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    Artemis-Hekate A. Artemis and Hekate: Ek I, 11 Eknttti) 6A.O

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    Ian H Gladwin
    This document discusses the archaic traditions of Artemis/Diana and her close association with Hekate. It notes that there were two distinct archaic forms of Artemis - one related to Athena depicted on reliefs, and one closely associated with Hekate. Artemis and Hekate shared symbols and epithets from an early period and their assimilation was complete by the Roman Empire. Representations of the two goddesses were nearly indistinguishable in early archaic art. The triple-bodied Hekate form became canonical and representations of Artemis and Hekate, sometimes in triple form, continued in the Hellenistic and Roman eras.

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    Artemis-Hekate A. Artemis and Hekate: Ek I, 11 Eknttti) 6A.O

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    Ian H Gladwin
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    This document discusses the archaic traditions of Artemis/Diana and her close association with Hekate. It notes that there were two distinct archaic forms of Artemis - one related to Athena depicted on reliefs, and one closely associated with Hekate. Artemis and Hekate shared symbols and epithets from an early period and their assimilation was complete by the Roman Empire. Representations of the two goddesses were nearly indistinguishable in early archaic art. The triple-bodied Hekate form became canonical and representations of Artemis and Hekate, sometimes in triple form, continued in the Hellenistic and Roman eras.

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    This document discusses the archaic traditions of Artemis/Diana and her close association with Hekate. It notes that there were two distinct archaic forms of Artemis - one related to Athena depicted on reliefs, and one closely associated with Hekate. Artemis and Hekate shared symbols and epithets from an early period and their assimilation was complete by the Roman Empire. Representations of the two goddesses were nearly indistinguishable in early archaic art. The triple-bodied Hekate form became canonical and representations of Artemis and Hekate, sometimes in triple form, continued in the Hellenistic and Roman eras.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    89 views2 pages

    Artemis-Hekate A. Artemis and Hekate: Ek I, 11 Eknttti) 6A.O

    Uploaded by

    Ian H Gladwin
    This document discusses the archaic traditions of Artemis/Diana and her close association with Hekate. It notes that there were two distinct archaic forms of Artemis - one related to Athena depicted on reliefs, and one closely associated with Hekate. Artemis and Hekate shared symbols and epithets from an early period and their assimilation was complete by the Roman Empire. Representations of the two goddesses were nearly indistinguishable in early archaic art. The triple-bodied Hekate form became canonical and representations of Artemis and Hekate, sometimes in triple form, continued in the Hellenistic and Roman eras.

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    of 2

    CHAPTER TWO

    ARTEMIS / DIANA

    There exist two distinct traditions of archaistic Artemis. She is prominent


    among the Olympian deities which are as a group first given archaistic
    form on Neo-Attic reliefs, where she is closely related to Athena. 1 Such
    similarity must be related to the fact that both the warlike Athena and
    Artemis the huntress are goddesses of action. 2 This type of archaistic
    Artemis finds expression in round statuary only in the Pompeii Artemis
    type which, as is shown below, has a strong martial association. The se-
    cond form of archaistic Artemis derives from her close association with
    Hekate, perhaps the earliest deity archaized. The two goddesses share an
    archaistic form at least as early as the fourth century B. C.; that their as-
    similation is complete by the time of the Roman Empire is shown by the
    archaistic image of Diana Nemorensis known from late Republican coins.
    It is with the somewhat more complex Artemis-Hekate types that we
    begin.

    I. Artemis-Hekate

    A. Artemis and Hekate

    The association of Hekate with Artemis was both intimate and early.
    Kraus has cited Homer's use of the epithet "tKato~" for Apollo and
    Hekate's prominence in Apollo's early cult at Miletos as evidence for a
    Carian dyad of Hekatos and Hekate soon Hellenized as Apollo and Arte-
    mis. 3 An early goddess Hekate is also mentioned by Hesiod as a first cou-
    sin to the Letoidae. 4 An alternative to Kraus' view sees in l:Ka,o~ and
    EK<i,11 simple epithets for Apollo and Artemis-contractions for the more
    common Homeric EKnTTti}6A.o~. 5 Whether an independent goddess
    Hekate existed before the assimilation to Artemis or she is to be seen as
    a later personification of some of Artemis' more dreadful aspects, the rela-

    1 As seen on the Athens-Delos relief type, ca.100 B.C., the two figures are nearly in-

    terchangeable with the necessary modifications in attributes. Cf. Fullerton 1987, 275.
    Supra p.10.
    2 Artemis and Athena are also alike in being unmarried and always shown fully
    clothed, most often in a peplos, although Artemis as huntress usually wears a short chiton.
    3 Kraus 1960, 11-13. For Artemis-Hekate and the related Artemis-Enodia: LIMC II

    (1984) 686-689 (L. Kahil). Also on Enodia: A. Pantos, Archaiognosia 2 (1981) 96-106.
    4 Hesiod, Theog. 404-452.
    5 K. Wernicke, s.v. "Artemis," RE 2 1 1336-1440, especially 1356-1357. Hecken-
    bach, s.v. "Hekate," RE 72 2769-2782.
    14 ARTEMIS / DIANA

    tionship between the two deities is certainly established by the early fifth
    century, when the chorus in Aischylos' Suppliants (l.676) invokes Artemis-
    Hekate as protectress of childbirth. Their later association is underlined
    by a frequent sharing of epithets and attributes. The torch, held by
    Hekate in the Archaic Homeric Hymn to Demeter (ll.51-58), is connected
    with Artemis in the fifth century in literature, sculpture, and vase-
    painting. 6 In Euripides' Phoenissae (l.109) Antigone invokes, "iro 1t6tvta
    1tai Aawu~ 'EKci'ta."
    Early representations of Hekate show a girlish peplophoros indistin-
    guishable iconographically from Artemis. 7 With the erection of the
    Hekate Epipyrgidia on the Athena Nike bastion c. 425, the archaistic
    triple-bodied Hekataion is established as a virtually canonical form for
    this goddess, who becomes one of the first deities to be archaized. 8 In
    Late Classical times, at least one statue of Artemis resembles the type of
    the Epipyrgidia in single-bodied form, although the archaistic details are
    suppressed. Similar figures, both small scale and large, are common in the
    Hellenistic and Roman era - especially, although not exclusively, in the
    eastern Aegean. Where their identity can be surmised, these too represent
    Artemis or Artemis-Hekate. 9 Their stylistic development mirrors that of
    the numerous contemporary triple-bodied Hekataia. That the Romans
    identified Hekate with Diana, sometimes in triple-bodied form, is obvious
    already in Republican and Augustan poetry. Catullus ( Carm. 34) refers to
    "Diana Trivia," and Vergil (Aen. IV,511) mentions "tergeminam Heca-
    tem." Horace (Carm. 111,22) calls Diana "diva triformis." Meanwhile,
    the production of triple-bodied hekataia continues undiminished through-
    out the Roman Imperial era. 10

    6 Sophokles, Tr. 214, presents Artemis as both archer and torchbearer. 0. T. 207 im-

    plies her fire-wielding nature. Aristophanes, Lys. 443, calls her "q>o0<p6poc;." Artemis
    with bow and torch occurs frequently in Classical times. Cf. LIMC II (1984) 654-662.
    Some examples: on a relief in Berlin-C. Bliimel, Die klassische griechischen Skulpturen des
    staatlichen Museen zu Berlin (Berlin 1966) 57-58, no. 66, fig.99; and on a lekythos by the
    Achilles Painter-AR V2 993,80. Syracuse 21186, from Gela. MonAnt 17 (1906) pl.8. Both
    of these are mid-fifth century works. From the later fifth century, representations of Arte-
    mis with a torch: Bologna (Pell. 303). AR V2 1184,6. CVA Italia 27 pl.82.8 ( detail); notice
    that Artemis' garment here is treated rather similarly to that of the Alkamenean Heka-
    taion, especially the edge of the peplos overfold. From the fourth century: Vienna (inv.
    no. 204). ARJ:12 1523,2. CVA Ost. 1, 26-27.
    7 For a good recent treatment of the early iconography of Hekate: Edwards 1986, esp.
    315-318.
    8 Fullerton 1986, w/previous bibliography p.669 n.2.
    9 This material has been recently collected: Fullerton 1987, 261-265. Cf. also supra
    p.8 n.40.
    JO Note also three examples in Roman wall painting of Artemis figures in hekataion
    form dating from the first century B.C. to the first century A.C. LIMC II (1984) 810-811
    nos. 45, 46, and 193. The last is from the so-called house of Livia on the Palatine ( cf. infra
    n.18) and may actually represent the sanctuary at Nemi discussed below.

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