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WEEK 6-7 ULOb

Big Picture in Focus: ULOb. solve real world problems involving

nonhomogeneous linear differential equations of order n.

Metalanguage

In this section will serve as your word bank where the most essential terms
relevant to the introduction of nonhomogeneous linear differential equations of
order n and ULO-b will be operationally defined to establish a common frame of
reference. You will encounter these terms as we delve deeper to the study of linear
differential equations of order n. Please refer to these definitions in case you will
encounter difficulty to understand mathematical concepts in relation with
nonhomogeneous linear differential equation of order n.

1. Nonhomogeneous equation. It is the sum of the complementary

function and any particular solution.
bn(x)dny/dxn + bn – 1(x)dn – 1/dxn – 1 + …. + b1(x) dy/dx + b0(x)y = R(x)

2. Particular solution. It is not necessarily involving any arbitrary constants

of the equation.

3. Complementary solution. It is the general solution of the homogeneous

equation.

b0(x)y(n) + b1(x)y(n-1) + ….. bn-1(x)y’ + bn(x)y = 0,

4. Differential operator. It denotes differentiation with respect to x, D2

differentiation twice with respect to x, and so on; that is, for positive integral
k,
Dky = dky/dxk

5. Auxiliary equation. It is a solution of equation in the form f(D)y = 0, which

means simply that y = emx, f(m) = 0

6. Equations with exponential right side. It is a linear differential equation

that the right side contains exponential functions.
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7. Equations with constant right side. It is a linear differential equation that

the right side contains constants.

8. Equations with polynomial right side. It is a linear differential equation

that the right side contains polynomial functions.

9. Equations whose right side contains sines and cosines. It is a linear

differential equation that the right side contains sines and cosines
functions.

Please proceed immediately to the “Essential Knowledge” part since

the first lesson is also definition of essential terms.

Essential Knowledge

To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for the first
three (3) weeks of the course, you need to fully understand the following essential
knowledge that will be laid down in the succeeding pages. Please note that
you are not limited to exclusively refer to these resources. Thus, you are
expected to utilize other books, research articles and other resources that are
available in the university’s library (refer to the library contact on page 3).

General Solution of a Nonhomogeneous D.E of order n

Let yp be any particular solution (not necessarily involving arbitrary
constants) of the solution
b0y(n) + b1y(n-1) + ….. bn-1y’ + bny = R(x)

and let yc be a solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation

b0y(n) + b1y(n-1) + ….. bn-1y’ + bny = 0.

Then
y = yc + yp
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is a solution of equation (1). For, using the y of equation, we see that

b0y(n) + ..…… bny = (b0yc(n) + …….. +bnyc) + (b0yp(n) +…….. +

bnyp) = 0 + R(x) = R(x).

if y1, y2…..yn are linearly independent solutions of equation above, then

yc = c1y1 + c2y2 +…….+ cnyn

in which c’s are arbitrary constants, is the general solution of homogeneous

equation. The right member of equation is called the complementary
function for equation nonhomogeneous equation.

The general solution of the nonhomogeneous equation is the sum of the

complementary function (yc) and any particular solution (yp). To justify this
usage of the term general solution, we must show that if f is any solution of
Nonhomogeneous, then f = yc + yp.

The Method of Undetermined Coefficients

a. Equations with exponential right side (let yp = A0eαx)

Example 69:
Solve y’’ – 7y’ = 6e6x
Solution:
Solving for yc
Equate the differential equation to zero
y’’ – 7y’ = 0
The auxiliary equation m2 – 7m = 0
So, that m(m – 7) = 0
With roots, m1 = 0, m2 = 7 → distinct roots
Therefore, →yc = c1 + c2e7x

Solving for yp
Let yp = A0e6x
Differentiate yp twice with respect to x
yp’ = 6A0e6x
yp’’ = 36A0e6x
Substitute the derivatives to the original differential equation
y’’ – 7y’ = 6e6x
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36A0e6x – 7(6A0e6x) = 6e6x

A0 = - 1 , →yp = - e6x

Therefore, y = yc + yp = c1 + c2e7x - e6x

Example 70:
Solve y’’ – y’ – 2y = e3x
Solution:
Solving for yc
Equate the differential equation to zero
y’’ – y’ – 2y = 0
The auxiliary equation m2 – m – 2 = 0
So, that (m – 2)(m + 1) = 0
With roots, m1 = 2, m2 = - 1 → distinct roots
Therefore, →yc = c1 e2x+ c2e-x

Solving for yp
Let yp = A0e3x
Differentiate yp twice with respect to x
yp’ = 3A0e3x
yp’’ = 9A0e3x
Substitute the derivatives to the original differential equation
y’’ – y’ – 2y = e3x
9A0e3x - 3A0e3x - 2A0e3x = e3x
4A0e3x = e3x
A0 = ¼, →yp = e3x/4

Therefore, y = yc + yp = c1 e2x+ c2e-x + e3x/4

b. Equations with constant right side (let yp = A0)

Example 71:
Solve y’ – 5y = 8
Solution:
Solving for yc
Equate the differential equation to zero
y’ – 5y = 0
The auxiliary equation m – 5 = 0
With roots, m1 = 5 → distinct roots
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Therefore, →yc = c1 e5x

Solving for yp
Let yp = A0
Differentiate yp with respect to x
yp’ = 0
Substitute the derivatives to the original differential equation
y’ - 5y = 8
0 -5A0 = 8
A0 = - 8/5 →yp = -8/5

Therefore, y = yc + yp = c1e5x – 8/5

Example 72:
Solve d2Q/dt2 + 8dQ/dt + 52Q = 26
Solution:
Solving for yc
Equate the differential equation to zero
d2Q/dt2 + 8dQ/dt + 52Q = 0
The auxiliary equation m2 + 8m + 52 = 0
By quadratic Formula:
m = {- b ± [ b2 – 4ac]1/2}/2a
m = {- 8 ± [ (-8)2 – 4 (1)(52)]1/2}/2(1)
With roots, m1 = - 4 ± 6i → real and complex roots
Therefore, →Qc = c1e-4tcos6t + c2e-4t sin6t
Solving for Qp
Let Qp = A0
Differentiate yp with respect to t
Qp’ = 0
Qp’’ = 0
Substitute the derivatives to the original differential equation
0 + 8(0) + 52 A0 = 26
A0 = ½ → Q p = ½

Therefore, Q = Qc + Qp = c1e-4tcos6t + c2e-4t sin6t + 1/2

c. Equations with polynomial right side (let yp = A0 + A1x + ….. Anxn-1)

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Example 73:
Solve y’ – 5y = 3x + 1
Solution:
Solving for yc
Equate the differential equation to zero
y’ – 5y = 0
The auxiliary equation m – 5 = 0
With roots, m1 = 5 → distinct roots
Therefore, →yc = c1 e5x

Solving for yp
Let yp = A0 + A1x
Differentiate yp with respect to x
yp’ = A1
Substitute the derivatives to the original differential equation
y’ - 5y = 3x + 1
A1 – 5(A0 + A1x) = 3x + 1
A1 – 5A1x – 5A0 = 3x + 1
Finding for A0 and A1
-5A0 + A1 = 1 …… eqn. 1
– 5A1x = 3x
Therefore, A1 = - 3/5 substitute A1 in eqn. 1
So, that -5A0 – 3/5 = 1, A0 = - 8/25
But, yp = A0 + A1x = - 8/25 – 3x/5

Finally, y = yc + yp = c1 e5x - 8/25 – 3x/5

Example 74:
Solve y’’ – y’ - 2y = 4x2
Solution:
Solving for yc
Equate the differential equation to zero
y’’ – y’ – 2y = 0
The auxiliary equation m2 – m – 2 = 0
With roots, (m – 2)(m + 1) = 0 → distinct roots
So, that m1 = 2, m2 = - 1
Therefore, →yc = yc = c1 e2x+ c2e-x
Solving for yp
Let yp = A0 + A1x + A2x2
Differentiate yp with respect to x
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yp’ = A1 + 2A2x
yp’’ = 2A2
Substitute the derivatives to the original differential equation
2A2 – (A1 + 2A2x) – 2(A0 + A1x + A2x2) = 4x2
2A2 – A1 – 2A2x – 2A0 - 2A1x - 2 A2x2 = 4x2
Finding for A0, A1 and A2
For power of x0
2A2 - A1 – 2A0 = 0…… eqn. 1
For power of x
x(- 2A2 - 2A1) = 0
A1 = - A2 ……… eqn. 2
For power of x2
- 2 A2x2 = 4x2
A2 = - 2 →substitute in eqn. 2
A1 = - (- 2) = 2
Therefore, A0 = [2(-2) – 2]/2 = - 3
But, yp = A0 + A1x + A2x2 = - 3 + 2x – 2x2

Finally, y = yc + yp = c1 e2x+ c2e-x - 3 + 2x – 2x2

d. Equations whose right side contains sines and cosines

(let yp = A0sinx + B0cosx)

Example 75:
Solve y’’ – 7y’ = 48sin4x + 84cos4x
Solution:
Solving for yc
Equate the differential equation to zero
y’’ – 7y’ = 0
The auxiliary equation m2 – 7m = 0
With roots, (m )(m - 7) = 0 → distinct roots
So, that m1 = 0, m2 = 7
Therefore, →yc = yc = c1 + c2e7x
Solving for yp
Let yp = A0sin4x + B0cos4x
Differentiate yp with respect to x
yp’ = 4A0cos4x - 4B0sin4x
yp’’ = - 16A0sin4x – 16B0cos4x
Substitute the derivatives to the original differential equation
- 16A0sin4x – 16B0cos4x – 7(4A0cos4x - 4B0sin4x) = 48sin4x + 84cos4x
For cos4x
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– 16B0cos4x - 28A0cos4x = 84cos4x

– 16B0 - 28A0 = 84…….. eqn. 1
For sin4x
- 16A0sin4x + 28B0sin4x = 48sin4x
- 16A0 + 28B0 = 48 …….. eqn. 2
Solving A0 and B0
We get, A0 = - 3 and B0 = 0
But, yp = A0sin4x + B0cos4x = - 3sin4x

Finally, y = yc + yp = c1 + c2e7x – 3sin4x

Example 76:
Solve y’ + 6y = -2cos3x
Solution:
Solving for yc
Equate the differential equation to zero
y’ + 6y = 0
The auxiliary equation m + 6 = 0
With roots, (m + 6) = 0 → distinct roots
So, that m = - 6
Therefore, →yc = c1e-6x
Solving for yp
Let yp = A0sin3x + B0cos3x
Differentiate yp with respect to x
yp’ = 3A0cos3x - 3B0sin3x
Substitute the derivatives to the original differential equation
3A0cos3x - 3B0sin3x + 6(A0sin3x + B0cos3x) = -2cos3x
For cos3x
6B0cos3x + 3A0cos3x = - 2cos3x
6B0 + 3A0 = - 2…….. eqn. 1
For sin4x
6A0sin3x - 3B0sinx = 0
6A0 - 3B0 = 0, 2A0 = B0 …….. eqn. 2
Solving A0 and B0
We get, A0 = - 2/15 and B0 = - 4/15
But, yp = (-2sin4x)/15 – (4cos4x)/15

Finally, y = yc + yp = c1e-6x - (2sin4x)/15 – (4cos4x)/15

Self-Help: You can refer to the sources below to help you further understand the
lesson
 College of Engineering
Education
2nd Floor, BE Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082)296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 131

Ferland, K. (2009). Differential Equation. Hougton Mifflin.

DuChateau, P. & Zachmann D. (2011), Schaum’s of Partrial Differential

Equations (3rd Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Dobrushkin, V. A. (2015). Applied Differential Equations: the primary course,

CRC Press.

Strauss, W. (2008). Partial Differential Equation: an Introduction, John Willey &

Sons.

Let's Check
Activity 7: Since you are now armed with basic knowledge of
nonhomogeneous linear differential equations of order n to solve real world
problems, it is now your turn to prove what you have learned in the previous
discussion. Solve the following problems.

a). Equations with exponential right side

1. y’ + 6y = 18e3x Ans.: y = c1e-6x + 2e3x
2. d2y/dt2 – 4dy/dt + y = 2e3t
Ans.: y = c1e3.732t + c2e0.2679t – e3t

3. d3Q/dt3 – 5d2Q/dt2 +25dQ/dt – 125Q = - 60e7t

Ans.: Q = c1e5t + c2cos5t + c3sin5t – 15e7t/37

b). Equations with constant right side

1. y’’ – y’ – 2y = 7 Ans.: y = c1e-x + c2e2x – 7/2
2. d2Q/dt2 + 1000dQ/dt + 250,000 = 24
Ans.: Q = c1 e-500t + c2 te-500t + 9.6x10-5

3. d3Q/dt3 – 5d2Q/dt2 +25dQ/dt – 125Q = 1000

Ans.: Q = c1e5t + c2cos5t + c3sin5t – 8

c). Equations with polynomial right side

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1. 2y’ – 5y = 2x2 – 5 Ans.: y = c1e5x/2 – 0.4x2 – 0.32x + 0.872

2. d y/dt – 4dy/dt + y = 3t – 4
2 2

Ans.: y = c1e3.732t + c2e0.2679t + 3t + 8

3. d2x/dt2 + 4dx/dt + 8x = - 3t + 1
Ans.: x = c1 e-2tcos2t + c2e-2t sin2t -3t/8 + 5/16

d). Equations whose right side contains sines and cosines

1. 2y’ – 5y = sin2x – 7cos2x

Ans.: y = c1e5x/2 – (33sin2x)/41 + (31cos2x)/41
2. y’’ – 6y’ + 25y = 48sin4x + 84cos4x
Ans.: y = c1e3xcos4x + c2e3xsin4x –
2.411sin4x + 2.904cos4x
2 2
3. d x/dt + 25x = 2sin2t
Ans.: x = c1cos5t + c2sin5t + (2sin2t)/21

Let's Analyze
Activity 7. Getting acquainted with the nonhomogeneous linear
differential equations of order n to solve real world problems is not enough. This
time shows the concepts of the applications of homogeneous linear differential
equations of order n again and explains its step-by-step procedure. Solve the
following problems.

a). Equations with exponential right side

1. y’ + 6y = 4e-5x Ans.: y = c1e-6x + 4e-5x
2. d y/dt – 4dy/dt + y = 3e2t
2 2

Ans.: y = c1e3.732t + c2e0.2679t – e2t

3. d3x/dt3 + 5d2x/dt2 + 26dx/dt – 150x = 20e-t

Ans.: x = c1e3t + e-4t [c2cos(34)1/2 t +
c3sin(34)1/2t] – 5e-t/43

b). Equations with constant right side

1. d2q/dt2 + 100dq/dt + 50,000q = 2200
Ans.: q = c1e50tcos50(19)1/2t +
c2e50tsin50(19)1/2t + 11/250
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2. q’’ + 20q’ + 200q = 24

Ans.: q = c1e-10tcos10t + c2e-10tsin10t + 3/25
3. d3x/dt3 + 5d2x/dt2 + 26dx/dt – 150x = 30
Ans.: x = c1e3t + e-4t [c2cos(34)1/2 t +
c3sin(34)1/2t] – 1/5

c). Equations with polynomial right side

1. y’ - 5y = 2x2 – 5 Ans.: y = c1e5x – 0.4x2 – 0.16x + 0.968
2. d y/dt – 4dy/dt + y = t – 2t + 3
2 2 2

Ans.: y = c1e3.732t + c2e0.2679t + t2 + 6t + 25

3. d2x/dt2 + 4dx/dt + 8x = 8t2 + 8t + 18
Ans.: x = c1 e-2tcos2t + c2e-2t sin2t + t2 + 2

d). Equations whose right side contains sines and cosines

1. y’’ + 4y’ + 5y = 2cosx – 2sinx

Ans.: y = c1e-2xcosx + c2e-2xsinx + (cosx)/2
2. y’’ – y’ – 2y = sin2x
Ans.: y = c1e-x + c2e2x – (3sin2x)/20 +
(cos2x)/20
3. d Q/dt – 5d Q/dt +25dQ/dt – 125Q = 504cos2t – 651sin2t
3 3 2 2

Ans.: Q = c1e5t + c2cos5t + c3sin5t + 7sin2t –

2cos2t

In a Nutshell
We are now done with the generalization and concept of nonhomogeneous
linear D.E. of order n which exploring and understanding the linear differential
equations of order n. Before proceeding to the next unit learning outcomes, be
reminded of some important points when dealing with application of
nonhomogeneous linear differential equations of order n.
 The general solution of nonhomogeneous linear differential equation of order n
is the sum of complementary function and particular solution.

 If the right side of nonhomogeneous linear differential equation of order n is

equal to exponential function the particular solution yp = A0eαx
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 If the value of the function R(x) is not zero for all x, then the equation is called
nonhomogeneous.

 If the right side of nonhomogeneous linear differential equation of order n is

equal to constant the particular solution yp = A0

 If the right side of nonhomogeneous linear differential equation of order n is

equal to polynomial function the particular solution yp = A0 + A1x ……. Anxn-1

 If the right side of nonhomogeneous linear differential equation of order n is

equal to trigonometric function the particular solution yp = A0sinαx + B0cosαx

Q & A-List
If you have any questions regarding the application of nonhomogeneous
linear D.E. of order n, kindly write down on the table provided.

QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Key Words Index:

Nonhomogeneous equation, particular solution, undetermined coefficients,
general solution, auxiliary equation and synthetic division.
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Education
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Telefax: (082)296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 131