Math 2280 - Assignment 13

Dylan Zwick
Spring 2014

Section 9.1 - 1, 8, 11, 13, 21

Section 9.2 - 1, 9, 15, 17, 20
Section 9.3 - 1, 5, 8, 13, 20

1
Section 9.1 Periodic Functions and Trigonometric
-

Series
9.1.1 - Sketch the graph of the function f defined for all t by the given
formula, and determine whether it is periodic. If so, find its smallest
period.

f(t) = sin3t.

Solution -

Periodic with period —fl.

2
9.1.8 - Sketch the graph of the function f defined for all t by the given
formula, and determine whether it is periodic. If so, find its smallest
period.

f(t) = sinhiit.

Solution —

€
Not periodic.

3
9.1.11 - The value of a period 2ir function f(t) in one full period is given
below. Sketch several periods of its graph and find its Fourier series.

f(t) =1, —
t

Solution -

Just the constant function 1. The Fourier series for this will be just 1,
but let’s formally calculate it anyways.

ir
1 1
=—
0
a f dt=—(n—(—r))=2.

For n 1:

f?r
1 1
= —J cos(nt)dt= —sin(nt)
--
=0—0=0.

pir
1 —1
=
7T
— J sin (nt)dt =
fl71
cos (nt)
0.
= — (cos (nir) — cos (nir)) =

So, the Fourier series for 1 is:

a. 9
- + a cos (nt) + b sin (ni) = = 1.

Wow!

4
9.1.13 - The value of a period 2ir function f(t) in one full period is given
below. Sketch several periods of its graph and find its Fourier series.

—71<t<O
f(t)={

Solution -

—-Fr ?J7

The Fourier coefficients are:

ao = ff(t)dt =
f
1 dt= = 1.

For n 1:

ir
1 1 1
cos(nt)clt sin (nt)
a = —

it
ff(t)coS(nt)dt =

0—0
J—
iT
= 0.
=
fliT-
=

1 71
r —1
=

— J f(t) sin (nt)dt

1 (2
iF f
o
sin (nt)dt
noaa
= —cos(nt)
flit 10
=

—(cos(nit)—1)— J
0 neven

So, the Fourier series is:

1 2
-+-
2 it
(sill(t) + sin(3t) + sin(5t) +...).

5
9.1.21 The value of a period 2ii- function f(t) in one full period is given
-

below. Sketch several periods of its graph and find its Fourier series.

,
2
f(t)=t —<t<n

The Fourier coefficients are:

1 fir 2 2 2 2n
2
0
a = I t
dt
2 = I t dt 3
—t =
0
in 3
— —

For in > 1:

a
=
11 2 cos (nt)dt
t
2 (‘t
2 sin (nt) 2t cos (nt) 2 sin (nt) ‘\ — 2 (‘2in cos (nm) —

+ 2 3 2 —

}0’\
4(_1)Th

b =
2
t sin (nt)dt = 0 (Odd function.)

So, the Fourier series is:

/ cos(2ri)
+
cos(3t) cos(4t)
+...
——4icos(t)— —

3 \\ 4 9 16

6
Section 9.2 - General Fourier Series and Conver
gence
9.2.1 - The values of a periodic function f(t) in one full period are given
below; at each discontinuity the value of f(t) is that given by the
average value condition. Sketch the graph of f and find its Fourier
series.

—2 —3<t<O
f(t)={
2 O<t<3

Solution

The function f(t) is odd, so all the cosine terms will be 0. The sine
terms are:

n7rt’\ 2 1 n7rt’
1
f(t)sin()dt=J 2sin)dt
bfl=-I
3 —3
8
4
f3 sin
nt
1
1
\\3)
1 dt =
nir
— (—1))
= { nodd
even

The Fourier series for f(t) is:

8/. /t 1. /3irt’\ 1
—(sin I + sin )+sin()+).
n
—

7
9.2.9 - The values of a periodic function f(t) in one full period are given
below; at each discontinuity the value of f(t) is that given by the
average value condition. Sketch the graph of f and find its Fourier
series.

,
2
f(t)t 1<t<1

Solution -

The function f(t) is even, so all the sine terms in its Fourier series are
zero. As for the cosine terms we have:

1’ t’ 1 fiN 2
= I t
0
a dt=—
2 =——I——I=—.
i—i 3— 3 3J 3

a
= f 2 cos (nt)dt
t = 2
f 2 cos (nt)dt
t

2 sin (riirt)
ft 2t cos (nlft) 2 sin (nirt) N 4
= 2 ( + 2 2 3 3 J = 2 2
cos (nn)
fir —

fiT Jo fiT

-
4(_1)Th
’ff
f
2

So, the Fourier series for the function f(t) is:

1 4 / cos (2irt) cos (3irt)

—

— cos (irt) +
— 9 —

8
9.2.15 -

(a) - Suppose that f is a function of period Ti

2 with f(t) = 2
t for
o <t < 2ir. Show that
cos nt sin nt
f(t)rrr- +4 2 47r:
n=1 n=1

and sketch the graph of f, indicating the value at each disconti

nuity.

(b) - Deduce the series summations

1Ti
= 6
m=1

and

n+1 2

p212
72=1

from the Fourier series in part (a).

Solution -

(a) - Sketch of the graph:

‘I

-ZTI
Yir
The Fourier coefficients are:

9
 2π  2π
1 1 t3  8π 2
Z
2
a0 = t dt = = .
π 0 π 3 0 3

1 2π 2
Z
an = t cos (nt)dt =
π 0
2π
1 t2 sin (nt) 2t cos (nt) 2 sin (nt) 

+ −
π n n2 n3 
0
9π cos (2nπ) 4
= = 2.
πn2 n
Z 2π
1
bn = t2 sin (nt)dt =
π 0
 2 2π
1 t cos (nt) 2t sin (nt) 2 sin (nt) 
− − +
π n n2 n3 
0
4π cos (2nπ) 4π
=− =− .
n n

So, the Fourier series for the function f (t) is:

∞ ∞
a0 X X
+ an cos (nt) + bn sin (nt)
2 n=1 n=1
∞ ∞
4π 2 X cos (nt) X sin (nt)
= +4 − 4π .
3 n=1
n 2
n=1
n

4π 2 + 0
(b) - The averaged value of our function at t = 0 is = 2π 2 .
2
So,

∞
24π 2 X 1
2π = +4
3 n=1
n2
∞
π2 X 1
⇒ = .
6 n=1
n2

At t = π we get:

10
 ∞
2 4π 2 X (−1)n
π = +4
3 n=1
n2
∞
π2 X (−1)n
⇒− =4
3 n=1
n2
∞
π 2 X (−1)n
⇒− =
12 n=1 n2
∞
π 2 X (−1)n+1
⇒ = .
12 n=1 n2

11
9.2.17 -

(a) - Supose that f is a funciton of period 2 with f(t) = t for 0 <t <
2. Show that

— 2 sin n_irt
f(t) = 1

and sketch the graph of f, indicating the value at each disconti

nuity.

(b) - Substitute an appropriate value of t to deduce Leibniz’s series

11 it

Solution Sketch of the graph:

-

(a) -

-L[
L
G
The Fourier coefficients will be:
2 2
t21

ao=I 0
tdt=— =2.

2
2
t sin (nirt) cos (flirt)
tcos(nirt)=
aflJ 0 flit
—

7_i 2
it 10
(2sin(2nir) cos(2nir)’\
(o + 0.
— 2_i2
) —

_i2_i2)
=
it2it2i2it2
=

‘2
(tcos (nirt) sin (nt)N 2
)L
—

= = + 22
I2t5ffi
0 nit nit

12
 So, the Fourier series for f (t) is:

∞ ∞
a0 X X
+ an cos (nt) + bn sin (nt)
2 n=1 n=1
∞
2 X sin (nπt)
=1− .
π n=1 n

1
(b) - If we plug in t = we get:
2
∞

1 2 X sin nπ 2
=1−
2 π n=1 n
∞

2 X sin nπ 2 1
⇒ =
π n=1 n 2
∞

π X sin nπ 2 1 1 1
⇒ = = 1 − + − + ···.
4 n=1
n 3 5 7

13
9.2.20 - Derive the Fourier series given below, and graph the period 2ir
function to which the series converges.

cosnt — 2
3t — 6irt+27r
2
(0 < t < 2ir)
— 12

2
3t — 671t + 2712
Solution If we take the even extension of f(t)
- = we
12
must have b,, = 0 for all n, and

2
f 2
(3t — 6irt + 2712)
12
dt = 2: ( 3
t — 3irt + 271 2 tN
12
1
27r

1 (‘8712 127r2 ± 4ir

— —

12
2
)=.
As for the a terms, these are (after a nasty integral, which you can
do using Mathematica)

1 2 2
f’3t —6irt+2ir
’ \ 1
= j cos (nt)dt =
12
—

71J0 \ j fl

So, the Fourier series for the even extension is:

: cos (nt)
n=1

Graph:

13
Section 9.3 Fourier Sine and Cosine Series
-

9.3.1 -For the given function f(t) defined on the given interval find the
Fourier cosine and sine series of f and sketch the graphs of the two
extensions of f to which these two series converge.

f(t) =1, O<t<ir.

Solution Even extension

-

Cosine series:

=—
0
a
7t
/
0
J
dt=2,

,
7
a 0. (See problem 9.1.11)

So, the cosine series is:

a
0
2

Wow!
Odd extension:

0’—— -

•11

The sine series has coefficients:

2 f 2
sin(nt)dt ———cos(nt)
—J
710
=
fl7t 0

4
n7r
n odd
0 n even

So, the sine series is:

4/
— (sin(t) + Sill (3t) + sin (5t) +
).

15
9.3.5 -For the given function f(t) defined on the given interval find the
Fourier cosine and sine series of f and sketch the graphs of the two
extensions of f to which these two series converge.

10 0<t<1
f(t)rr 1 1<t<2
10 2<t<3

Solution Even extension:

-

(9

The cosine series will have the coefficients:

0= f(t)dt=
f
2
2 nirt 2 2
an=f f(t)cos()dtf
( rurt
3
/ \ 9
2 in’irt 2 /2nir
= —Shill I Sin
)
3
i\ —S1fl—--
fl71 flhi

(0 n 6k.6k+1,6k+3.6k+5
‘ nir
2/3
n 6k + 2
n = 6k +4
T1T

So, the cosine series is:

12/(1 (2irt) 1 (4irt) 1 /8rrt

— —cos ——cos +COS\__ -...

3 ir 2 3 4

16
The odd extension is:

C)
I 7

The sine series will have coefficients

2 2f2 • /n7rtN
f(t)sin ()dt= sin dt

=
flq
3J
—

J Jo
2
—-—cos
fl71
2
7ritI

) 1 == -
2 / 2nn
- cos
fir
())
=
={ =
0
2
TL7

nir
Ti
n
6k, 6k + 2, 6k + 4

n
6k+ 1,6k+5
6k +3

The sine series is:

2/. /irt 2 • /37rt 1 • /5irt

I sin I —

— sin I
3 \\3
— —

Ti

17
9.3.8 -For the given function f(t) defined on the given interval find the
Fourier cosine and sine series of f and sketch the graphs of the two
extensions of f to which these two series converge.

,
2
f(t)=t—t O<t<1

Solution The even extension is:

-

—z z j
The cosine series has the coefficients:

=2 f(t - )dt
2
t = 2
( )
-
‘ =

an=2f(t_t2)cos(1lt)dt=
{ 2 V even

The integral above can be evaluated with a good graphing calculator,

a computer, Wolfram alpha, integrals.com, or by hand with a cou
pie integrations by parts. I just cut to the chase. The corresponding
Fourier cosine series will be:

1 4 /cos (2t) cos (47rt)

+
4 16

18
The odd extension is:

- -1

The sine series has the coefficients:

n odd
b 2 [(t )
2
t sin (nnt)dt =
neveri
—

0
J 0

The corresponding Fourier sine series will be:

8 / sin (3nt) sill (5nt)

sin(t)+ +
27 125

19
The odd extension is:

The sine series has the coefficients:

Z 1  8
2 n3 π 3
n odd
bn = 2 (t − t ) sin (nπt)dt =
0 0 n even

The corresponding Fourier sine series will be:

 
8 sin (3πt) sin (5πt)
sin (πt) + + +··· .
π3 27 125

20
9.3.13 - Find a formal Fourier series solution to the endpoint value prob-
lem

x′′ + x = t x(0) = x(1) = 0.

Solution - We note that sin (nπt) has value 0 at t = 0 and t = 1 for all
n, so we’ll want to use the sine series.

∞
X
x(t) = an sin (nπt)
n=1

∞
X
′′
x (t) = an (−n2 π 2 ) sin (nπt).
n=1

The Fourier coefficients for the sine series of t are:

1  1
t cos (nπt) sin (nπt)  2(−1)n+1
Z
bn = 2 t sin (nπt)dt = 2 − + = .
0 nπ n2 π 2 
0 nπ

Plugging these into our differential equation we get:

2(−1)n+1
an (1 − n2 π 2 ) =
nπ
2(−1) n+1
⇒ an = .
nπ(1 − n2 π 2 )

So,

∞
2 X (−1)n sin (nπt)
x(t) = .
π n=1 n(n2 π 2 − 1)

21
9.3.20 - Substitute t = π/2 and t = π in the series

∞ ∞
1 4 π 2 t2 X (−1)n X (−1)n
t = −2 cos nt + 2 , −π < t < π,
24 12 n=1
n4
n=1
n4

to obtain the summations

∞
X 1 π4
= ,
n=1
n4 90

∞
X (−1)n+1 7π 4
= ,
n=1
n4 720

and
1 1 1 π4
1+ + + + · · · = .
34 54 74 96

π
For t = we get:
2

∞ ∞
π4 π2 π2
   
1 X (−1)n  nπ  X (−1)n
= −2 cos +2 .
24 16 12 4 n=1
n4 2 n=1
n4

Now,


 nπ   1 n = 4k
cos = −1 n = 4k + 2
2
0 n = 4k + 1, 4k + 3


So,

22