S.J.P.

N Trust’s
HIRASUGAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY NIDASOSHI-591236
Inculcating Values, Promoting Prosperity
Approved by AICTE New Delhi, Recognized by Govt, of Karnataka & Affiliated to VTU Belagavi
Accredited at 'A' Grade b y NAAC
Programmes Accredited b y NBA: CSE, E CE, EEE & ME

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Academic Year: 2020-21
A Seminar Synopsis
On

“DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING”

Submitted By

Mr. PRAVEEN JANAMATTI

USN: 2HN15EE035

Under the guidance of

Prof. Onkar B Heddurshetti

Guide HOD
Prof.Onkar B Heddurshetti Dr.Basavaraj Madiggonda
INTRODUCTION:

Digital image processing is concerned with aquiring and processing of an image. In simple
words an image is a representation of a real scene, either in black and white or in color, and
either in print form or in a digital form i.e., technically an image is a two dimensional light
intensity function. In other words it is a data intensity values arranged in a two-dimensional form
like an array, the required property of an image can be extracted from processing an image.
Image is typically by stochastic models. It is represented by AR model. Degradation is
represented by MA model.

Other form is orthogonal series expansion. Image processing system is typically

noncasual system. Image processing is two dimensional signal processing. Due to linearity
Property, we can operate on rows and columns separately. Image processing is vastly being
implemented by “vision systems” in robotics. Robots are designed, and meant to be controlled by
a computer or similar devices. While “vision systems” are most sophisticated sensors used in
robotics. They relate the function of a robot to its environment as all other sensors do. “Vision
systems” may be used for a variety of applications, including manufacturing, navigation and
surveillance.
METHODOLOGY:
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING:
Digital image processing is the use of computer to perform on. Digital image processing has the
same advantages (over analog image processing) as has (over analog signal processing) -- it
allows a much wider range of algorithms to be applied to the input data, and can avoid problems
such as the build-up
up of noise and signal distortion during processing
1. IMAGE ACQUISITION: An image is captured by a sensor (such as a monochrome or
color TV camera) and digitized. If the output of the camera or sensor is not already in
digital form, an analog-to digital converter digitalize it.

2. RECOGNITION AND INTERPRETATION: Recognition is the process that assigns a

label to an object based on the information provided by its descriptors. Interpretation is
assigning meaning to an assemble of recognized objects. converter digitalizes it.

3. SEGMENTATION: Segmentation is the generic name for a number of different

techniques that divide the image into segments of its constituents. The purpose of
segmentation is to separate the information contained in the image into smaller entities
that can be used for other purposes.

4. REPRESENTATION AND DESCRIPTION: Representation and description

transforms raw data into a form suitable for the recognition processing.

5. KNOWLEDGE BASE: A problem domain detailing the regions of an image where the
information of interest is known to be located is known as knowledge base. It helps to
limit the search

6. THRESHOLDING: Threshold is the process of dividing an image into different

portions by picking a certain grayness level as a threshold, comparing each pixel value
with the threshold, and then assigning the pixel to the different portions, depending on
whether the pixel’s grayness level is below the threshold or above the threshold value.
Threshold can be performed either at a single level or at multiple levels, in which the
image is processed by dividing it into ” layers”, each with a selected threshold. Various
techniques are available to choose an appropriate threshold ranging from simple routines
for binary images to sophisticated techniques for complicated images.

7. CONNECTIVITY: Sometimes we need to decide whether neighbouring pixels are

somehow “connected” or related to each other. Connectivity establishes whether they
have the same property, such as being of the same region, coming from the same object,
having a similar texture, etc. To establish the connectivity of neighbouring pixels, we first
have to decide upon a connectivity path.

8. NOISE REDUCTION: Like other signal processing mediums, vision systems contains
noises. Some noises are systematic and come from dirty lenses, faulty electronic
components, bad memory chips and low resolution. Others are random and are caused by
environmental effects or bad lighting. The net effect is a corrupted image that needs to be
preprocessed to reduce or eliminate the noise. In addition, sometimes images are not of
good quality, due to both hardware and software inadequacies; thus, they have to be
enhanced and improved before other analysis can be performed on them.
9. CONVOLUTION MASKS: A mask may be used for many different purposes,
including filtering operations and noise reduction. Noise and edges produces higher
frequencies in the spectrum of a signal. It is possible to create masks that behave like a
low pass filter, such that higher frequencies of an image are attenuated while the lower
frequencies are not changed very much. There by the noise is reduced.

10. EDGE DETECTION: Edge detection is a general name for a class of routines and
techniques that operate on an image and results in a line drawing of the image. The lines
represented changes in values such as cross sections of planes, intersections of planes,
textures, lines, and colors, as well as differences in shading and textures. Some
techniques are mathematically oriented, some are heuristic, and some are descriptive. All
generally operate on the differences between the gray levels of pixels or groups of pixels
through masks or thresholds. The final result is a line drawing or similar representation
that requires much less memory to be stored, is much simpler to be processed, and saves
in computation and storage costs. Edge detection is also necessary in subsequent process,
such as segmentation and object recognition

11. IMAGE DATA COMPRESSION: Electronic images contain large amounts of

information and thus require data transmission lines with large bandwidth capacity. The
requirements for the temporal and spatial resolution of an image, the number of images
per second, and the number of gray levels are determined by the required quality of the
image. Recent data transmission and storage techniques have significantly improved
image transmission capabilities, including transmission over the internet.
ADVANTAGES:

1. One of the biggest advantage of digital imaging is the ability of the operator to
manipulate the pixel shades to correct image density and contrast, is called post
processing. And perform other processing functions that could result in improved
diagnosis and fewer repeated examinations.

2. Digital imaging allows the electronic transmission of images to third-party providers,

referring dentists, consultants, and insurance carriers via a modem.

3. Digital image is also environmental friendly since it does not require chemical
processing. It is useful to find chemicals contaminated in the water supply system
with harmful metals such as the silver found in used fixer solution.

4. Radiation does reduction is also a benefit derived from the use of digital systems.
Some manufacturers have claimed a 90% decrease in radiation exposure, but the real
savings depend on comparisons.

DISADVANTAGES:
There are also disadvantages associated with the use of digital systems.

1. The initial cost can be high depending on the system used, the number of detectors
purchased, etc.

2. Competency using the software can take time to master depending on the level of
computer literacy of team members. Finally, since digital imaging in dentistry is not
standardized, professionals are unable to exchange information without going
through an intermediary process.
APPLICATIONS:

1.Robotics.
2. Graphics and animations.
3. Medical field.
4. Satellite imaging
REFERENCES:

1. “Introduction To Robotics, Analysis, Systems, Applications” - Saeed B. Niku

2. “Introduction To Digital Image Processing” – Anil K.Jain
3. “Digital Mage Processing” - Rafael C. Gonzalez And Richard E. Woods, Addison
Wesley
4. R.Ravikumar ,Dr. V Arulmozhi “Digital Image Processing –A Quick review”
International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Technology (IJICT),Vol2,Iss2,pp.11-
19,2019
5. P Prabhu (2016), “Digital Image Processing Techniques-A Survey,golden research
thoughts”,5(11)
6. Ranu Gorai (2016), “A Survey of Digital Image Processing”, International Journal of
Research in Engineering , Technology and science.
7. A Erhardt Ferron (2000), “Theory and application of Digital Image
Processing”,University of applied sciences,Offenburg.