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Module 3 - Cell Structure and Functions

This document provides an overview of cell structures and their functions. It discusses that the cell is the basic unit of life and describes the main structures of the cell including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles. It explains the functions of these structures and key cellular processes like cell metabolism, protein synthesis, and cell division. The document also briefly discusses cellular aspects of aging.

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Jade Lagada Pagarigan
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
108 views

Module 3 - Cell Structure and Functions

This document provides an overview of cell structures and their functions. It discusses that the cell is the basic unit of life and describes the main structures of the cell including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles. It explains the functions of these structures and key cellular processes like cell metabolism, protein synthesis, and cell division. The document also briefly discusses cellular aspects of aging.

Uploaded by

Jade Lagada Pagarigan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 3: Cell Structures and their Functions

Cell: Basic living unit of organisms

Functions of Cell
• Basic unit of life
• Protection and support
• Movement
• Communication
• Cell metabolism and energy release
• Inheritance

Cell Structure
1. Cell membrane

- Outermost component of a cell


- Encloses the cell
- Supports the cell contents
- Selective/semipermeable
- Plays a role in communication between cells
- Composed of phopholipid bilayer and proteins
Ways of passing through the cell membrane
- Directly through phospholipid membrane
- Membrane channels
- Carrier molecules
- Vesicles
Human Anatomy and Physiology | Module 3 | FMVL2019 |1
Types of movement across cell membranes
- Diffusion

o Movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration


o Depends on differences in concentration gradient
o For small non-lipid proteins such as oxygen and carbon
dioxide - Osmosis

o Depends on solute and water concentration


- Filtration
o Partition containing small holes is placed in a stream of
moving liquid o Depends on pressure difference on either side
of partition

Human Anatomy and Physiology | Module 3 | FMVL2019 |2


o Particles small enough to pass through the holes move through the
partition with the liquid, but particles larger than the holes are
prevented from moving beyond the partition.
- Facilitated diffusion

o Diffusion aided by carrier proteins and protein channels


- Active transport
o Mediated transport process that requires energy provided
by ATP o Na+-K+ pump
- Secondary active transport

o Requires a first active transport to proceed


o Happens in intestines, when glucose is going in epithelial cells

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- Endocytosis

o Internalization of substances
o Phagocytosis
▪ cell-eating, solid particles
▪ WBC (elimination of harmful substances)
o Pinocytosis
▪ cell-drinking, liquid
▪ kidneys, epithelial cells of intestines, liver cells
- Exocytosis
o Expulsion of substances
o Secretions from cells such as pancreas (digestive enzymes),
salivary glands, mammary glands
2. Cytoplasm
- Contains a fluid portion, cytosol, and cytoskeleton which consists of
microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
- Supports the cell and holds the organelles in place
3. Organelles

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a. Nucleus
∙ Large organelle usually located near the center of the cell
∙ Contains the DNA which is the hereditary material of the cell and
controls cellular activities
b. Nucleolus
∙ Rounded, dense, well-defined nuclear bodies with no
surrounding membrane
∙ Consist of RNA and proteins
∙ Sites of ribosomal subunit assembly
c. Ribosome
∙ Where proteins are produced
d. Endoplasmic Reticulum
∙ Series of membranes forming sacs and tubules that extend from the
outer nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm
∙ Rough ER: with ribosomes attached; major site of protein
synthesis ∙ Smooth ER: without ribosomes attached; major site of
lipid synthesis and detoxification of chemicals
e. Golgi apparatus
∙ Collects, modifies, packages, distributes proteins and lipids
synthesized by the ER
∙ Chemically modifies proteins
f. Vesicles
∙ Transports and stores materials within cells
∙ Pinch off and carry substances from the golgi apparatus and move
to the surface of the cell (secretory)
g. Lysosomes
∙ Membrane-bound vesicles formed from the golgi apparatus which
contains enzymes
∙ Break down phagocytized material
h. Peroxisomes
∙ Break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen
peroxide i. Mitochondria
∙ Small, bean-shaped, rod-shaped, or long, threadlike organelles with
inner and outer membranes separated by a space
∙ Major sites of ATP production within cells and carry out aerobic
respiration j. Centriole
∙ Development of spindle fibers in cell division
k. Cilia, Flagella, Microvilli
∙ Cilia
o Cylindrically-shaped structures that project from the surface
of cells o Capable of moving substances over the surface of
cells
∙ Flagella
o Much longer than cilia
o Propel sperm cells
∙ Microvilli

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o Specialized extensions of the cell membrane that are supported by
microfilaments but do not actively move like cilia and flagella
o Increase the surface area of cells and aid in absorption
Whole-Cell Activity
• Cell Metabolism
• Sum of all the chemical reactions in the cell
• Glycolysis
• Aerobic respiration
• Anaerobic respiration
• Protein synthesis
• Transcription
• Translation
• Cell Division
• The formation of two daughter cells from single parent cell
• Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
• Differentiation
• The process by which cells develop with specialized structures and
functions • Active and inactive sections of DNA are within cells and they
are selectively activated and inactivated in a specific cell
Cellular Aspects of Aging
• Cellular clock
• Death genes
• DNA damage
• Free radicals
• Mitochondrial damage

Human Anatomy and Physiology | Module 3 | FMVL2019 |6

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