This document defines the nutrition diagnosis of inadequate oral intake as oral food/beverage intake that is less than established reference standards based on physiological needs. Potential causes include increased nutrient needs due to illness, decreased ability to consume enough food, limited access to food, limited food acceptance, cultural practices affecting food access, knowledge deficits about nutrition, and psychological factors. Signs and symptoms may include weight loss, dry skin, poor appetite, vitamin/mineral deficiencies, and reports of insufficient nutrient intake compared to requirements.
This document defines the nutrition diagnosis of inadequate oral intake as oral food/beverage intake that is less than established reference standards based on physiological needs. Potential causes include increased nutrient needs due to illness, decreased ability to consume enough food, limited access to food, limited food acceptance, cultural practices affecting food access, knowledge deficits about nutrition, and psychological factors. Signs and symptoms may include weight loss, dry skin, poor appetite, vitamin/mineral deficiencies, and reports of insufficient nutrient intake compared to requirements.
This document defines the nutrition diagnosis of inadequate oral intake as oral food/beverage intake that is less than established reference standards based on physiological needs. Potential causes include increased nutrient needs due to illness, decreased ability to consume enough food, limited access to food, limited food acceptance, cultural practices affecting food access, knowledge deficits about nutrition, and psychological factors. Signs and symptoms may include weight loss, dry skin, poor appetite, vitamin/mineral deficiencies, and reports of insufficient nutrient intake compared to requirements.
This document defines the nutrition diagnosis of inadequate oral intake as oral food/beverage intake that is less than established reference standards based on physiological needs. Potential causes include increased nutrient needs due to illness, decreased ability to consume enough food, limited access to food, limited food acceptance, cultural practices affecting food access, knowledge deficits about nutrition, and psychological factors. Signs and symptoms may include weight loss, dry skin, poor appetite, vitamin/mineral deficiencies, and reports of insufficient nutrient intake compared to requirements.
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Inadequate* Oral Intake (NI-2.
1)
Definition Oral food/beverage intake that is less than established reference standards or recommendations based on physiological needs.
Note: This nutrition diagnosis does not include intake via oroenteric tube.
May not be an appropriate nutrition diagnosis when the goal is weight loss, during end-of-life care, upon initiation of feeding, or during combined oral/EN/PN therapy.
Whenever possible, nutrient intake data should be considered in combination with clinical, biochemical, anthropometric information, medical diagnosis, clinical status, and/or other factors as well as diet to provide a valid assessment of nutritional status based on a totality of the evidence. (Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2000.)
Etiology (Cause/Contributing Risk Factors)
Factors gathered during the nutrition assessment process that contribute to the existence or the maintenance of pathophysiological, psychosocial, situational, developmental, cultural, and/or environmental problems:
Physiological causes increasing nutrient needs, e.g., due to prolonged catabolic illness Decreased ability to consume sufficient energy, e.g., increased nutrient needs due to prolonged catabolic illness Lack of or limited access to food, e.g., economic constraints, restricting food given to elderly and/or children Limited food acceptance due to physiological or behavioral issues, aversion, or unsupported beliefs/attitudes Cultural practices that affect ability to access food Food- and nutrition-related knowledge deficit concerning appropriate oral food/beverage intake Psychological causes such as depression and disordered eating
Signs/Symptoms (Defining Characteristics)
A typical cluster of subjective and objective signs and symptoms gathered during the nutrition assessment process that provide evidence that a problem exists; quantify the problem and describe its severity.
Nutrition Assessment Potential Indicators of This Nutrition Diagnosis (one or more must be present) Category Biochemical Data, Medical Tests and Procedures Anthropometric Weight loss, insufficient growth velocity Measurements Nutrition-Focused Dry skin, mucous membranes, poor skin turgor Physical Anorexia, nausea, or vomiting Findings Change in appetite or taste Clinical evidence of vitamin/mineral deficiency
Reports or observations of:
Estimates of insufficient intake of energy or high-quality protein from
diet when compared to requirements Economic constraints that limit food availability Food/Nutrition- Excessive consumption of alcohol or other drugs that reduce hunger Related History Medications that cause anorexia Limited food/beverage intake inconsistent with nutrition reference standards for type, variety, diet quality Less than optimal reliance on foods, food groups, supplements or nutrition support
Conditions associated with a diagnosis or treatment of catabolic illness
such as AIDS, tuberculosis, anorexia nervosa, sepsis or infection from Client History recent surgery, depression, acute or chronic pain Protein and/or nutrient malabsorption
*If a synonym for the term “inadequate” is helpful or needed, an approved alternate is the word “suboptimal.”
References
1. Dunitz-Scheer M, Levine A, Roth Y, Kratky E, Beckenbach H, Braegger C, Hauer A, Wilken M,
Wittenberg J, Trabi T, Scheer PJ. Prevention and treatment of tube dependency in infancy and early childhood. ICAN: Infant, Child, & Adolescent Nutrition. 2009;1:72-82. 2. Miller CK. Updates on pediatric feeding and swallowing problems. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;17:194-199. 3. Rommel N, De Meyer A, Feenstra L, Veereman-Wauters G. The complexity of feeding problems in 700 infants and young children presenting to a tertiary care institution. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003;37:75-84. 4. Schwarz SM, Corredor J, Fisher-Medina J, Cohen J, Rabinowitz S. Diagnosis and treatment of feeding disorders in children with developmental disabilities. Pediatrics. 2001;108(3):671-676. 5. Skinner JD, Carruth BR, Bounds W, Ziegler PJ. Children’s food preferences: a longitudinal analysis, J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102:1638-1647. 6. Wardle J, Carnell S, Cooke L. Parental control over feeding and children’s fruit and vegetable intake: how are they related? J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105:227-232.
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