ) ( ) is for refraction
Combined correction = = 0.0673
0.0673
0.0673
68. A level is set up at C on a line AB at 60m from A and 700m from B. The B.S on A is 2.65m and F.S on B is
2.78m. Find the difference in levels between A and B.
(A) 0.097 (B) 0.096 (C) 0.098 (D) 0.095

Ans: A

Correction for B.S

Correction for F.S
Correct B.S.
Correct F.S.

69. A back sight reading on B.M = 100m was 3.25m. The inverted staff reading to the bottom of girder was
1.25m. the RL of the bottom of girder is
(A) 101.25 (B) 102.0 (C) 104.50 (D) 103.25

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Ans: C

70. A light house of 120m height is just visible above the horizon from a ship. The correct distance (m)
between the ship and the light house considering combined correction for curvature and refraction is
(A) 39.098 (B) 42.226 (C) 39098 (D) 42226

Ans: B

Combined correction
0.0673

71. The following are levels of a three points. Find the R.L of point C. bench mark +100.00 is taken at point A
B.S I.S F.S Point
1.8 A
0.4 B
1.2 C
Ans: 100.6

B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L Remarks

1.80 101.80(b) 100.0(a) A(B.M)
0.4 101.40 B
1.2 100.60(c) C

72. A leveling instrument was set up at a point P and levels are taken at A, B and C. The readings are 1.2, 0.8
and 2.1 respectively. If the bench mark is taken at B and it is R.L is +100, find the R. Then the level of C----?
Ans: 98.7

B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L Remarks

1.2 100.8(a) 99.6(b) A
0.8 100.00 B(B.M)
2.1 98.7(c) C
a)

b)

c)

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Ans: D

126. The vertical photograph was taken at an altitude of 1500 m above MSL. If the focal length of the camera is
20 m, the scale of photograph for a terrain lying at an elevation of 500 m is (ES:2000)

(A) 1:50 (B) 1:100 (C) 1:1000 (D) 1:25

Ans:

127. A tower appears in two successive photographs taken at an altitude of 4000 m above datum. The focal
length of the camera is 160 mm. The length of the air base is 300 m. The parallax for the top and bottom
of the pole are 72 mm and 63 mm respectively. The height of the top of the tower above the bottom
nearly (ES:2001)
(A) 63 m (B) 72 m (C) 95 m (D) 135 m
Ans:

ℎ
ℎ

ℎ
ℎ
ℎ ℎ ℎ ℎ

128. A vertical photograph of a chimney was taken from and elevation of 500 m above MSL. the base of the
chimney was 250 m. If the relief displacement of the chimney was 51.4 mm and the radial distance of the
image was 110 mm, the height of the chimney is (ES:2002)
(A) 233.64 m (B) 133.2 m (C) 116.82 m (D) 58.41 m
Ans:
ℎ
ℎ
ℎ

129. An image of the top of the hill is 96mm from the principal point of the photograph. The elevation of the
top of the hill is 500 m and the flying height is 4000m above the datum. The relief displacement will be
(A) 768mm (B) 88mm (C) 12mm (D) 8mm
Ans: C
Relief displacement, d

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GPS receivers

A special radio receiver is used to detect and decode GPS signals and to return the output to the user in a
useable form. The characteristics of the receiver depend on the application for which it was designed.
Consumer receives meant for land navigation or boating will usually have a LCD display and may have an
RS-232 digital output. Receivers intended for commercial airlines will usually only have a data port
intended to integrate into the aircraft’s navigation system and will be able to calculate the relatively
accuracy of the information it is receiving.

Type of receiver’s

The receivers can be classified bases on

A) Architecture
1. Sequential receivers
2. Continuous receiver
3. Multiplex receivers
B) Method of operation
1. Code correlation receiver’s
2. Carrier phase receiver’s
C) Application
1. General purpose handheld receivers
2. Attitude determination receivers
3. Aviation receivers
4. Automobile navigation, IVHS and fleet location receivers
5. Mapping and data collection receivers
6. Marine receivers’
7. OEM receivers
8. Space receivers
9. Survey receivers
10. Timing receiver’s

Questions and Answers:

194. The minimum number of satellites needed for a GPS to determine its position precisely is (GATE:CE-
2016)
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 24
Ans: C
195. For a air borne application and materialization of GPS receiver and easy construction, which is the most
frequent used antenna?
A) microchip B) micropole C) spiralhelix D) chokering
Ans: A
196. What is the minimum number of satellites required from which signals can be recorded to enable a global
positioning systems receiver to determine latitude, longitude and altitude?
A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 3
Ans: C

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