Advisory Circular RVSM - CAA New Zealand

Advisory Circular
AC91-4
Revision 2
Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum 2 December 2014
(RVSM)
General
Civil Aviation Authority advisory circulars contain information about standards, practices,
and procedures that the Director has found to be an acceptable means of compliance with
the associated rule.
An acceptable means of compliance is not intended to be the only means of compliance

with a rule, and consideration will be given to other methods of compliance that may be
presented to the Director. When new standards, practices, or procedures are found to be
acceptable they will be added to the appropriate advisory circular.
An advisory circular may also include guidance material to facilitate compliance with the
rule requirements. Guidance material must not be regarded as an acceptable means of
compliance.
Purpose
This advisory circular provides methods, acceptable to the Director, for showing
compliance with requirements relating to the approval of operators for RVSM operations.
Related Rules
This advisory circular relates specifically to Civil Aviation Rule 91.519.
Change Notice
Revision 2 supersedes advisory circular AC91-4 Revision 1 dated 24 January 2000. It
provides information on initial and on-going requirements for approval to conduct RVSM
operations between flight level (FL) 290 and FL 410.
Published by
Civil Aviation Authority
PO Box 3555
Wellington 6140
Authorised by
Manager Policy & Regulatory Strategy
Advisory Circular AC91-4 Revision 2
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 3
2. Related Reading Material .................................................................................. 3
3. List of Acronyms................................................................................................ 3
4. List of Definitions............................................................................................... 5
5. Background ........................................................................................................ 6
6. RVSM Approval Overview ................................................................................. 6
6.1 General .................................................................................................................... 6
6.2 Airworthiness approval (including continued airworthiness) ..................................... 7
6.3 Operational approval ................................................................................................ 8
7. Application and Issue of Approval ................................................................... 8
8. Conditions for Removal of an RVSM Approval .............................................. 9
APPENDIX 1: RVSM Continued Airworthiness (Maintenance
Requirements) .................................................................................................. 11
A1.1 Maintenance programme approval requirements................................................... 11
A1.2 Maintenance document review requirements......................................................... 11
A1.3 Maintenance practices ........................................................................................... 11
A1.4 Maintenance practices for noncompliant aircraft .................................................... 12
A1.5 Maintenance training requirements ........................................................................ 12
A1.6 Test equipment ...................................................................................................... 13
APPENDIX 2: Flight Crew Training Programmes, Operating Practices
and Procedures ................................................................................................ 14
A2.1 Flight planning........................................................................................................ 14
A2.2 Pre-flight procedures .............................................................................................. 14
A2.3 Procedures before RVSM airspace entry ............................................................... 14
A2.4 In-flight procedures ................................................................................................ 15
A2.5 Equipment failures ................................................................................................. 16
A2.6 Post flight ............................................................................................................... 16
A2.7 Special emphasis items: flight crew training........................................................... 16
APPENDIX 3: Specific Procedures for Oceanic Airspace ............................. 18
A3.1 Basic concepts for contingencies ........................................................................... 18
A3.1.1 Specific guidance for contingencies............................................................ 18
A3.1.2 Basic concepts for contingencies................................................................ 18
A3.2 Guidance to the pilot in the event of equipment failures or encounters with
turbulence after entry into RVSM airspace (including expected ATC
actions) ............................................................................................................... 19
A3.2.1 Objective of the guidance material.............................................................. 19
A3.2.2 Contingency scenarios ............................................................................... 19
A3.3 Expanded equipment failure and turbulence encounter scenarios (operators
may consider this material for use in training programmes) ................................ 20
A3.4 Special procedures for in-flight contingencies published for individual ICAO
regions in Document 7030 .................................................................................. 23
A3.5 Wake turbulence procedures ................................................................................. 23
A3.6 Transponder failure ................................................................................................ 23
APPENDIX 4: RVSM Monitoring ....................................................................... 24
A4.1 RVSM height monitoring programmes ................................................................... 24
A4.1.1 Initial height validation monitoring ............................................................... 24
A4.1.2 Continued height monitoring programme.................................................... 24
A4.2 RVSM monitoring methods .................................................................................... 25
A4.3 RVSM regional monitoring agencies (RMAs) ......................................................... 26
A4.3.1 Pacific approvals registry and monitoring organisation (PARMO) .............. 26
2 December 2014 2 CAA of NZ

1. Introduction
RVSM airspace is any airspace or route where aircraft are separated by 1,000 ft vertically, between
FL 290 and FL 410, inclusive. Generally, aircraft and operators that have not been authorised to
conduct RVSM operations cannot operate at flight levels where RVSM is applied. Exceptions to
this rule are published by individual air traffic service providers.
RVSM was first implemented in the North Atlantic in March 1997. Since that time, it has been
implemented in most regions of the world, and RVSM approval is required for flight operations
conducted between FL 290 and FL 410; although in some locations it is only required between FL
310 and FL 390.
The intention of this advisory circular is to provide:
(a) information on the approvals process
(b) guidance on the arrangements and need for monitoring.
2. Related Reading Material

(a) FAA RVSM documentation web site:
http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/service_units/enroute/rvsm/
(b) International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Document 4444, Procedures for Air
Navigation Services, Air Traffic Management.
(c) FAA AC91-85 Authorization of Aircraft and Operators for Flight in Reduced Vertical
Separation Minimum Airspace.
(d) ICAO Annex 6, Operation of Aircraft. Part I–International Commercial Air Transport–
Aeroplanes and Part II–International General Aviation–Aeroplanes.
(e) ICAO Document 7030, Regional Supplementary Procedures.
(f) ICAO Document 9574, Manual on Implementation of a 300 m (1,000 ft) Vertical
Separation Minimum Between FL 290 and FL 410 Inclusive.
3. List of Acronyms
AAD Assigned altitude deviation
AC Advisory circular
ACAS Airborne collision avoidance system
ACU Aircraft Certification Unit
ADC Air data computer
AFM Airplane flight manual
ADS-B Automatic dependant surveillance - broadcast
AGHMEs Aircraft geometric height measurement elements

AHMS ADS-B height monitoring system
ASE Altimetry system error
ATC Air traffic control
BITE Built-in test equipment
CAA New Zealand Civil Aviation Authority
CFL Cleared flight level
FAA Federal Aviation Administration
FL Flight level
GMU Global positioning system monitoring unit
GPS Global positioning system
HME Height monitoring element
HMU Height monitoring unit
IATA International Air Transport Association
ICA Instructions for continued airworthiness
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
IFALPA International Federation of Airline Pilots Associations
IFATCA International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers Associations
MASPS Minimum aircraft system performance specification
MEL Minimum equipment list
MNPS Minimum navigation performance specification
NM Nautical mile
PARMO Pacific Approvals Registry and Monitoring Organization
PEC Position correction error
PIC Pilot in command
QFE Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation (or at runway threshold)
QNH Altimeter sub-scale setting to obtain elevation when on the ground
RGCSP Review of the general concept of separation panel
RMA Regional monitoring agency
RVSM Reduced vertical separation minimum of (300m) 1,000 ft between flight levels
SB Service bulletin
SL Service letter

SLOP Strategic lateral offset procedures
SSEC Static source correction error
SSR Secondary surveillance radar
STC Supplemental type certificate
TCAS Traffic alert and collision avoidance system
TCDS Type certificate data sheet
TLS Target level of safety
TMU Total vertical error monitoring unit
TVE Total vertical error
VHF Very high frequency
VSM Vertical separation minimum
4. List of Definitions
The following definitions are intended to clarify certain specialised terms used in this advisory
circular.
Automatic dependant surveillance – broadcast (ADS-B).
ADS-B is an on-board surveillance application that periodically transmits aircraft parameters, such as
identification, pressure altitude, position and position integrity, via a broadcast data link that is
available to any receiver, either airborne or ground-based, within range of the transmitter.
Aircraft type groupings
Aircraft are considered to be members of the same group if they are designed and assembled by one
manufacturer and are of nominally identical design and build with respect to all details which could
influence the accuracy of height-keeping performance.
Altimetry system error (ASE)
The difference between the altitude indicated by the altimeter display (assuming a correct altimeter
barometric setting) and the pressure altitude corresponding to the undisturbed ambient pressure.
Assigned altitude deviation (AAD)
The difference between the transponded altitude and the assigned altitude/flight level.
Non-compliant aircraft
An aircraft whose true absolute TVE, ASE or AAD is greater than the maximum acceptable value for
RVSM-approved aircraft.

RVSM approval
The term used to describe the successful completion of the airworthiness approval and operational
approval.
Target level of safety (TLS)
A generic term representing the level of risk which is considered acceptable in particular
circumstances.
Total vertical error (TVE)
The vertical geometric difference between the actual pressure altitude flown by an aircraft and its
assigned pressure altitude (flight level).
5. Background
In 1982 the ICAO initiated a series of world-wide studies to assess the feasibility of a reduction of
the VSM above FL 290 from 2,000 ft to 1,000 ft. The studies were co-ordinated by the review
RGCSP which included representation from the IATA, IFALPA and the IFATCA. The principal
benefits which the implementation of the reduced VSM were expected to provide were:
(a) a theoretical doubling of the airspace capacity between FL 290 and FL 410
(b) the opportunity for aircraft to operate at/closer to their optimum flight levels, with resulting
fuel economy.
Studies and data collections were conducted in Canada, Japan, USA, USSR and four member states
of Eurocontrol: France, Germany, Netherlands and United Kingdom. These studies were essentially
intended to determine the following:
(a) the height keeping accuracy of the current aircraft population at/above FL 290
(b) the causes of height deviations greater than 300 ft and to define corrective measures
(c) the basis of the MASPS to support the use of a 1,000 ft vertical separation above FL 290.
As a result, the RGCSP concluded that a 1,000 ft VSM between FL 290 and FL 410 was
technically feasible without imposing unreasonably demanding technical or operational
requirements. The ICAO Air Navigation Commission endorsed these findings in 1990.
With the exception of a small number of states, RVSM was progressively introduced globally
between 1997 and 2011, and operation within this airspace is prohibited unless the operator has
RVSM approval for the aircraft being flown, or an exception has been granted for a specific flight.
6. RVSM Approval Overview

6.1 General
Prior to the granting of an RVSM approval the aircraft and operator must satisfy the following
requirements:
(a) the aircraft must be eligible for RVSM (i.e. must satisfy the vertical navigation
performance)

(b) the operator has instituted appropriate procedures in respect of continued airworthiness
(maintenance and repair) practices and programmes
(c) the operator has instituted appropriate flight crew procedures and training for operations in
RVSM airspace
(d) the operator has instituted RVSM monitoring programmes.
The RVSM approval process consists of two discrete approvals, an airworthiness approval and an
operational approval.
6.2 Airworthiness approval (including continued airworthiness)

The RVSM airworthiness approval ensures that the aircraft is eligible to operate in RVSM airspace.
During the RVSM airworthiness approval process the CAA will determine whether the operator’s
aircraft is eligible for RVSM, this includes the aircrafts instructions for continued airworthiness
(ICA) (i.e. maintenance programme, maintenance manuals and maintenance training). Aircraft
compliance will be conducted through one of three broad categories.
(a) Existing RVSM compliance by manufacturer. For aircraft manufactured in an RVSM-

compliant condition, the CAA will determine that the AFM or TCDS contains an
appropriate statement of RVSM eligibility and that approval of the RVSM eligibility was
made by an authority acceptable to the Director. For aircraft that qualify for this approach,
validation height monitoring will typically be conducted after an RVSM approval is
granted.
(b) Existing RVSM compliance by inspection/modification. This approach is suitable for

aircraft that are brought up to RVSM-compliant condition in accordance with SB, SL, or
STC, which have had the RVSM eligibility approved by an authority acceptable to the
Director. These documents contain requirements that are specific to individual aircraft
types or aircraft type groups and generally require inspections and/or hardware or software
modifications. The operator must submit documents to the CAA to show that the required
actions have been completed for each airframe that will operate in RVSM airspace. For
aircraft that qualify for this approach, validation height monitoring will typically be
conducted after an RVSM approval is granted.
(c) Bespoke RVSM compliance by inspection/modification. This approach will be

undertaken where an operator intends to gain RVSM approval for aircraft of a type or
aircraft type group which have not previously gained the RVSM airworthiness approval of
the RVSM approval. In this case the CAA, in consultation with the applicant, will tailor an
airworthiness approval process in order to demonstrate compliance. Further detail
regarding performance requirements and means of demonstrating RVSM airworthiness can
be found in FAA advisory circular AC91-85 Authorization of Aircraft and Operators for
Flight in Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum Airspace, and ICAO document 9574
Manual on Implementation of a 300m (,1,000 ft) Vertical Separation Minimum Between FL
290 and FL 410 Inclusive. For aircraft which require this approach, validation monitoring
will typically be conducted prior to an RVSM approval being granted.
In all cases, the operator is to provide the CAA with supporting documentation to demonstrate
RVSM airworthiness compliance (including continued airworthiness compliance) of all the aircraft
they intend to operate in RVSM airspace. Dependent upon the specific situation, relevant
documents might include the following.
(a) AFM or AFMS
(b) TCDS
(c) SB or STC

(d) MEL
(e) Initial height validation monitoring plan.
(f) Instructions for RVSM Continued Airworthiness (for example: maintenance manuals).
Note: As part of the RVSM airworthiness approval the aircrafts height performance is to be validated. Initial
height validation monitoring requirements will be determined during the initial application phase; Appendix 4
provides more detail on initial height validation monitoring. It is recommended that applicants contact the CAA
ACU to discuss monitoring requirements and acceptable methods available at the time of application.
6.3 Operational approval

The RVSM operational approval ensures that the operator can maintain the RVSM integrity of each
aircraft that is to be operated in RVSM airspace. During the RVSM operational approval process
CAA will assess the operator’s flight crew procedures, maintenance procedures, training
programmes and RVSM continued height monitoring programme for each aircraft type. Operators
are to provide supporting documentation to demonstrate RVSM operational compliance, relevant
documents include:
(a) operations manual (RVSM flight operations)
(b) maintenance programme (RVSM continued airworthiness)
(c) RVSM continued height monitoring plan
(d) RVSM training programmes:
(i) maintenance training
(ii) flight crew training.

Note: In 2010 ICAO identified the requirement for continued height-keeping performance monitoring of RVSM
capable aircraft in order to ensure continued RVSM suitability; Appendix 4 provides more detail on continued
height monitoring. The operator is to have a programme in place to ensure that their RVSM approved aircraft
are involved in a continued RVSM height monitoring programme.
Appendix 1 provides detailed information on RVSM continued airworthiness (maintenance

requirements). Appendix 2 provides detailed information on flight crew training programmes,
operating practices and procedures. Appendix 3 provides detailed information on RVSM specific
procedures for oceanic airspace and Appendix 4 provides detailed information on RVSM
monitoring.
7. Application and Issue of Approval

An application for an RVSM approval shall be submitted on the form CAA 24091/07 Operational
Approval Application, with a covering letter requesting RVSM approval and any pertinent
information pertaining to the application, including:
(a) operator details
(b) aircraft type and series
(c) registration number
(d) manufacturer's serial number
(e) aircraft mode S address code in hexadecimal format

(f) sufficient documentation demonstrating RVSM compliance as detailed in this advisory

circular.
Note: In the case of aircraft manufactured to the same aircraft type group, only one application is required.
Aircraft are considered to be members of the same group if they are designed and assembled by one
manufacturer and are of nominally identical design and build with respect to all details which could influence
the accuracy of height-keeping performance. In all other cases an application for each aircraft is required.
Forms CAA 24091/01 Application for Approval or Revision of a Minimum Equipment List and
CAA 24091/02 Application for Approval/Amendment of a Maintenance Programme are also to be
submitted as part of the application.
When all the requirements of the airworthiness approval and operational approval have been
assessed as satisfactory, CAA will issue a letter of notification of approval and the operator’s air
operator certificate – operations specifications will be updated to reflect the RVSM approval. An
RVSM approval issued by the CAA is valid for all regions operating RVSM airspace provided
specific restrictions have not been imposed on the operator by CAA.
Once an RVSM approval has been granted, the CAA ACU will notify PARMO. The notification
will include:
(a) state of registry of the aircraft
(b) name of the operator
(c) state of the operator
(d) aircraft type
(e) aircraft series
(f) aircraft serial number(s)
(g) registration mark
(h) Mode S address code(s)
(i) date of RVSM airworthiness approval
(j) date of RVSM approval.

Note: The date of airworthiness approval issued by the CAA should be the actual date that the
modifications/inspections were completed for each airframe.
8. Conditions for Removal of an RVSM Approval

The incidence of height-keeping errors that can be tolerated in an RVSM environment is very
small. It is incumbent upon each operator to take immediate action to rectify the conditions that
caused the error. The operator should also report the event to the CAA within 72 hours with initial
analysis of causal factors and measures to prevent further events. CAA will determine the
requirement for follow up reports. Errors which should be reported and investigated are: TVE equal
to or greater than ±300 ft (±90 m), ASE equal to or greater than ±245 ft (±75 m), and AAD equal to
or greater than ±300 ft (±90 m).
Height-keeping errors fall into two broad categories:
(a) errors caused by malfunction of aircraft equipment

(b) operational errors.
An operator who consistently commits errors of either variety may be required to forfeit authority
for RVSM operations. If a problem is identified that is related to one specific aircraft type, then
RVSM approval may be removed for the operator for that specific type.
Another condition for the removal of RVSM approval is the change of ownership of RVSM
approved aircraft. As part of the RVSM approval, CAA assesses the operator to ensure that they
have implemented the required programmes and procedures to ensure that the integrity of RVSM is
maintained – this cannot be transferred with the aircraft.

APPENDIX 1: RVSM Continued Airworthiness (Maintenance

Requirements)
Instructions for continued airworthiness verify the integrity of the design features necessary to
ensure that altimetry systems continue to meet RVSM standards through scheduled tests and/or
inspections in conjunction with an approved maintenance programme. The operator should review
its maintenance procedures and address all aspects of continuing airworthiness affected by RVSM
requirements.
Each person or operator should demonstrate that the maintenance facility is adequate to ensure
continued compliance with the RVSM maintenance requirements.
A1.1 Maintenance programme approval requirements

Each operator requesting an RVSM operational approval should submit a maintenance and
inspection programme that includes any maintenance requirements defined in the airworthiness
approval.
A1.2 Maintenance document review requirements

Review the following items as appropriate for an RVSM operational approval:
(a) maintenance manuals
(b) structural repair manuals
(c) standards practices manuals
(d) illustrated parts catalogues
(e) maintenance schedule
(f) MMEL / MEL.
A1.3 Maintenance practices

If the operator’s aircraft are subject to an approved maintenance programme, that programme
should contain the maintenance practices outlined in the applicable aircraft and component
manufacturer’s maintenance manuals for each aircraft type. Review the following items for
compliance for RVSM approval. If the operator’s aircraft is not subject to an approved
maintenance programme, the following items should be followed.
(a) Maintain all RVSM equipment in accordance with the component manufacturer’s
maintenance requirements.
(b) Any modification, repair, or design change that in any way alters the initial RVSM
approval should be subject to a design review by persons approved by the approving
authority.
(c) Refer any maintenance practices that may affect the continuing RVSM approval integrity
(for example: the alignment of pitot/static probes, dents, or deformation around static
plates) to the approving authority or persons delegated by the authority.
(d) BITE testing is not an acceptable basis for system calibrations, (unless it is shown to be
acceptable by the airframe manufacturer with the approval authority’s agreement) and
should only be used for fault isolation and troubleshooting purposes.
(e) Some aircraft manufacturers have determined that the removal and replacement of
components utilising quick disconnects and associated fittings, when properly connected,

will not require a leak check. While this approach may allow the aircraft to meet static
system certification standards when properly connected, it does not always ensure the
integrity of the fittings and connectors, nor does it confirm system integrity during
component replacement and reconnections. Therefore, a system leak check or visual
inspection should be accomplished any time a quick disconnect static line is broken.
Note: If both quick disconnects are broken for any reason, a leak-check must be done.
(f) Maintain airframe and static systems in accordance with the airframe manufacturer’s
inspection standards and procedures.
(g) If necessary, to ensure the proper maintenance of airframe geometry for proper surface
contours and the mitigation of altimetry system error, surface measurements or skin
waviness checks should be made to ensure adherence to the airframe manufacturer’s
RVSM tolerances. Perform these tests and inspections as established by the airframe
manufacturer. Perform these checks following repairs, or alterations that affect RVSM by
having an effect on airframe surface and airflow.
(h) The maintenance and inspection programme for the autopilot should ensure continued
accuracy and integrity of the automatic altitude control system to meet the height-keeping
standards for RVSM operations. This requirement will typically be satisfied with
equipment inspections to ensure the equipment is serviceable.
(i) Where the applicant demonstrates the performance of existing equipment is satisfactory for
RVSM approval, CAA should verify that the existing maintenance practices are also
consistent with continued RVSM approval integrity. Examples include:
(i) altitude alert
(ii) automatic altitude control system
(iii) ATC altitude reporting equipment
(iv) altimetry systems.
A1.4 Maintenance practices for noncompliant aircraft

Those aircraft positively identified as exhibiting height-keeping performance errors which require
investigation as specified under section 8 should not be operated under an RVSM approval in
airspace where RVSM is applied until the following actions have been taken:
(a) the failure or malfunction is confirmed and isolated by maintenance action
(b) corrective action is carried out and verified to ensure RVSM approval integrity.
A1.5 Maintenance training requirements

The RVSM approval process should include a review of the operator’s maintenance training
programme as it relates to the equipment required for RVSM operations. Emphasise the following
curriculum segments for initial and recurrent training of shop and line personnel:
(a) aircraft geometric inspection techniques
(b) test equipment calibration/usage techniques
(c) any special documentation or procedures introduced by RVSM approval.

A1.6 Test equipment

The test equipment should have the capability to demonstrate continuing compliance with the
parameters established for RVSM approval in the initial data package or as approved by the
approving authority.
Test equipment should be calibrated using approved reference standards traceable to the national
standard. Calibrate at periodic intervals as agreed by the approving authority. The approved
maintenance programme should incorporate effective quality control measures including the
following.
(a) Definition of required test equipment accuracy.
(b) Regular calibrations of test equipment traceable to the approved standard.

Note: Determination of calibration interval should be a function of the stability of the test equipment. Establish
the calibration interval based on historical data so that degradation is small in relation to the required
accuracy.
(c) Procedures to ensure conducting of regular audits of calibration facilities both in-house and
outside.
(d) Adherence to acceptable shop and line maintenance practices.
(e) Procedures for controlling operator errors and unusual environmental conditions that may
affect calibration accuracy.

APPENDIX 2: Flight Crew Training Programmes, Operating

Practices and Procedures
The following items (detailed in A2.2 to A2.8) should be standardised and incorporated into
training programmes and operating practices and procedures. Certain items may already be
adequately standardised in existing operator programmes and procedures. New technologies may
also eliminate the need for certain crew actions. If this is the case, then the intent of this guidance
can be considered to be met.
A2.1 Flight planning

During flight planning, the flight crew and dispatchers, if applicable, should pay particular attention
to conditions which may affect operation in RVSM airspace. These include, but may not be limited
to:
(a) verifying that the aircraft is approved for RVSM operations
(b) block 10 (equipment) of the ICAO flight plan should be annotated with the letter W for
filing in RVSM airspace
(c) reported and forecast weather conditions on the route of flight
(d) minimum equipment requirements pertaining to height-keeping systems
(e) if required for the specific aircraft group; accounting for any aircraft operating restrictions
related to RVSM airworthiness approval.
A2.2 Pre-flight procedures

Accomplish the following actions during pre-flight.
(a) Review maintenance logs and forms to ascertain the condition of equipment required for
flight in the RVSM airspace. Ensure that maintenance action has been taken to correct
defects to required equipment and that minimum equipment requirements pertaining to
height-keeping systems are met.
(b) During the external inspection of aircraft, pay particular attention to the condition of static
sources and the condition of the fuselage skin near each static source and any other
component that affects altimetry system accuracy. (A qualified and authorised person other
than the pilot, for example: a flight engineer or maintenance personnel may perform this
check).
(c) Before take-off, the aircraft altimeters should be set to the local altimeter atmospheric
pressure at nautical height (QNH) setting and should display a known elevation (for
example: field elevation) within the limits specified in aircraft operating manuals. The
difference between the known elevation and the elevation displayed on the altimeters
should not exceed 75 ft. The two primary altimeters should also agree within limits
specified by the aircraft operating manual. An alternative procedure using atmospheric
pressure at field elevation (QFE) may also be used.
(d) Before take-off, equipment required for flight in RVSM airspace should be operational, and
indications of malfunction should be resolved.
A2.3 Procedures before RVSM airspace entry

If any of the required equipment fails prior to the aircraft entering RVSM airspace, the pilot should
request a new clearance so as to avoid flight in this airspace. The following equipment should be
operating normally at entry into RVSM airspace:

(a) two serviceable independent primary altitude measurement systems
(b) one automatic altitude-control system
(c) one altitude-alerting device.

Note: Single source dependency following ADC failure does not meet the criteria for RVSM operation.
The operator should ascertain the requirement for an operational transponder in each RVSM area where
operations are intended.
A2.4 In-flight procedures

Incorporate the following policies into flight crew training and procedures.
(a) Flight crews should comply with aircraft operating restrictions (if required for the specific
aircraft group) related to RVSM airworthiness approval.
(b) Place emphasis on promptly setting the sub-scale on all primary and standby altimeters to
29.92 in. Hg/1013.2 (hPa) when passing the transition altitude and rechecking for proper
altimeter setting when reaching the initial cleared flight level (CFL).
(c) In level cruise, it is essential that the aircraft is flown at the CFL. This requires that
particular care is taken to ensure that ATC clearances are fully understood and followed.
Except in contingency or emergency situations, the aircraft should not intentionally depart
from CFL without a positive clearance from ATC.
(d) During cleared transition between levels, the aircraft should not be allowed to overshoot or
undershoot the CFL by more than 150 ft (45 m).
Note: It is recommended that the level off be accomplished using the altitude capture feature of the automatic
altitude-control system, if installed.
High rates of climb or descent may result in nuisance TCAS alerts on older TCAS equipment (TCAS 7.0)
when in vicinity of other traffic or in areas of high traffic density. For this reason it may be advisable to reduce
the rate of climb/descent to less than 1,000 ft/min within 1,000 ft of the cleared flight level.
(e) An automatic altitude-control system should be operative and engaged during level cruise,
except when circumstances such as the need to re-trim the aircraft or turbulence require
disengagement. In any event, adherence to cruise altitude should be done by reference to
one of the two primary altimeters.
(f) The altitude-alerting system should be operational.
(g) At intervals of approximately one hour, make cross-checks between the primary altimeters
and the stand-by altimeter. A minimum of two primary altimeters should agree within 200
ft (60 m) or a lesser value if specified in the aircraft operating manual. (Failure to meet this
condition will require that the altimetry system be reported as defective and notified to
ATC). Note the difference between the primary and stand-by altimeters for use in
contingency situations.
(i) The normal pilot scan of cockpit instruments should suffice for altimeter
crosschecking on most flights.
(ii) When operating under positive radar control, the initial altimeter cross-check
should be performed after level off. On Class II navigation legs, a cross-check
should be performed and recorded in the vicinity of the point where Class II
navigation is begun (for example: on coast out). The readings of the primary and
standby altimeters should be recorded and available for use in contingency
situations.

(iii) Some aircraft have automatic comparators that compare the two primary
altimetry systems. The comparators include a monitoring, warning, and fault
function. The faults may be recorded automatically by the system but a record of
the differences in the primary altimetry systems may not be easily derived.
Note: Future systems may make use of automatic altimeter comparators in lieu of cross-checks by the crew.
(h) Crew should ensure the autopilot used and the transponder selected use the same air data
source for altitude information.
(i) If ATC notifies the pilot of an AAD error that equals or exceeds 300 ft (90 m) then the
pilot should take action to return to CFL as quickly as possible.
(j) Contingency procedures after entering RVSM airspace. The pilot should notify ATC of
contingencies (aircraft system failures, weather conditions) which affect the ability to
maintain the CFL and coordinate a plan of action.
A2.5 Equipment failures

ATC shall be informed as soon as practicable of the following equipment failures:
(a) loss of one or more primary altimetry systems
(b) failure of any relevant altitude control systems.
A2.6 Post flight

In making maintenance logbook entries against malfunctions in height-keeping systems, the pilot
should provide sufficient detail to enable maintenance to effectively troubleshoot and repair the
system. The pilot should detail the actual defect and the crew action taken to try to isolate and
rectify the fault. Note the following information when appropriate:
(a) primary and standby altimeter readings
(b) altitude selector setting
(c) subscale setting on altimeter
(d) autopilot used to control the airplane and any differences when the alternate system was
selected
(e) differences in altimeter readings if alternate static ports selected
(f) use of air data computer selector for fault diagnosis procedure
(g) transponder selected to provide altitude information to ATC and any difference if alternate
transponder or altitude source is manually selected.
A2.7 Special emphasis items: flight crew training

The following items should also be included in flight crew training programmes.
(a) Area of operations specific policy and procedures including standard ATC phraseology.
(b) Importance of crew members cross checking each other to ensure that ATC clearances are
promptly and correctly complied with.
(c) Use and limitations in terms of accuracy of standby altimeters in contingencies. Where
applicable, the pilot should review the application of SSEC/PEC through the use of
correction cards.

(d) Problems of visual perception of other aircraft at 1,000 ft (300 m) planned separation
during night conditions, when encountering local phenomena such as northern lights, for
opposite and same direction traffic, and during turns.
(e) Characteristics of aircraft altitude capture systems that may lead to the occurrence of
overshoots.
(f) Operational procedures and operating characteristics related to TCAS / ACAS operation in
an RVSM operation.
(g) Relationship between the altimetry, automatic altitude control, and transponder systems in
normal and abnormal situations.
(h) Aircraft operating restrictions (if required for the specific aircraft group) related to RVSM
airworthiness approval.
(i) For those operators authorised to conduct oceanic operations – use of SLOP in oceanic
airspace to mitigate the effect of wake turbulence and the effect of operational errors.

APPENDIX 3: Specific Procedures for Oceanic Airspace

RVSM was initially implemented in North Atlantic MNPS airspace in March 1997. The guidance
that follows has been applied in the North Atlantic region since that time. It is also applied to
RVSM operations in the Pacific, West Atlantic and other oceanic airspace.
This appendix contains information on procedures that are unique to oceanic RVSM airspace
where direct voice communications between pilots and ATC is not available.
A3.1 Basic concepts for contingencies

A3.1.1 Specific guidance for contingencies
The basic concepts for contingencies described in this paragraph were developed from the specific
guidance contained in ICAO Document 4444, Chapter 15, Special In-Flight Contingencies.
Contingency procedures become complicated when specific situations are detailed. However, if the
details are examined in the context of certain basic concepts, then they are more easily understood.
Reviewing these concepts should serve to aid pilots’ understanding of the specific contingency
procedures detailed in ICAO Document 4444. Contingency procedures published in ICAO
Document 7030, Regional Supplementary Procedures, provide differences for individual regions of
the world.
A3.1.2 Basic concepts for contingencies

Do not interpret guidance for contingency procedures in any way that prejudices the final authority
and responsibility of the PIC for the safe operation of the aircraft.
If the pilot is unsure of the vertical or lateral position of the aircraft or the aircraft deviates from its
assigned altitude or track for cause without prior ATC clearance, then the pilot must take action to
mitigate the potential for collision with aircraft on adjacent routes or flight levels.
Note: In this situation, the pilot should alert adjacent aircraft by making maximum use of aircraft lighting and
broadcasting position flight level, and intentions on 121.5 megahertz (MHz) (as a back-up, the appropriate
VHF inter-pilot air-to-air frequency may be used).
Unless the nature of the contingency dictates otherwise, the pilot should advise ATC as soon as
possible of a contingency situation and if possible, request an ATC clearance before deviating from
the assigned route or FL.
If a revised ATC clearance cannot be obtained in a timely manner and action is required to avoid
potential conflict with other aircraft, then the aircraft should be flown at a flight level and on an
offset track where other aircraft are least likely to be encountered. Specifically, the pilot shall do
the following actions.
(a) Acquire and maintain in either direction a track laterally separated by 28 km (15 NM) from
the assigned route
(b) Once established on the offset track, climb or descend to select a FL which differs from
those normally used by 150 m (500 ft)
(c) Also consider descending below FL 285 or climbing above FL 410. (The vast majority of
oceanic traffic operates between FL 290 and 410. Flight above FL 410 or below FL 285
may limit exposure to conflict with other aircraft.).
When executing a contingency manoeuvre the pilot should:
(a) watch for conflicting traffic both visually and by reference to ACAS or TCAS, if equipped
(b) continue to alert other aircraft using 121.5 MHz (as a back-up, the VHF inter-pilot air-to-
air frequency (VHF 123.45) may be used) and aircraft lights

(c) continue to fly offset tracks or altitudes until an ATC clearance is obtained
(d) obtain an ATC clearance as soon as possible.
A3.2 Guidance to the pilot in the event of equipment failures or

encounters with turbulence after entry into RVSM airspace (including
expected ATC actions)
In addition to emergency conditions that require immediate descent, such as loss of thrust or
pressurisation, make ATC aware of the less explicit conditions that may make it impossible for an
aircraft to maintain its CFL appropriate to RVSM. Controllers should react to such conditions but
these actions cannot be specified, as they will be dynamically affected by the real-time situation.
A3.2.1 Objective of the guidance material

The following material is provided with the purpose of giving the pilot guidance on actions to take
under certain conditions of equipment failure and encounters with turbulence. It also describes the
expected ATC controller actions in these situations. It is recognised that the pilot and controller
will use judgment to determine the action most appropriate to any given situation.
The guidance material recognises that for certain equipment failures, the safest course of action
may be for the aircraft to maintain the assigned FL and route while the pilot and controller take
precautionary action to protect separation.
For extreme cases of equipment failure, however, the guidance recognises that the safest course of
action may be for the aircraft to depart from the cleared FL or route by obtaining a revised ATC
clearance or if unable to obtain prior ATC clearance, executing the established ICAO Document
4444 and Document 7030 contingency manoeuvres for the area of operation.
A3.2.2 Contingency scenarios

The following paragraphs summarise pilot actions to mitigate the potential for conflict with other
aircraft in certain contingency situations. They should be reviewed in conjunction with the
expanded contingency scenarios.
Scenario 1: The pilot is unsure of the:
(a) vertical position of the aircraft due to the loss or degradation of all primary altimetry
systems, or
(b) capability to maintain CFL due to turbulence or loss of all automatic altitude control
systems.
The pilot should do the following actions: ATC can be expected to do the following
actions:
Maintain CFL while evaluating the situation.
Watch for conflicting traffic both visually and by
reference to ACAS (TCAS), if equipped.
If considered necessary, alert nearby aircraft
by:
(i) making maximum use of exterior lights
(ii) broadcasting position, FL, and intentions
on 121.5 MHz (as a back-up, the VHF
inter-pilot air-to-air frequency may be
used).
Notify ATC of the situation and intended Obtain the pilot’s intentions and pass essential
course of action. Possible courses of action traffic information.
include.

a) Maintaining the CFL and route provided a) If the pilot intends to continue in RVSM
that ATC can provide lateral, longitudinal airspace, assess traffic situation to
or conventional vertical separation. determine if the aircraft can be
accommodated through the provision of
lateral, longitudinal, or increased vertical
separation, and if so, apply the appropriate
minimum.
b) Requesting ATC clearance to climb above b) If the pilot requests clearance to exit
or descend below RVSM airspace if the RVSM airspace, accommodate
aircraft cannot maintain CFL and ATC expeditiously, if possible.
cannot establish adequate separation from
other aircraft.
c) Executing the ICAO Document 4444 c) If adequate separation cannot be
contingency manoeuvres to offset from the established and it is not possible to comply
assigned track and FL, if ATC clearance with the pilot’s request for clearance to exit
cannot be obtained and the aircraft cannot RVSM airspace, advise the pilot of
maintain CFL. essential traffic information, notify other
aircraft in the vicinity and continue to
monitor the situation.
d) Notify adjoining ATC facilities/sectors of
the situation.
Scenario 2: A failure or loss of accuracy of one primary altimetry system (for example:
greater than 200 ft difference between primary altimeters)
The pilot should:
Cross check standby altimeter, confirm the accuracy of a primary altimeter system and notify ATC
of the loss of redundancy. If unable to confirm primary altimeter system accuracy, follow pilot
actions listed in the preceding scenario.
A3.3 Expanded equipment failure and turbulence encounter scenarios

(operators may consider this material for use in training programmes)
Scenario 1: All automatic altitude control systems fail (for example: automatic altitude hold)
The pilot should do the following action: ATC can be expected to do the following:
Initially maintain CFL, and
Evaluate the aircraft’s capability to maintain
altitude through manual control.
Subsequently watch for conflicting traffic both
visually and by reference to TCAS, if equipped.
If considered necessary, alert nearby aircraft
by:
used).
Notify ATC of the failure and intended course
of action. Possible courses of action include:
a) Maintaining the CFL and route, provided a) If the pilot intends to continue in RVSM
that the aircraft can maintain level. airspace, assess traffic situation to
determine if the aircraft can be


minimum.
or descend below RVSM airspace if the RVSM airspace, accommodate
aircraft cannot maintain CFL and ATC expeditiously, if possible.
cannot establish lateral, longitudinal or
conventional vertical separation.
contingency manoeuvre to offset from the established and it is not possible to comply
cannot be obtained and the aircraft cannot RVSM airspace, advise the pilot of
maintain CFL. essential traffic information, notify other
d) Notify adjoining ATC facilities/ sectors of
the situation.
Scenario 2: Loss of redundancy in primary altimetry systems
actions:
If the remaining altimetry system is functioning Acknowledge the situation and continue to
normally, couple that system to the automatic monitor progress.
altitude control system, notify ATC of the loss of
redundancy and maintain vigilance of altitude
keeping.
Scenario 3: All primary altimetry systems are considered unreliable or fail
actions:
Maintain CFL by reference to the standby
altimeter (if the aircraft is so equipped).
Alert nearby aircraft by:
used).
Consider declaring an emergency. Notify ATC Obtain pilot’s intentions, and pass essential
of the failure and intended course of action. traffic information.
Possible courses of action include the
following.
a) Maintaining CFL and route provided that a) If the pilot intends to continue in RVSM
ATC can provide lateral, longitudinal, or airspace, assess traffic situation to
conventional vertical separation. determine if the aircraft can be
minimum.
or descend below RVSM airspace if ATC RVSM airspace, accommodate
cannot establish adequate separation from expeditiously, if possible.
other aircraft.


contingency manoeuvre to offset from the established and it is not possible to comply
cannot be obtained. RVSM airspace, advise the pilot of
essential traffic information, notify other
d) Notify adjoining ATC facilities/sectors of
the situation.
Scenario 4: The primary altimeters diverge by more than 200 ft (60 m)
The pilot should do the following actions:
Attempt to determine the defective system through established trouble-shooting procedures and/or
comparing the primary altimeter displace to the standby altimeter (as corrected by the correction
cards, if required).
If the defective system can be determined, couple the functioning altimeter system to the altitude
keeping device.
If the defective system cannot be determined, follow the guidance in Scenario 3 for failure or
unreliable altimeter indications of all primary altimeters.
Scenario 5: Turbulence (greater than moderate) which the pilot believes will impact the
aircraft’s capability to maintain FL
The pilot should do the following action: ATC can be expected to do the following:
Watch for conflicting traffic both visually and by
reference to TCAS, if equipped.
If considered necessary, alert nearby aircraft by:
(ii) broadcasting position, FL, and intentions on
121.5 MHz (as a back-up, the VHF inter-pilot
air-to-air frequency may be used).
Notify ATC of intended course of action as soon
as possible. Possible courses of action include:
a) Maintaining CFL and route provided ATC a) Assess traffic situation to determine if the
can provide lateral, longitudinal or aircraft can be accommodated through
conventional vertical separation. the provision of lateral, longitudinal, or
increased vertical separation, and if so,
apply the appropriate minimum.
b) Requesting flight level change, if necessary. b) If unable to provide adequate separation,
advise the pilot of essential traffic
information and request pilot’s intentions.
c) Executing the ICAO Doc.4444 contingency c) Notify other aircraft in the vicinity and
maneuverer to offset from the assigned monitor the situation.
track and FL, if ATC clearance cannot be d) Notify adjoining ATC facilities/ sectors of
obtained and the aircraft cannot maintain the situation
CFL.

A3.4 Special procedures for in-flight contingencies published for

individual ICAO regions in Document 7030
Basic contingency procedures are in ICAO Document 4444, Chapter 15, Procedures Relating to
Emergencies, Communications Failures and Contingencies.
ICAO Document 4444 and Document 7030 are the source documents for specific contingency
procedures applicable to individual ICAO regions. Always consult Document 7030 before training
material or manuals are developed.
A3.5 Wake turbulence procedures

SLOP allows aircraft to offset from the centre line of its track by one NM or two NMs to the right
for wake turbulence avoidance and for increased safety.
A3.6 Transponder failure

The provider states will determine the specific actions that ATC will take in the event of
transponder failure in RVSM.

APPENDIX 4: RVSM Monitoring

A4.1 RVSM height monitoring programmes
A programme to monitor or verify aircraft height-keeping performance is considered a necessary
element of RVSM. RVSM monitoring programmes have the primary objective of observing and
evaluating aircraft height-keeping performance to gain confidence that airspace users are applying
the airplane/operator RVSM approval in an effective manner and that an equivalent level of safety
will be maintained.
A4.1.1 Initial height validation monitoring

The RVSM airworthiness approval of an RVSM approval requires that the aircraft and operator be
involved in an RVSM initial height validation monitoring programme. The initial height validation
monitoring programme validates the aircraft’s height performance for RVSM operations. For most
aircraft types, monitoring is not required to be completed prior to operational approval being
granted. The categories of monitoring are detailed below.
(a) Aircraft type group approved aircraft (data indicates compliance with RVSM
MASPS). Two airframes from each fleet of an operator are to be monitored as soon as
possible but not later than 6 months after the issue of an RVSM approval.
(b) Aircraft type group approved aircraft (insufficient data on approved aircraft). Sixty
percent of airframes (round up if fractional) from each fleet of an operator are to monitor or
individual monitoring, as soon as possible but not later than six months after the issue of an
RVSM approval.
(c) Bespoke / non-group aircraft. One hundred percent of aircraft shall be monitored prior to
the granting of an RVSM approval.
Note: Contact with CAA ACU is required to clarify / confirm that the operator’s aircraft are in the appropriate
category.
(d) Aircraft status for monitoring. Aircraft engineering work required for the aircraft to
receive RVSM airworthiness approval must be completed prior to the aircraft being
monitored.
(e) Monitoring of airframes that are RVSM compliant on delivery. If an operator adds new
RVSM compliant airframes of a type for which it already has RVSM approval, providing
the operator has completed monitoring requirements for the type, the new airframes are not
required to be monitored – except as targeted at a later date in the continued monitoring
programme. If an operator adds new RVSM compliant airframes of an aircraft type for
which it has not previously received RVSM approval, then the operator is to complete
monitoring in accordance with this advisory circular.
(f) Applicability of monitoring from other regions. Monitoring data obtained in conjunction
with monitoring programmes from other regions can be used to meet pacific monitoring
requirements. PARMO administers the monitoring programme in the FIRs for which it is
responsible, and has access to monitoring data from other regions and will coordinate with
states and operators to inform them on the status of individual operator monitoring
requirements.
A4.1.2 Continued height monitoring programme

A requirement of the RVSM operational approval is that the operator establishes a continued height
monitoring programme. This programme is to ensure that a minimum of two aircraft of each
aircraft type grouping of the operator have their height-keeping performance monitored, at least
once every two years or within intervals of 1,000 flight hours per aircraft, whichever period is

longer. If an operator aircraft type grouping consists of a single aeroplane, monitoring of that
aeroplane shall be accomplished within the specified period.
Note: A height-monitoring system based on global positioning satellites or an earth-based system may fulfil
this function.
Monitoring data from any regional monitoring programme established in accordance with ICAO Annex 11,
3.3.5.2, may be used to satisfy the requirement.
A4.2 RVSM monitoring methods

There are multiple methods and agencies for performing RVSM height monitoring. There are four
categories.
(a) Height monitoring units (HMUs). In operation in Europe, US and Japan. HMU is a
ground-based system consisting of two main components – height monitoring element
(HME) and total vertical error monitoring unit (TMU).
(i) The HME captures SSR transponder signals from aircraft replying to
interrogations from radar stations. The signals contain the information from mode
S and mode A / C transmissions. The HME determines the geometric height and
position of an aircraft by comparing the time of reception of the SSR transponder
signals at different receiver locations. This information is transmitted to the TMU
as one plot per second. The data is collated by the TMU to create a track history
of the aircraft passing through the area of coverage. The track information is then
combined with meteorological data to evaluate the overall value for TVE.
(ii) When completed, the monitoring process produces TVE, AAD and ASE readings
for each aircraft measured. This data is fed to the region’s monitoring agency.
Currently there are no HMUs in the pacific region but there are multiple HMUs
available in other regions. Contact CAA for further information.
(b) Aircraft geometric height measurement elements (AGHMEs). A ground-based height

monitoring system in operation in the US and Canada. The AGHME system does not
require that any special monitoring devices be installed on an aircraft in order that it is
monitored. It is necessary, however, that the aircraft have an operational mode S
transponder. Straight and level flight through the centre of the AGHME coverage area
between FL 290 and FL 410 is required. Contact CAA for further information.
(c) ADS-B height monitoring system (AHMS). A ground-based height keeping performance
monitoring system that utilises geometric height data available from automatic dependant
surveillance - broadcast (ADS-B) equipped aircraft in order to calculate the ASE.
Monitoring in airspace where a wide-area ADS-B network is available will not require an
aircraft to specifically overfly any specific AHMS site, as normal flight operations can be
monitored on a continuous basis with no operational impact. The use of ADS-B as a means
to estimate ASE and comply with the ICAO Annex 6. ‘Continued height-keeping
monitoring requirements’ has been endorsed by ICAO. Currently, the use of ADS-B for
continued height-keeping monitoring purposes is operational in the US, Australia, China
and Asian RVSM regions. Contact CAA for further information.
Note: ICAO has endorsed AHMS (ADS-B) as a means for continued height-keeping monitoring. AHMS (ADS-
B) is also a means to meet the initial validation height-keeping monitoring requirements.
(d) GPS monitoring units (GMU). GMUs are a portable aircraft-based height monitoring
unit. The GMU process requires straight and level flight between FL 290 and FL 410
where the GMU provider or operator will monitor the aircraft’s height performance. The
GMU provider will then process the data by applying differential corrections to the raw
GPS data. They then submit it to PARMO where they determine the TVE. GMU
monitoring is conducted globally. Contact CAA for further information.

A4.3 RVSM regional monitoring agencies (RMAs)

RMAs are agencies that ICAO has approved following the global implementation of RVSM. These
agencies ensure the safe use of specific airspace designated by regional agreement by assessing
how successfully the airspace meets the agreed TLS. The target is determined by ICAO and
depends on satisfactory aircraft height-keeping performance and measurement of risk associated
with operational errors.
A4.3.1 Pacific approvals registry and monitoring organisation (PARMO)

New Zealand registered aircraft with an RVSM approval are registered with PARMO. PARMO
maintains a central registry of state RVSM approvals of operators and aircraft using the pacific
region airspace where RVSM is applied. PARMO is responsible for determining whether an
operator's fleet has demonstrated acceptable height keeping performance.
Aircraft that are registered with PARMO and have demonstrated an acceptable height keeping
performance can be found in the ‘PARMO RVSM approvals’ database located under ‘PARMO
documents’ on the FAA website. RVSM height monitoring information is also provided to
PARMO from other RMAs and the database is updated accordingly. Contact CAA ACU in the first
instant on the registration of RVSM approved aircraft or if any discrepancies are found in the above
database.

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Advisory Circular

An acceptable means of compliance is not intended to be the only means of compliance

2 December 2014 2 CAA of NZ

The intention of this advisory circular is to provide:

(a) information on the approvals process

(b) guidance on the arrangements and need for monitoring.

2. Related Reading Material

(e) ICAO Document 7030, Regional Supplementary Procedures.

ACAS Airborne collision avoidance system

ACU Aircraft Certification Unit

ADC Air data computer

AFM Airplane flight manual

ADS-B Automatic dependant surveillance - broadcast

AGHMEs Aircraft geometric height measurement elements

2 December 2014 3 CAA of NZ

AHMS ADS-B height monitoring system

ASE Altimetry system error

ATC Air traffic control

BITE Built-in test equipment

CAA New Zealand Civil Aviation Authority

CFL Cleared flight level

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

GMU Global positioning system monitoring unit

GPS Global positioning system

HME Height monitoring element

HMU Height monitoring unit

IATA International Air Transport Association

ICA Instructions for continued airworthiness

ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization

IFALPA International Federation of Airline Pilots Associations

IFATCA International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers Associations

MASPS Minimum aircraft system performance specification

MEL Minimum equipment list

MNPS Minimum navigation performance specification

PARMO Pacific Approvals Registry and Monitoring Organization

PEC Position correction error

PIC Pilot in command

QFE Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation (or at runway threshold)

QNH Altimeter sub-scale setting to obtain elevation when on the ground

RGCSP Review of the general concept of separation panel

RMA Regional monitoring agency

2 December 2014 4 CAA of NZ

SLOP Strategic lateral offset procedures

SSEC Static source correction error

SSR Secondary surveillance radar

STC Supplemental type certificate

TCAS Traffic alert and collision avoidance system

TCDS Type certificate data sheet

TLS Target level of safety

TMU Total vertical error monitoring unit

TVE Total vertical error

VHF Very high frequency

VSM Vertical separation minimum

Automatic dependant surveillance – broadcast (ADS-B).

Aircraft type groupings

Altimetry system error (ASE)

Assigned altitude deviation (AAD)

2 December 2014 5 CAA of NZ

Target level of safety (TLS)