E.tf.afin.

IE
's ,

ftp.E??
'

FEI

⇐
# MATRICES
An ordered of
Rectangular array horizontal numbers ( real complex ) mn or

(called )
in the
form of lines '

rows
'
m

and a ventricle lines ( called columns is called a ) ,

matrix
of order mxn .

matrix is
An Mxn
usually written as 't

Q, 9,2 Arg Ain ←

1201×1
' r - - - - - -
-

÷ :÷÷:÷÷÷÷
a
: on
:::÷÷ .

µ
COLUMN

im and
where ,
aij belongs
to rows
goth column

D TYPES OF MATRICES

① Column MATRIX

Row Matrix
-8 It has
exactly one column .

A=m!
÷ It has
exactly one now .

A=[auar----a€
⑤ SQUARE MATRIX -8 If no .
of roues =
no ,
of columns ( men )
matrix is order
of
' '

n
.

A=÷÷if Order =3

④ DIAGONAL MATRIX 8- If are

all its
zero
non
-

diagonal elements

if bij -0
,
when i
#j

Eg :

a:i:c÷
⑤ SCALAR MATRIX to A
diagonalelement
matrix with all
diagonal equal .

Eg :
AIiBf:c=÷÷
⑥ IDENTITY MATRIX -8 A scalar matrix
if diagonal elements
are equal to 1
.

ie
if aii
{ lo iif f
-

Eg :

MATRIX
EIi:c=: I

⑦ ZERO o_0
If all elements are zero .

AI o8f c=I§8
-

:
Eg : ;
① EQUALITY IF MATRkE
Two matrices are said to be equal iff all the elements of
the
first matrix are equal to that of another matrix .

( il Both matrices have same order .

( ii) aij
=
bij for all i. j .

=/! Bg ) Bg )
Eg :

A
'
B then A- B
g

But
if
13=15 Bg) ,
then AFB

I
] [4-3]
b a -
2b

, if this
pair of matrices
5C -
d 4ct3d 11 24 are equal
Find a
,
b c Rd .

f-IT Equating corresponding elements :

}
-

dat b =
4 j a -
2b = -
3

5C -
d = 11 ; 4ct3d = 24,

.g-
By solving these equations ,
we
get . .

c =3

d=4
 OPERATIONS ON MATRICES

① ADDITION OF MATRICES I

e At B [ aij t
bij I where A K B
of Same Order
=
, are .

I: +
I:# ¥:: ::*
" "

just adding corresponding elements

PR0PERTIE (a) Addition of matrices is commutative .

AtB=BtAJ
(b) Matrix addition is associative

(AtB)tC=At(Btc#
(c) Additive Inverse

thenatisadd.9.ie?nIenAsiga.J
¥÷÷7÷i÷÷÷ in

(d) Existence
of additive Identity

oat.%0a.IE?-eniiQf:iei. i ioa) .
② MULTIPLICATION OF MATRIX BY A SCALAR
¥ .

KA =
K[aijIm×n= Eklaiittmxn

it: :# Ii :: : :]
"

that scalar
"

each &
multiplying every
element
by

PR0PERTiE (al k (At B) =

KAT KB

(b) (K th ) A =
KA t LA

NEGATIVE OF MATRIX A =
-A=H

SUBTRACTION OF MATRIX =

A-B=At⇐

:iO÷÷ ÷÷÷÷÷
Sum
of all the

¥÷÷÷ :O "

.
Qe MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
Let matrix Orden and B be matrix
A be a
of Mxn a

of
order
pxq ,
then matrix multiplication is
possible
and
if only if n
=p .

Let Aman K [bij ) order of AB is

=
then
Bnxp mxp

Io -541 13=13,7;)
A
Eg : =

I s ?y)
in fix -0+4
Io -5¥ 4x4
AB= +

Io -5¥ Ig)
in
=
( HH t xD tax
, =
-

Io } It Is !! is ,
=
=
( oxz)
17
+ (3×-7+9

Io -541 ,
¥514) izz =

=
(0×7)+(3×1) thx
-

13

i.

ABI :3

-.µm .
CAB)ij=¥,air
D NON -
COMMUTATIVITY OF MATRICES .

ABt
I Ei :] f:
" ' '
:
"

Find AB BA 4 Show AB # BA
, .

EAT a''
Ii : F:
-

Ei: : : .
.

:::±I= It,

and
.at: i :# ÷:÷÷÷÷I÷÷÷l
.

clearly they ,
are not equal
AB # BA
: .

Note :
if the
product of two matrices is zero matrix it is not
,

that matrices is matrix

necessary one
of the zero .

if It EET
a
eg;
'
'
-
-
-

fat : I:o) fo :]
AB
-
-

-
-
> PROPERTIES OF MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES

⑦ The associative law 's for

any
three matrices A
,
134C .
We have

(AB) ( = A ( Bc)

② The distributive law 's for three matrices A. B and C

( is A ( Btc) = ABT AC
( iii ( ATB ) C =
Act BC

③ Existence
of multiplicative identity :

for
every square matrix A there exist ,
an

identity matrix order such that

!fa=aI
same

ET
't "

II ;
'
'
' -

f:
md "
II : I
'

Find A- (Bc) and (AB) c and show that CAB)c= A- ( Bc )

µ II. II
→ Aced a'
:3
=

[ Iso:: It
A
3+1-6)
=
4+3
-

+6 2+0
-

'
: :c:
'

⇐
= a

it
 ¥÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷I
'

aim
¥÷÷÷II
-
-

Now,

table
II c
'

II :O :
Otl 3+2
=
I + -

: :O:

Iii:
'

It: ::::::±:::I
=
2+2 Uto G -

2 -8+1

÷÷÷II
* - =

clearly .
A -43C) =
@B)
cry
I
÷ :] Kaka:* :c
' ta
i
'
' " '

.
o

Also
, verify (At B) c = Act BC

it I
'
A" "
'

÷÷÷÷I
I it
'

at .

Latex
II!
-

o
%÷÷÷iE
' -

.ci/I:oItI:I--fIIo ②
-

act

① =
②
: .

(At B) c. = Act BC

Hence proved
i TRANSPOSE OF MATRIX

matrix and columns

The
matrix
obtained
is
by interchanging
its
euros

transpose
of given

Denoted
by
A
'
or AT ←
(Don't get confused)
ifA=[aij]m×nthenA'=[aji]n×m
eg :
a'

II ;] III
it A-
's
'm =

; ,

D PROPERTIES OF TRANSPOSE

⑦
'

)
'

(A = A

constant )
'

(KA) ( where
'

② = KA k is

③
' '

( At B) = A't B

④ CAB)' B' A
'
=

-1M¥
 TIE It Egg]
A- and
I
'
t a-

verify ÷ µ, cat 's A

A 't
' '
( iii (At B) =
B

' '

( iiis ( KB)
= KB where k is constant .

I I *"
TIE :]
a'
may} : :] ;]
'
=

'

.
: (A) =
A

""

EITI , ;] IS :]
at '
Ii
' '

'

IIIa Eg]
i.
Cat 'D -

①
-

, -

'
a'

;] II ;]
Noo B
R
= '

'
So a' to
,

I Eg] ④
-

① -
-

A't B
' '
Thus , (At B) =
 ""
kB=
KII II I :3
'
;

"""

¥1 ::] E ;]
" " .

. .
.
. .
.

' '
Thus ( KB) = KB
.

f;]
I If * B -

C 's I -

'
that CAB)
'

Verify = B'A

III.
I
E. II:]
'⇐
' '
'

e. =

A' '

5)
④g)
=
[ 24 R B =

B' A'

d. I Ig Iso)
= '

[2 a
Ef =
= LAB)

'

B' A
'
Thus LAB) =
Qe SYMMETRIC AND SKEW-SYMMETRIC MATRICES

> SYMMETRIC MATRICES

said to be
A square matrix A -
Eai;] is
symmetric
iff ,
i. e.
[aij]=[ag

¢ ; Bo)
Eg : 9 2 I

is a
symmetric matrix
j
.

'

as A -
-

D SKEW-SYMMETRIC MATRICES
A square matrix A -
Eai;] is said to be skew-symmetric
iff A i.e
.
aji=-
*
if i=j in skew
symmetries matrix

aii aii
-

'

2aii=0

Ai i
'

. -0

① All
are
diagonal
zero
elements
of skew-symmetric matrix
* .
* Every skew-Symmetric
fog off)
Matrix look like
-

Prove that
•

real
-

for any square matrix A with

entries
'
matrix
number
and A A
'
,
Ata is a
symmetric
is skew
symmetric matrix
-

'

f
-
I Let B= ATA ,
then
'

B' ( ATA )
'
=

B)
'

( (
'

(A)
' '
= A + as At B) =
A' +

't A ( CA ) 's A )
'

as
= A

( as BTA )
'
=
At A ATB -
-

= B

symmetric
'
At A is matrix
'

- . B =

'
Now let c. = A -

A
"

)
'

c' CA ) ( (
' '
= -
A as At B) =
A' + B

( CA ) 's A )
' '

=
A -
A as

=
-

(A -
A
'
) ( as AtB= BTA )

=
-
C

'
skew symmetric matrix
'

.
.
C= A -
A is a .
 Prove that square matrix be expressed
any can
as the sum
of a symmetric and
a skew
symmetric motrin .

matrix
f-IT
Let A be a square

)
'

( At A ) (
'

A A
-

A
then
Iz Iz
= t -

- -
symmetric skew-symmetric
matrix
Any written
'

n .
can be as sum

of symmetric and skew-symmetric

matrices

I Express
a

a
the matrix
symmetric and
skew
symmetric matrix
13=[-4-7373]
.
as a sum
of

EF
fi !
'

B
-

( Bt B )
Let P
'

2-
-
-

* t:* :D
eat?
[3%-43,73]
'
P = =P o*
symmetrical matrix .
 )
9=21 (
'
Let B
-

t:* :D
=

's
=

:
o

'
" '

Q =

I ,
= -

Q #¥o
skew-symmetric matrix .

i
: now ' to -

fess:} :B ÷ :]

2-2-4=4.3;] = B

Thus B is represented as sum ofmatrix

a
symmetric and a
skew-symmetric .
I If A
then
,
B
AB
are
-

BA
symmetric
is a ÷
matrices
of same order

(A) Skew
symmetric matrix (B) Symmetric Matrix

(c) Zero Matrix (D) Identity Matrix

[IT
-
Let P = AB -

BA
"
'
p (AB BA )
-

)
'

( 't '

(At B)
' '
=
CAB) -

43A) as = A B

B' A '
)
'

( as CA B)
'
'
=
B' A -

A B
'
=

=
BA -

AB ( as A B
,
are
symmetric)
'

: .
P =
-
p

: . p is skew symmetric matrix .

'

Cost
A
swing
then AHA
I If
= -
= I .

Sina
find a

fit @ swing
' -
a =

-
Sind

Cost scoisn3t@h.n's suing

'
Ata
-

Sina

=L ]
°
-
-

EE god
-

- I : .

: .
cos x=
Yz i .
x=
Tb
¢ .
Qe INVERSE OF MATRIX
AB =I
If
then is the inverse A
B
of
and A is the inverse
of B

Eg
@ 3) 13=[3-3]
: A= and

AB
[93113-3]
-

G 's -5¥
-

fo y]
=
-

-
I

.° .
B is inverse
of A ( 13=-1-1 )
( A B- )
'

& A is also inverse of B

-

" '
'
① If A- then B A always
①
= B -

*
② Inverse of square matrix if exists is unique
, , .
I pqesamethatowe.tt ,
andwnB are

I
invertible

'
(Similar in
matrices

)
All India 2010

( AB)
I
-

=
B- A-

T.AT
#
Since (AB) (AB)
-
'
= I ( Definition of inverse )
' '

(AB) (
f-prseidesmulbytiflyingbao.tt)
'
A'
-

A' AB) =
I

( a) B (
A'
'
AB )
-
'
e A
'
'

( since A- I
'
- A
"
)
"
"
IB ( AB) = A
' "
B ( ABY =
A

( pre multiplying )
'
'
I '
B- ( AB) B- A'
-

B =
both
sides
by B- ,

I ,
By
-

I ( AB ) =
a

" ' '

( AB ) = B- A-

Hence proved ,

um
 PREVIOUS YEARS '

QUESTIONS
PART I ÷ / MARKS QUESTIONS .

I If
find
is
ma sohu.fiif.nedatnixuaeue.eechg
that A' = I ,
then

(A I)'t (At IJ
-
-

7A .
(Delhi 2016 )
AZI
(Iff given
' '

(A ) (ATI)
-

I t -

7- A

As -7/-3 AICHI) t Ast # 3AI.CA/tI ) -

7A

LAS + GAI
'
7A
)
-

2AS t GA -
7A ( :
'

GAI? GA
2A3 -
A

( )
'
A- 2A -

A
GI -

I) (: '

A? I )
AI

f [3-3] AI RA

wynkdiathezoygtgeofd.EE
If matrix and

Aff
A-
,

,,

Es 's] C fit:* , Its ] E: i:]

:p
" - -
-
-
-

G
Zz -3 )
= i

9A

: . 1=9 .
 Find the value
of y , if
[egg ;] =

Cdg Sf)
(A " India 2009
)
f-IT
#
Given matrix is
feng ;] =

Cg ;]
on
equating corresponding . elements :

x 2
-

①
y
-

x =3
-

②
on
substituting ② in ① ,
we
get

3 2
y =
-

y ly
i. -

I If
⑥ Efg ] ft f ) find
then the value
z
=
,
of xty .

( All India 2014)

f-IT On
equating corresponding elements ,
we
get

⑤
-

x
y I
-

-
= -

2x = o
y
-

②
On
solving ① and get
"
we
eg ,

x= I ; y
=
2

=3
Xty
'

.
.
 I write order
of product motrin

& ] (foreign )
2011

4)
34

(Iff A

µ)
B ② 34 ]
=
-

B
Ag× , X
1×3
→
(
3×3

::÷:÷÷÷::÷÷:÷÷÷:÷:÷
I If 413]
g) (g)
o = A ,
then write the

,
order
of matrix A
( Foreign 2016 )

[2 ]
( / P = I 3 order = 1×3

]
-

Q order 3×3
I
= 0 =

O l l

El
R = I order = 3×1

Pix ×
03×3 X
Rzx , =
A
,

Order A 1×1
of
'

- i
=

,
I simplify wsof¥snq sinqtsinofiaesf-59.no]
:

( HOTS : )
(Iff
-
caso
Caso-
Sind
Sind
Caso ]t Sino
@ no
Caso
-
caso
Sino) Delhi 2012

Eggs:O confessing] tq.info caggiano]

-

.no .no

[ coffdsiontosifY.osinocososicnogo-fg.sn
" no
]

Cod ,
- •

write the number

of all possible matrices
of order
2×2 with each
entry " 20ns
( All India )
^

2006

f-IT matrix
2×2 will have 4 elements a. b. c. d

@ bae]
-

is a, b. c Id all have 3 choices

i. e,
I ,
2 or 3

: . Total number
of different matrices
possible
3×3×3×3 =

811,
 I If [2×3]
3) (5) = O
' find ^ '

( Delhi 2015C )
/ / Given ,
2x 3
If y
= O

⑥ x
-

9) (4×+07) Cg ] so

⑥ x'
-

9×7+42×1 ] =[o]
2×43 x = o

X (2×+3)=0
X
312 k=0
=
or
-

I find a
from the matrix equation .

④ f) af ) =

④) ( HOTS : FORIEGN )
2010

I ⇐I

" "
I :
'

X =
If
-
I § ;] written to

.LI?yetmTnetuiematmifnia
'
A- is A-
If as ' :
I :S .

write the matrix P .

(foreign 20lb )
FIT A
fast) +

( Ayat )
-

¥ 3¥
-

symmetric skew symmetric

n
'
.
P = ATAL
2

Cs } ]
'
=
A

P
④ if ;] & ;]
-

"
-

f
-

⑨ If A- =

[fgs.mg sing] ,
then
find a
satisfying o<xcnz
when A + AT = T2 Iz cohere AT is transpose of A .

(A " 016 )
Cosa )
At -

-
-

sina
Sina Cosa

[ given At AT =
52 Iz

@gingsicngItCsg.ng-scin.g ]
-

: -

⇐ :c ] .

.. ¥]

1/52
'

- .
Cast =

2=9/411
.
. .

.
 PART -

2 ÷ 4 MARKE QUESTIONS .

I Cg ; ] I ;] ⑤ I] (Delhi
let A '

)
B :
c
-
-
-
-

2017
'
, ,

find a matrix D such that CD -

AB = O .

Given A
Cg ;] Cg ;] & :]
B e-
-

- -

. , ,

matrix
Cz Yw ]
Let D=

CD AB
-

O
given
-
-

Is;] :[ y] & ;] I ;] o ①
-
n -
- - -
-
-

& :± : : gg : ::] II :D
o
-
-
-

Geiss : Sgt 's :] & :D ①

-

-
-
. - -
. - -

On
equating corresponding elements both sides we
get ÷

2X t 52 =3
3×+82
t 5W
= 43 - - - - - - - - -

①
Ly
= o

t 8W = 22
3g

After solving get Y, Iff

we :

z= 77

w = 44

Cg ; ;] , ①
: D= "
-

- - -
- - - - -

y
- •

following
the matrix
Express as a sum
of a
and matrices
symmetric skew -

symmetric
and verify your result .

'
⇐ i

f aim A

fz :{ II ]
-

i. a' =

÷,

CATA ) )
'
A CA
'

£ tf
A
= -

- -
symmetric . Skew symmetric .

Let
P=£( Ata
'
) ; D=
iz
CA -

A
'
)

E i 'd 'd
P =L 3 -2 -

4 +
3 3 -

I
-
's
-

: =

⇐÷÷t⇐÷:D
a-
*

E :-B
= "
's :
-

3/2 3 O

H
 [7%73732]
'

clearly P =P
-

, -

p
symmetric
?
=

fog;
-

& o -

-
= -
o

a- Skew-symmetric .

verification

Pt Q = A

Thus matrix A is written as sum

of
matrix
,

symmetric a skew
symmetric .

Important QUESTIONS IN NCERT

( Ex

}
3. l -

2,5 9,10),

( Ex 3.2 -

7,12 , 13,16 ,
17 to 22 )

iiiiiie.si : :O:3 .
. ..

Misc -
I 5,6 , 9 10,11 13,14 15
,
.

, , ,
 '

~
topic -

WISE
-

-
Important
- -
QUESTIONS - -
IN NCERT-
-
.

FORMATION AND ORDER Of Matrix

EX . 3 l
- -
12,3,
4, 5
,
10

2, 3
Examples I -

, .

Types of Matrices .

Ex 3. I -8

Equal tohehix
Ex .
3. I -6,7, 9

Example -

4,5
Addition and Subtraction of Matrices
EX 3.2 I 2 45,6 7,8 9, 10
11,12
-

, , ,
,

Example -

6,7 8,9, ,
10 ell
Multiplication of Matrices .

Ex . 3.2 -
l, 3 13 , 14
,
IS , 20,21
Example -

12,13 , 14 ,
15, 16
,
17

Misc .
-

10 , 13

lading Equation
EX : 3.2 -

15
,
16
, 17,18

Example -

18

Misc .
-

8,15

finding unknown
Mdse .
-

7,9 ,
11

Example -
28

Transpose Of a idatrix .

Ex . 3.3
-
l
,
2, 3,415 G ,
12
,

Example -

20,21
This .
-
G
Symmetries Sym# Matrix
Ex .
3.3 -

F , 8,9 ,
10

Example - 22

Misc .
-

ly .

Proofs

}
EX 3. 3- 11
.

Use property
Example -

at of transpose
Mise -

4,5

Example
}
26
Induction
-

Use Mathematical
Misc .
-

1,2 , 3,12