CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1      Background of the Study
        Over the years, successive Non-Governmental Organization Agencies in
Nigeria have demonstrated appreciable interest towards the provision of amenities
to both the rural and urban population of the country. The interest shown by this
non-governmental organizational agency could be derived from their genuine
intention of uplifting the living standard of the people. There is therefore no gain
saying the fact that there have been some noticeable increase in educational
institutions, health care centers, road constructions, water supply and so on as they
strive to impress the people. Experience has shown that the provision and
maintenance of amenities cannot be handled by government alone because it will
be too enormous for government to satisfy the needs of all communities, bearing in
mind the limitation of time and resource. It is therefore, necessary for the agencies
of government to educate the people to appreciate the fact that the transformation
of their country for enhancement of their standard of living should be a joint
responsibility between the rural areas and the government or it’s agencies. This is
why series of reforms and restructuring have been undertaken at local government
level, all in an attempt to make it more responsive to the yearnings and aspirations
of the people. It is also aimed to evolving an efficient and functional administrative
and resources allocation system that will make for rapid growth and modernization
of rural areas.
        The impact of Non-Governmental Organizational Agencies (NGO’s) in rural
development has attracted the attention of some great scholars. Nnoli (1981) refers
development as “a natural fact in which the individuals and society interact with
their physical, biological and inter human environment transforming them for their
own benefit and that of humanity at large”.
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        Also Aroh (1997) viewed rural development as a process whereby rural
dwellers come together to perform various functions in order to give a face lift to
their immediate environment or rural area.
        Also Obasi, Oko and Nnamdi Erondu (2010) viewed rural development as the
improvement of the living standard of the people of low income population
risiding in rural areas and making the process of their development self-sustaining.
The United Nations children rural (1995) perceive NGO’s as organizations or loose
association which are composed of people working together to address a need.
They give basic elements of NGO’s.
a. An NGO is primary an intermediate organization that is development
oriented.
b. Non – profit oriented
c. Non-government in term of organization, membership and funding
d. A voluntary organization.
In all, Non-Governmental Organization agencies role in rural development is
aimed at making people self-reliant, able to participate in national development. It
also ensure that both the rural and urban areas the provision of the necessary
assistance, like funds, legal and structural framework, and technical and
managerial expertise necessary for the programmes (Aroh, 2002).                
The study will be carried out in Michika local government which is located
in the Northern Part of Adamawa State According to Kwada (1976) The principal
ethnic group and language in Michika is the Kamuǝ People. Michika local
government was created in 1976. It is located in the northern axis of the state and is
bordered on the East by the Republic of Cameroon. On its Northern border is
Madagali local government while it shares border to the west by Askira/Uba local
government area of Borno State. Southward it is bordered by Mubi North and
Hong local government areas. The word Michika is the corrupted form of the
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Kamuǝ phrase for "Mwe-ci-ka" which is the Kamuǝ Language word for "creeping
in silently". Oral history has it that Michika (Mwecika) was founded around the
late 17th century by Kwada Kwakaa who was a Prince and a hunter hunting on the
Michika hills. "Mwe" in the Kamuǝ language means heaven, sky, hills or even
mountains or article used by relatives of a bereaved person on their waist and wrist
to signify bereavement. While "Ci-ka" means creep. The name evolved as how
Kwada Kwakaa was creeping silently on his games Kwada Kwakaa was a heroic
Kamuǝ prince from Kuli in Nkafamiya. Legend in Kamuǝ land believed that
Kwada Kwakaa could hunt lions and leopards by himself.

Michika is made of eight districts. Ngida Zakawa Kwache is the District

Head of Michika. He was selected by the King makers on Saturday 31 December
2013 following the death of Coffor Maude who acted as the District Head for 50
years. Michika local government is the most populated in Adamawa State. The
Kamuǝ people are generally very enterprising, as they are found in big cities and
towns in Nigeria engaging in all forms of lawful trades. The Kamuǝ people are
peaceful and hospitable people.

1.2      Statement of the Problem

Several agricultural development programmes have been embarked upon by
the Federal, State and local governments for many years to boost agricultural
development in Adamawa State. Despite all these efforts of the Federal, State and
local governments for many years, agricultural production was still very low.
Adedoyin (2004) observed that the low agricultural production is as a result
of the farmers use of crude farm tools, lack of capital, inadequate infrastructural
facilities, illiteracy, post-harvest handling, lack of storage and processing facilities,
pests and diseases problems, inadequate lands, illiteracy on the part of the farmers,
rural-urban migration and irrigation problem.

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 However, several attempts have been made by farmers to increase
agricultural productions in their own primitive ways in' Adamawa State, through
growing of local breeds of crops and livestock, use of local storage and processing
facilities, conservative methods of carrying out agricultural practices and
superstitious beliefs, yet agricultural production still remains very low.
The agricultural produce are not enough for the people, because the
population of the people has outgrown the agricultural productions of the state.
There is hunger, malnutrition and diseases among the people in the state. Y et the
farmers in the state are still bent on practicing agriculture. They do not want to go
into any other vocation or trade. This research is set out to focus on the impact of
Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) in farming of rice.

1.3     Aim and Objectives of the Study

The main aim of this study is to highlight the impact of the non-
governmental organization (NGO) in rice farming in Michika local government
while specific objectives of the research work are:
i. To ascertain the medium employed by the NGOs for creating awareness
among rice farmers in Adamawa State.
ii. To examine the measures employed by the NGOs to secure farmers'
participation in their programmes.
iii. To identify the technologies in agricultural productions adopted by the
farmers through the activities of the NGOs.
iv. To evaluate the strategies employed by the NGOs to improve productivity of
rice farmers in Adamawa State.
v. To discuss the strategies employed by the NGOs to improve the income of
rice farmers in Adamawa State.

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1.4      Research Questions
In order to achieve the objective of this research work the following research
questions are designed to adverse that:
i. What were the medium employed by the NGOs for creating awareness
among rice farmers in Adamawa State?
ii. What were the measures employed by the NGOs to secure farmers'
participation in their programmes?
iii. What were the technologies in agricultural productions adopted by the
farmers through the activities of the NGOs?
iv. What were the strategies employed by the NGOs to improve productivity of
rice farmers in Adamawa State?
v. What were the strategies employed by the NGOs to improve the income of
rice farmers in Adamawa State?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The study would be of benefit to the rice farmers in Adamawa State,
extension officers, research institutes, Ministry of Agriculture and NGOs. The
findings of the study would be of benefit to the farmers by furnishing them with
the information they would adopt to improve their skills and knowledge in
agriculture.
It would also provide useful information that will assist the rice farmers
adopt innovations that would bring about desirable changes for the development of
agriculture as well as increase the farmers production; which would invariably
improve their income.
The study would equally be of benefit to the extension officers, it would
assist them in creating awareness among farmers and planning participation
programmes that are given to the farmers. by the extension officers in the various
farm camps, farm settlements and also through the mass media.
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 The study through its findings on technology application provides
information which the research institutes would use to carry out research work,
creating innovation in the area of technology applications that would improve
productivity of rice farmers.
The NGOs through the information generated from the findings of the study
would sensitize the rice farmers and the entire public through the various
contributions to agricultural development.
The findings would produce a comprehensive basis that would guide the
formulation and execution of several programmes of agricultural development by
the NGOs, like training their workers, which would enhance their effectiveness and
participation in agricultural developments in Adamawa State.
1.6     Scope and Limitation of the Study
Scope of the Study This study was restricted to Rice farmers and the
extension agents of the NGOs in Adamawa State. The study will focus on some
selected places in Michika which the study will be limited to Bazza, Kubi, pambula
and Nduka villages where rice are most farmed in Michika Local Government
Area of Adamawa State.
The limitation of this study were that most of the time the farmers could not
read and write, the researcher and research assistant had to read and explain some
of the questions in the questionnaire. Some of the farmers given the questionnaire
were skeptical and refused to answer the questionnaire items.
1.7      Operational Definition of Terms
In order to give easy comprehension of the entire research, it is required that
some terms of importance used should be defined. Such terms are as follows: -
Government: Can be defined as an institution of a state whereby the interest,
welfare and need of the citizens are been protected.

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Organization: Is defined as a highly rationalized of persons co-operating with one
another to announce and achieve a specific goal.
Development: It involves improvement, progression, enhancement and change in
economic, social socio-cultural, infrastructure, political of a state, development is a
multidimensional change in nature and attitudes of one’s life.
Impact: the action of one object coming forcibly into contact with another.an or a
high force or shock applied over a short time period when two or more bodies
collide.

Farming: is the act or process of working the ground, planting seeds, and growing
edible plants. You can also describe raising animals for milk or meat
as farming. Farming is a great way to describe the lifestyle and work of people
whose jobs are in the agriculture industry.

Rice: Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa or Oryza glaberrima. As a
cereal grain, it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the
world's human population

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Before this particular study, other studies were conducted by different

scholars on views relating to the impact of non-governmental organization (NGO)
in rice farming in Nigeria as well as Michika Local Government Area. The essence
of reviewing existing literature is to critically evaluate the different views on this
concept with a view to highlighting some of the impacts and also to indicate how
this research or study will contribute to the volume of knowledge on the topic.
2.2 Rice Varieties and Production Ecologies in Nigeria
Improvement programme on Nigerian rice came into existence in the 1920s under
the British Colonial administration with the establishment of the Federal
Department of Agriculture at Moor Plantation Ibadan (Ukwungwu et al, 2009). In
1939, West Africa Commission recommended the establishment of rice research
station to serve all the West African Countries.
On the long run, Federal Rice Station at Bida in Niger State, now the Headquarters
of National Cereals Research Institute, was established in 1953 (Imolehin and
Wada 2000). The purpose of the station was to develop varieties with improved
grain quality, uniform shape and sizes that will have minimum breakages during
milling. Thirteen (13) improved rice varieties, comprising two upland, eight
shallow swamps and three deep flooded rice were released to Nigerian farmers at
the interval of 1954 – 1970. Table1 shows the approved rice varieties in Nigeria
between 1955 and 1970.
Rice grows in all the agro ecological zones as diverse as the Sahel of Borno
State and the coastal swamps of the southwest and south-south (Longtau 2003).
According to Longtau (2003), six rice growing environments have been identified,
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they are upland, hydromorphic, rain fed lowland, irrigated lowland, deep inland
water and mangrove swamp. According to Damola (2010), rice growing
environment in Nigeria are usually classified into five rice ecosystems: rain-fed
lowland which accounts for 47% of total rice production area, rain-fed upland
(30%), irrigated lowland including large-scale irrigation schemes and small-scale
irrigation schemes account for 16% of total rice area, deep water (5%) and
mangrove swamp accounting for less than 1% of total rice area.

Imolehin and Wada (2000) show the possible land area for rice production in
Nigeria to be 4.6 million and 4.9 million hectare, and the areas includes five
different ecologies such as; upland, inland or shallow swamp ecology, irrigated
rice ecology, deep water or floating rice ecology and tidal(mangrove) swamp
ecologies. These ecologies cannot be the same in terms of hydrology and water
control. The type of rice plants that are grown are different for each ecology .Plant
bred for the irrigated land for instance cannot be grown in the uplands or flood
plain and deep water environment (Pingali ,Hossain and Gerpacio, 1997). In all
,rice ecologies are bred for a specific zone. Therefore, the modern FARO 44 high
yielding varieties that outshined the other varieties were developed for the irrigated
and the favourable rainfed lowlands.

Upland ecology – in the upland ecology, crops depend heavily on natural rain for
their growth and development. About 55 to 60 percent of the cultivated rice land
and 30 to 35 percent of total national rice production come from this ecology
(Singh et al. 1997). Longatau (2003) opined that heavy rainfall can lead to soil
erosion, leaching of plant nutrients and possible flooding.

The risk of poor grain filling is high due to drought. In the year 2000, crop failure
due to a sudden cessation of rains was noticeable in some states like Abeokuta,
Ado-Ekiti, Abakaliki, Ogoja in the South right up to Yauri, Zamfara , Gombe, 15
9
Southern Borno and Yola. Rice yields in upland ecology are generally low and
range from 0.8 to 2 tonnes/ha (International Rice Research Institute, 1991).
Therefore, upland ecology accounts for 32 % of the total rice area in Nigeria
(Singh et al, 1997).

Twenty five percent of rice grown in Nigeria is under inland swamp rice
production (Imolehin and Wada 2000). The production in this ecology is high and
ranges from 2 to 8 tonnes/ha. This ecology contributes between 43 and 45 % of
national rice production (Singh et al 1997). Irrigated rice ecology, is recently
developed in Nigeria. Water is supplied from rivers, well, boreholes and other
sources to supplement rainfall for full rice crop growth and development
(Imolehim and Wada 2000).

2.3 Rice Production and Processing Constraints In Nigeria

According to Damola (2010), rice production constraints include; lack of rice

development policies, inadequate irrigation, low level of farming technologies,
inadequate agricultural input supply system, delay in disseminating improved
seeds, inadequate and weak agricultural extension, and poor accessibility to
institutional credits, among others. However, processing constraints include; use of
traditional methods of processing, low farmers awareness of quality control, poor
parboiling techniques, use of obsolete milling machines, low milling efficiency due
to frequent power failures, among others. Philip et al, (2017).

According to Ismaila, Gana, Tswanya and Dogara (2010), factors militating against
the level of rice production in Nigeria includes; climate factors (rainfall,
temperature and solar radiation), edaphic factors, migration, government policies,
use of local varieties, predominance of weeds, pest and diseases. with regards to
this, Ogunwole and Owonubi (1998) stated that water, solar radiation and

10
temperature determine crop species, type of cultivars and management method that
are suitable for cereal production in any area. As a result of the high solar radiation
in the Savanna, air temperature are generally uniformly high with a slight drop in
December and January. Temperature affect rice production by controlling the rate
of physio-chemical reaction and that of evaporation of water from the crops and
soil surfaces. More so, temperature affects the rate at which the products of
photosynthesis are used for growth respiration and accumulation of food reserves.

According to Ekeleme et al (2008) constraints to rice production are drought, poor

soil fertility and pest attack. Drought is a major constraints to rice production
because it requires a lot of water for optimum growth and yield. Rice requires
about 1200mm to 1600mm of rainfall evenly distributed throughout its growing
period. Pests, especially birds and striga attacks are the major constraints militating
against rice production in Nigeria. In the light of above, the constraints to rice
production are as follows: insufficient fund, poor service delivering by extension
agents, poor soil fertility, government policies, cost of inputs, use of local varieties,
poor policy implementation, infrastructural deficiencies, limited area under
irrigation and low investment in agricultural research.

Alarima, Adamu, Masunaga and Wakatsuki (2011) enumerated land acquisition

and tenure economics, information, communication and training technical and
mechanical factors to be the production constraints in Nigeria. However, the
problems were found to be interwoven and influence each other. As constraints of
land tenure persist, farmers are bound to be confronted with production, inputs and
technology constraints. Lack of adequate information was found to be related to
economic, input and production constraints of the farmers (Alarima et al, 2011).
Therefore, addressing these problems will lead to increase in the rate of adoption
of rice production technology and ultimately rice productivity in Nigeria.

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Marketing is being attributed to be one of the key challenges to rice production in
Nigeria (Lenis et al 2009). The major reason for this problem seems to be the low
quality of the local rice produced by most small farmers, which most times face
low market prices despite the production cost incurred. However when different
rice varieties are brought and advertised to farmers without proper education about
the appropriate input application and management strategy associated with the
various crops farmers who are averse to risk taking, accept the different varieties,
planting all of them on small sections of their already small plots of land without
adequate training on the separation of the various varieties. Thus, during
harvesting, rice varieties are often mixed, reducing the aesthetic value of the local
rice compared with the consistence of imported rice and thus lowering the price
received from rice millers, if they are even willing to buy it (Lenis et al 2009).

2.4 Determinants, Constraints and Theories of Adoption

2.4.1 The Concept of Adoption

The basic goal of agricultural development organizations is to influence farmers to

adopt agricultural innovations (Agbamu, 2006). The transfer of innovation and
knowledge from research unit to farmers will trigger development. Therefore, the
basic role of agricultural extension agent in the transfer of technology is to assist
farmers in putting the blue prints or ready made technologies into practice, despite
the fact that they may not be appropriate (Agbamu 2006).

According to Adekoya and Tologbonse (2011), adoption is regarded as a decision

to make full use of an innovation or technology as the best course of action
available. Adoption of an innovation is the decision made by an individual or
group to use an innovation. Majority of farmers passed through several logical
problem-solving processes known as adoption process when considering new

12
technology. Agbamu (2006) opined that each farmer has characteristics that
influence how he or she receive information, processes it and either uses or
discards it. However since adoption involves decision making after communication
between extension workers and farmers or after farmer to farmer communication, a
good starting point of any discussion on adoption process is understanding the
context in which farmers operate their farms and make daily decisions.

Akubuilo ,Orjioke and Egwu (2005) expressed adoption of innovations as a

decision to make full use of a new idea as the best course of action available and
involves a change in the orientation and behaviour of the farmer from the time
he/she become aware of the innovation to its adoption. So the extent of adopting
and using innovation by the farmers is complex which involves a consequence of
thoughts and actions. According to Ani (2007) adoption is a mental process which
an individual passes through from the first time of hearing about a new idea to the
complete and full incorporation of the idea into the total system of his behaviour.
Adekoya and Tologbonse (2011) have shown that a farmer’s decision about
whether to adopt or not to adopt a recommended agricultural practice occurs over a
period of time in stages rather than being instantaneous. Therefore, to adopt the
innovations, farmers must become aware and undergo series of adoption stages.

In view of the above, adoption is a decision of an individual or group to make full

use of an innovation introduced into a social system as the best course of action
available. Therefore, adoption is a mental decision process an individual or group
encountered in the bid to make full use of an innovation as the best course of
action available. For a farmer or farmers to be acclimatized with an innovation,
different mental decision processes have to be taken into consideration. Based on
this, Rogers and Karyn (1997) conceptualized a cumulative series of five stages in
the process; from awareness (first knowledge of the new idea): to interest (gaining

13
further knowledge about the innovation); to evaluation (gaining a favourable or
unfavourable attitude towards the innovation) to small-scale trial and to an
adoption or rejection decision.

2.4.2 Stages/steps in Adoption of Innovation

The logical, problem-solving process through which farmers passed when

assessing any new technology is called adoption process. However, adoption of a
technology can be examined in the context of adoption by farmers or group of
farmers within a geographical area. According to Adekoya and Tologbonse (2011),
adoption process has five stages or steps that an individual goes through in
adopting an innovation;

a. Awareness stage – This is a stage at which an individual becomes aware or

hear about an innovation for the first time. The individual at this stage does
not have enough information concerning both the benefits and cost of the
innovation.
b. Interest stage – This is when an individual pick up interest on an innovation
and actively make more investigation about the technology. The
investigation could be how it works as well as the potentialities associated
with the products.
c. Evaluation Stage- This is when the individual weighs up the advantages and
the disadvantages of using it by going through a mental evaluation by asking
self questions such as “is it worth it”? “Can I do it?” Do I have enough
resources? Will it be beneficial to me and my family? If the advantages
outweigh the disadvantages especially with regard to the capital outlay
against what else they might do with the same amount of money and the
satisfaction they will get from these alternatives. Therefore, evaluation stage

14
 is terminated when an individual makes a decision to reject or accept the
innovation.
d. Trial stage – This involves testing an innovation on a small-scale to
determine the relevance and usefulness of the innovation.
e. Adoption stage – This is the final stage when the individual apply the
innovation on a large scale and continue to use it in preference to old
methods.

With reference to the above, Adekoya and Tologbonse (2011) opined that the
adoption process stated above does not always follow the sequence in practice and
actively depends on the technology and the individual in question. On a practical
note, a farmer may not alone decide to adopt an innovation as the adoption process
model suggested. The decision to adopt is usually taken in situations where farmers
are in groups with members influencing one another. This is also in addition to
activities of extension agents pushing the innovation. Therefore, the process of
adoption can be seen through the following perspective represented by the four
basic stages.

1. Knowledge – Awareness of the idea and perceived benefit of it.

2. Persuasion – Convinced of the value of the innovation. At this stage, one’s
peers can have a great deal of influence.
3. Decision – Judgment to adopt the innovation samples or trials at this phase
can have a positive effect on the chances of the innovation being adopted.
4. Confirmation – Engagement of positive activities which may lead to
eventual acceptance.

In reality, Adekoya and Tologbonse (2011) suggested that innovation – decision

process precedes these stages and even goes beyond them, this is where the human
perspective comes in with all the complexities and uncertainty.
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2.4.3 Determinants of Adoption

According to Agbamu (2006), various factors have been identified to influence the
adoption of an innovation. Those factors could be broadly classified as follows: (a)
age, family size, farm size, gender, economic status, educational level, social
participation, leadership status, proximity to research station or university, contact
with extension agents, cosmopoliteness, mass media exposure, knowledge of
recommended practice and years of farming experience. (personal characteristics
of farmers) (b) cost of innovation, complexity and technicality, compatibility with
cultural norms and farming system, (c) psychological factors – level of aspiration
to socio-economic good, fear and anxiety, perceived risk and uncertainty/suspicion
(d) situational constraints-insecure land tenure, lack of access to credit, lack of
access to ready markets and inaccessibility to localities (hill places), inability to
obtain specific inputs.

Wabbi (2002) grouped the factors influencing technology adoption as fallows:

a. Economic Factor – farm size, cost of technology, level of expected benefits

and offfarm hours.
b. Social factors – age of adopter, education and gender concerns.
c. Institutional Factors – Information and extension contacts.

According to Agbamu (2006) there is a negative relationship between size of

cassava farm and adoption in a study of rural areas of Oyo and Ondo states. He
was of the opinion that, to the farmers, the larger the cassava farm the less they are
worried about farm innovation, since they are still in a good position to meet their
family demands for cassava. Agbamu (2006) also stated that there is a positive
relationship between farm size and adoption of soil management practices but this
relationship was not significant. However, large commercial farmers in Ayamelum

16
Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria adopted high yielding rice
varieties more rapidly than small holders. Wabbi (2002) was of the opinion that
farmers operating larger farms tend to have greater financial resources and chances
of receiving credit are higher than those of smaller farms. Therefore, with respect
to farm size, technology adoption could be explained by measuring the proportion
of total land areas suitable to the new technology.

2.4.4 Constraints to Adoption of Technologies

There are several constraints to the adoption of technologies by farmers. Here an

attempt has been made to outline the major constraints to adoption. Guerin and
Guerin (1994) identified the constraints as: the extent to which the farmers find the
new technology complex and difficult to comprehend, how readily observable the
outcomes of an adoption are; its financial cost, the farmers beliefs and options
towards the technology, the farmer’s level of motivation; the farmer’s perception
of the relevance of the new technology and the farmer’s attitudes towards risk and
change.

Feder, Just and Zilherman (1985), summarized the vast amount of empirical
literature on adoption and showed that the constraints to the adoption of a new
technology may arise from many sources such as lack of credit, inadequate farm
size, unstable supply of complementary inputs, limited access to information,
uncertainty and so on. In the same vain. Mbanaso (2010) asserted the major
constraints to adoption of sweet potato as production/processing complexity
problems, economic problems, poor technical information and pathological
problems. He further indicated that adoption of sweet potato technologies was
significantly influenced by household size, labour, land, health, age, marital status
and access to credit. However, Schultz (1995) indicated that the probability of
adopting a new technology will depend on the difference in profitability between
17
the new and old technologies and the ability of the farmers to perceive the
advantage and efficiently utilize the new technology.

2.5 Nigerian Rice Trade Policy (1980s – 2009)

According to estimates, over 90 percent of domestic rice production comes from

resource – poor and weakly organized small-scale producers with average farm
size of 1 – 2 hectares . However, rice has become a strategic commodity in the
Nigerian economy and the increasing demand and high price of rice will continue
to be a major issue in national food security. Sequel to this, various trade policy
instruments have been introduced by federal government to promote rice
development in Nigeria. They are import tariff, import restrictions, outright ban on
rice importation as well as setting up special presidential committees on the
product (Damola 2010)

In the 1960s Nigeria became almost 99 percent self-sufficient in the rice

production by its citizens. After two decades, (1970s – 1980s) self-sufficiency
reduced to 38 percent leading to demand outstripping supply. In order to
supplement the 62 percent deficit, Federal Government of Nigeria resorted to
massive importation of foreign rice (Imolehin and Wada 2000). In the post-ban
period (1995 – present), the prohibition of rice was lifted but in the last
administration an import duty of 120 percent was imposed on the commodity
(Lenis et al 2009). In 2006, the duty was reduced to 50 percent (Reuters 2007). It
returned to 100 percent and was temporarily suspended in 2008 due to the high
cereal prices. Despite the import duty and unstable rice import quantities, rice
imports into Nigeria still remain positive.

18
In 1983 about 540,000 tonnes of rice were imported in Nigeria alone and per
capital rice consumption now shifted from 3.5kg in 1970 to more than 14kg in the
1990s (Anonymous 1994). However, the demand for parboiled rice forced the
government to inject about 600 million Nigeria in foreign exchange to milled rice
imports in 1985 (Imolehin 1991). As a result of this, Federal government of
Nigeria imposed barn on rice import in October the same year.

According to statistics from the European Association of Agricultural Economics

EAAE (2005) quoted by USAID (2009), Nigeria is the largest rice importer in
West Africa, with an average yearly import of 1.6 million metric tones since the
year 2000. Total consumptions stands at 4.4 millions tones of milled rice while
annual consumption per capita stands at 29kg and this has continued to rise at 11%
per annum, induced by income growth. However, domestic production has been far
lower than demand, leading to considerable imports. In 2008, Nigeria produced
approximately 2 million MT of milled rice and imported roughly 3 million MT,
including the estimated 800,000 MT that is suspected to enter the country illegally
on an annual basis. Nigeria has been identified as the one of the largest importers
of rice, second only to Indonesia (Damola 2010). Nigeria is also the largest
importer in Africa, accounting for 25% of Africa’s import and over 25% of all
agricultural imports, and more than 40% of its domestic consumption. FAO (2010)
asserted that between 2005 – 2007 Nigeria imported between 500,000 and 1
million tons of rice. However Nigeria’s 2007 rice import bill was about $200
million and this significantly increased with the global price hike of 2008.

High rate of rice importation however has a negative effect on domestic

production. In order to save the domestic rice economy, the federal government
placed a ban on rice imports in 1985. In 1995, the import ban was removed as the
local supplies could not be enough to meet up local demand. However, the ban

19
removal caused rapid increase in imports. In spite of repeated hikes on duty levels,
government banned milled rice import and put a 50% duty on imports of parboiled
rice. In 2005.import duty on rice was escalating to 100 percent with additional 10
percent rice development levy. However, in 2008, when a global supply shortage
doubled rice prices, Nigeria reduced its import duty from 100 percent to 0 percent
for a 6 – month period to alleviate food security concerns. In October 2008, the 38
rate of production was raised from 0 percent to 32.5 percent (Damola, 2010).

2.6 Rice production and consumption trends in Nigeria

Rice production in Nigeria started about 1500BC with the low yield indigenous red
grain species “Oryza glaberima stued” that was widely grown in the Niger Delta
(Ogundele and Okoruwa, 2006). While Oryza sativa that has higher yield was
introduced in 1980s. Today, rice is grown in almost all the agro-ecological zones in
Nigeria but on a relative small scale.

Imolehin and Wada (2000) revealed that paddy rice production had increased from
13,400 to 344,000 tonnes in 1970, and area cultivated was 15,6000 to 25,5000ha.
The tremendous increase in area planted, output and productivity in paddy rice
production were achieved over the last two decades, and now stand at 66,6000ha,
1.09 million tones and 2.07 tonnes/ha respectively. Nigeria was the largest rice
producing country in West Africa and the third largest in Africa after Egypt and
Madagasca in 1980 (West Africa Rice Development Association (WARDA)
1996).

In 1990, the country produced 3.4 million tonnes of rice from about 1.2 million ha,
this normal production trend would have been sustained if government has steady
policy on rice import (Imolehin and Wada 2000). In 1985, rice production was
increased and this may be attributed to the ban imposed on rice import and if this is

20
maintained, Nigeria rice farmers would have risen to the challenges of meeting the
domestic demand for the commodity. FMARD (2001), showcased the disparity
among the states of the federation in rice production in terms of both output and
yield. In 2000, Kaduna State was the largest rice producer, accounting for about
22% of the country’s rice output. This was followed by Niger state (16%), Benue
state (10%) and Taraba state (7%). Great variations also exist in terms of yield.
The average national rice yield during the dry season (3.05 tons/ha) was higher
than that of the wet season (1.85 ton/ha). Nigeria is currently the highest rice
producer in West Africa, producing an average of 3.2 million tons of paddy rice or
2.0 million tons of milled rice per annum (Damola 2010). Nevertheless, there is a
wide gap between local supply and the ever increasing demand for rice in Nigeria .
Lenis, Gbolagede and Oyeleke (2009) opined that most of the rice grown in the
middle belt comes from Benue, Kaduna, Kano, Niger and Taraba States, while that
grown in the east typically comes from Enugu, Cross River and Ebonyi States.
Ekiti and Ogun states are the major rice producing areas in Western Nigeria (Lenis
et al 2009). However, Anambra and Ebonyi States have the largest contribution in
terms of rice production because they are the major rice producing areas in the
east. Rice production in Nigeria is still predominantly rain fed with an emphasis on
low lands. However, there is a clear gender division of labour in rice production
and processing in Nigeria. Oyeleke (2009) opined that rice production is clearly the
work of men, whereas rice post harvest activities are clearly the domain of women.
Still, participation rates over the various rice production and processing activities
vary. Land preparation is mostly male dominated activity. Other field activities
such as crop establishment, weeding, fertilization and harvesting are substantial
contribution of women. Although men are involved in these operations, women are
also involved. Similarly, (Lenis et al 2009).

21
 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
The research work is to investigate The Impact of Non-Governmental Organization
(NGO) In Rice Farming in Michika Local Government Area of Adamawa State
Nigeria. This chapter presents the research methodology for the study, the chapter
describes the research design, the study population, the research instruments,
validity of the instruments, reliability of the instruments, procedures for data
collection and procedures data analysis as well as the summary of the chapter.
3.2 Research Design
A research design is simply the framework or plan for the study, which is used as
the modus operandi of collecting pertinent data. In this study, the quasi-
experimental design is adopted with particular concentration on the descriptive
method. This is preferred to others given the nature of the study, which is an
exposition of The Impact of Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) In Rice
Farming in Michika Local Government Area of Adamawa State Nigeria.
3.3 Population of the Study

22
The population of the study consists of one hundred (100) rice farmers both
females and males from three distinct villages in Michika Local Government Area
namely;
Wotu, Bororo, Bazza, Jiddel and Sinna village respectively.
3.4 Instrumentation
In cause of this project work, the researcher will use questionnaires for data
collection in order to ascertain The Impact of Non-Governmental Organization
(NGO) In Rice Farming in Michika Local Government Area of Adamawa State
Nigeria. The questionnaire is divided into two sections ‘A’ and ‘B’, section ‘A’
contains or deals with the personal data of the individual responding to the
questionnaire while section ‘B’ deals with questions on the variable raised in
regards to the topic under review. The questionnaire which contains a responds
column with options e.g. Yes, No and undecided Sample type questions.
3.5 Validity of the Instruments
The instrument was validated, which means that the questionnaires were given to
the supervisor and were thoroughly vetted. After going through them, corrections
and suggestive directions were made.
3.6 Reliability of the Instrument
To ensure reliability of the instrument used for this study, a pilot text was
conducted using personnel among the Department of Agricultural Technology
students of the Adamawa state Polytechnic, Yola. This also will help to check the
uncertainties of the questions before administering it to the actual subjects.
3.7 Procedure for Data Collection
In purpose of the collection of data for this project work is the researcher method
of questionnaires. The researcher will distribute questionnaire to the rice farmers in
five villages in Michika LGA to ascertain The Impact of Non-Governmental

23
Organization (NGO) In Rice Farming in Michika Local Government Area of
Adamawa State Nigeria.
3.8 Procedure for data Analysis
For the analysis of data, we will rely on qualitative descriptive analysis. Asika
(2006) defines qualitative descriptive analysis to mean summarizing the
information generated in the research verbally so as to further discover
relationships among variables. The adoption of the foregoing analytical method
becomes necessary since the study will rely principally on data obtained through
questionnaire interview. The researcher used simple percentages, tables and
descriptive statistical method in the analysis.

CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 Introduction
The chapter is concerned with presentation and interpretation of data collected and
information obtained. In order to determine the velocity of responses obtained in
the administered questionnaire. The method of data analysis use is simple
percentage as well as inferential statistical model which have to do with testing of
hypothesis through chi-square. All data and facts used in this chapter were
gathering through questionnaire administered to the selected colleges offering
citizenship education in Adamawa State.
4.2 Data Presentation
In this chapter, we are also concerned with analysis of the answer to the questions
in the questionnaire administered to the respondents. The use of table will be used
or adopted to clearly show the responses obtained in each question of the

24
questionnaires will be used to test hypotheses guiding the study through the use of
percentages and chi-square (X2) techniques.
Twenty (20) respondents were selected from each of the five (5) selected villages
in Michika Local Government Area of Adamawa State those farming rice making
the total of Hundred (100) questionnaires being distributed to the targeted
respondents
According to the table below, out of Hundred (100) questionnaire distributed the
respondents and a total of hundred (100) were completed and returned based on the
method adopted by the researcher, (the researcher waits for each questionnaire to
be filled before moving to the next respondent).

Section “A”

Registered Farmer

Table 1

OPTION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Yes 24 24%
No 76 76%
Total 100 100%
Source: Field Survey, 2021

In the table above, 24 respondents representing 24% responded yes that they are
registered farmers while 76 respondents representing 76% responded no that they
are not registered farmers. The researcher decide to make a conclusion to the above
statement only few among the total rice farmers in the area of study are registered
farmers.
25
NGO Extension Officer

Table 2

OPTION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Yes 3 3%
No 96 96%
Total 100 100%
Source: Field Survey, 2021

In the table above, 3 respondents representing % responded yes that they are NGO
extension officers while 96 respondents representing 76% responded no that they
are not NGO extension officers. The researcher decides to make a conclusion to
the above statement only 3% among the total rice farmers in the area of study are
NGO extension officers.

Agricultural Zone

Table 3

OPTION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Wotu 20 20%
Bororo 20 20%
Bazza 20 20%
Jiddel 20 20%
Sina 20 20%
Total 100 100%
Source: Field Survey, 2021

In the above table, an equal of 20 respondents representing 20% from each of the
five selected zoned villages in Michika Local Government Area.

Educational Background

Table 4

26
 OPTION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
FSLC 33 33%
SSCE/Grade II 24 24%
NCE/OND 9 9%
BSc. /B. A/B.Ed. 3 3%
Others 31 31%
Total 100 100%
Source: Field Survey, 2021

From the above table, 33 respondents representing 33% are FSLC certificates
holders, 24 respondents representing 24% are SSCE/Grade II certificates holders, 9
respondents representing 9% are NCE/OND certificates holders, 3 respondents
representing 3% are BSc./B.A/B.Ed. certificates holders while 31 respondents
representing 31% are others certificates holders.

Section “B”

What are the medium employed by the NGOs for creating awareness among
farmers in Michika LGA Adamawa?

Table 5
OPTION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Individual visit 30 30
Radios 0 0
Newspaper 0 0
Field trips 23 23
Posters 0 0
Exhibitions 38 38
Campaigns 9 9
Total 100 100%
Source: Field Survey, 2021

in the table above, 30 respondents representing 30% are of individual visits as

medium employed by the NGOs for creating awareness among farmers in Michika
LGA Adamawa, 0 respondents representing 0% are of radios as the medium

27
employed by the NGOs for creating awareness among farmers in Michika LGA
Adamawa, 0 respondents representing 0% are of the newspaper as the medium
employed by the NGOs for creating awareness among farmers in Michika LGA
Adamawa, 23 respondents representing 23% are of field trips as the medium
employed by the NGOs for creating awareness among farmers in Michika LGA
Adamawa, 0 respondents representing 0% are of posters as the medium employed
by the NGOs for creating awareness among farmers in Michika LGA Adamawa,
38 respondents representing 38% are of exhibitions as the medium employed by
the NGOs for creating awareness among farmers in Michika LGA Adamawa while
9 respondents representing 9% are of campaigns as the medium employed by the
NGOs for creating awareness among farmers in Michika LGA Adamawa. The
researcher decided to bring down conclusion to the above question that the
medium employed by the NGOs for creating awareness among farmers in Michika
LGA Adamawa is by exhibitions.

28
Section “C”

What are the measures employed by the NGOs to secure farmers in programmes in
Michika LGA?

Table 6
OPTION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Division of the farmers into experimental 36 36%
groups for experiment work Insuring
positive adoption in methods of farming.
Competitions of members (farmers) input 13 13%
during agric. shows and programmes.
Training for increased farming knowledge 24 24%
and skills
Proper use of facilities and appropriate 4 4%
methods.
Farmers' involvement in planning and 10 10%
implementation of programmes
Farmers involved in decision making and 4 4%
situation analysis
Researchers, farmers, extensionists and 6 6%
input providers meet regularly.
Farmers' involvement leading to building 3 3%
local capacities to ensure self-reliance.
Total 100 100%
Source: Field Survey, 2021

In the table above, 36 respondents representing 36% are of Division of the farmers
into experimental groups for experiment work Insuring positive adoption in
methods of farming as the measures employed by the NGOs to secure farmers in
programmes in Michika LGA, 13 respondents representing 13% are of

29
Competitions of members (farmers) input during agric. shows and programmes as
the measures employed by the NGOs to secure farmers in programmes in Michika
LGA, 24 respondents representing 24 % are of Training for increased farming
knowledge and skills as the measures employed by the NGOs to secure farmers in
programmes in Michika LGA, 4 respondents representing 4% are of Proper use of
facilities and appropriate methods as the measures employed by the NGOs to
secure farmers in programmes in Michika LGA, 10 respondents representing 10 %
are of Farmers' involvement in planning and implementation of programmes as the
measures employed by the NGOs to secure farmers in programmes in Michika
LGA, 4 respondents representing 4% are of Farmers involved in decision making
and situation analysis as the measures employed by the NGOs to secure farmers in
programmes in Michika LGA, 6 respondents representing 6% are of Researchers,
farmers, extensionists and input providers meet regularly as the measures
employed by the NGOs to secure farmers in programmes in Michika LGA while 3
respondents representing 3% are of Farmers' involvement leading to building local
capacities to ensure self-reliance as the measures employed by the NGOs to secure
farmers in programmes in Michika LGA. The researcher decided to bring down
conclusion to the above question that the measures employed by the NGOs to
secure farmers in programmes in Michika LGA is Division of the farmers into
experimental groups for experiment work Insuring positive adoption in methods of
farming.

Section “D”
30
What are the inputs supplied to farmers by the NGOs for agricultural development
activities in Michika LGA, Adamawa State?

Table 7
OPTION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Improved seeds. 38 38%
New varieties of crops. 5 5%
Machinery operations services. 3 3%
Organically fortified fertilizers. 26 26%
Storage chemicals. 5 5%
Herbicides. 3 3%
Tractor hiring services. 0 0%
Fungicides. 10 10%
Insecticides. 14 14%
Total 100 100%
Source: Field Survey, 2021

In the above table, 38 respondents representing 38% responded that the inputs
supplied to farmers by the NGOs for agricultural development activities in Michika
LGA, Adamawa State are Improved seeds, 5 respondents representing 5%
responded that the inputs supplied to farmers by the NGOs for agricultural
development activities in Michika LGA, Adamawa State are New varieties of
crops, 3 respondents representing 3% responded that the inputs supplied to farmers
by the NGOs for agricultural development activities in Michika LGA, Adamawa
State are Machinery operations services, 26 respondents representing 26%
responded that the inputs supplied to farmers by the NGOs for agricultural
development activities in Michika LGA, Adamawa State are Organically fortified
fertilizers, 5 respondents representing 5% responded that the inputs supplied to
farmers by the NGOs for agricultural development activities in Michika LGA,
Adamawa State are Storage chemicals, 3 respondents representing 3% responded
that the inputs supplied to farmers by the NGOs for agricultural development
activities in Michika LGA, Adamawa State are Herbicides, 0 respondents

31
representing 0% responded that the inputs supplied to farmers by the NGOs for
agricultural development activities in Michika LGA, Adamawa State are Tractor
hiring services, 10 respondents representing 10% responded that the inputs
supplied to farmers by the NGOs for agricultural development activities in Michika
LGA, Adamawa State are Fungicides while 14 respondents representing 14 %
responded that the inputs supplied to farmers by the NGOs for agricultural
development activities in Michika LGA, Adamawa State are Insecticides. The
researcher decides to bring down conclusion to the above question that the inputs
supplied to farmers by the NGOs for agricultural development activities in Michika
LGA, Adamawa State are Improved seeds.

Section “E”

What are the technologies in agricultural production adopted by the farmers

through the activities of the NGOs?

32
Table 8
OPTION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Spacing of crops. 32 32%
Grain store. 0 0%
Tractor hiring services 0 0%
Transportation network 2 2%
Credits, loans and thrift 3 3%
Grants 3 3%
Training farmers on crop improvement 15 15%
(crop breeding)
Technology transfer 4 4%
Agro-chemicals supplies and utilization 41 41%
methods
Storage and processing equipment’s 0 0%
Total 100 100%
Source: Field Survey, 2021

In the above table, 32 respondents representing 32% responded that the

technologies in agricultural production adopted by the farmers through the
activities of the NGOs are Spacing of crops, 0 respondents representing 0%
responded that the technologies in agricultural production adopted by the farmers
through the activities of the NGOs are Grain store, 0 respondents representing 0%
responded that the technologies in agricultural production adopted by the farmers
through the activities of the NGOs are Tractor hiring services, 2 respondents
representing 2% responded that the technologies in agricultural production
adopted by the farmers through the activities of the NGOs are Transportation
network, 3 respondents representing 3% responded that the technologies in
agricultural production adopted by the farmers through the activities of the NGOs
are Credits, loans and thrift, 3 respondents representing 3% responded that the
technologies in agricultural production adopted by the farmers through the
activities of the NGOs are Grants, 15 respondents representing 15% responded that

33
the technologies in agricultural production adopted by the farmers through the
activities of the NGOs are Training farmers on crop improvement (crop breeding),
4 respondents representing 4% responded that the technologies in agricultural
production adopted by the farmers through the activities of the NGOs are
Technology transfer, 41 respondents representing 41% responded that the
technologies in agricultural production adopted by the farmers through the
activities of the NGOs are Agro-chemicals supplies and utilization methods while
0 respondents representing 0% responded that the technologies in agricultural
production adopted by the farmers through the activities of the NGOs are Storage
and processing equipment’s. the researcher decided to bring down conclusion to
the above question that the technologies in agricultural production adopted by the
farmers through the activities of the NGOs are Agro-chemicals supplies and
utilization methods.

Section “F”
What are the strategies employed by the NGOs to improve productivity of rice
farmers in Michika LGA, Adamawa State?

Table 9
OPTION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Involving rice farmers in experimental test, 33 33%

34
to enable them carry out experiment
themselves
Putting the rural sociology in mind by 4 4%
studying the norms, cultures and beliefs of
the people.
Establishment of an institutionalized bodies 6 6%
for input supply and distribution,
Development of small-scale irrigation
facilities.
Establishment of an education channel for 6 6%
improving farmer’s health and nutritional
requirements.
Improving processing, preservation and 43 43%
storage of food at farm level.
Inculcating of elementary technics skills. 0 0%
New technologies from research institutes 3 3%
should be made available to testing for
approval and utilization
Provision of support equipment structures, 5 5%
facilities and means of transport
Total 100 100%
Source: Field Survey, 2021

In the table above, 33 respondents representing 33% responded that the strategies
employed by the NGOs to improve productivity of rice farmers in Michika LGA,
Adamawa State are Involving rice farmers in experimental test, to enable them
carry out experiment themselves, 4 respondents representing 4% responded that the
strategies employed by the NGOs to improve productivity of rice farmers in
Michika LGA, Adamawa State are Putting the rural sociology in mind by studying
the norms, cultures and beliefs of the people, 6 respondents representing 6%
responded that the strategies employed by the NGOs to improve productivity of

35
rice farmers in Michika LGA, Adamawa State are Establishment of an
institutionalized bodies for input supply and distribution, Development of small-
scale irrigation facilities, 6 respondents representing 6% responded that the
strategies employed by the NGOs to improve productivity of rice farmers in
Michika LGA, Adamawa State are Establishment of an education channel for
improving farmer’s health and nutritional requirements, 43 respondents
representing 43% responded that the strategies employed by the NGOs to improve
productivity of rice farmers in Michika LGA, Adamawa State are Improving
processing, preservation and storage of food at farm level, 0 respondents
representing 0% responded that the strategies employed by the NGOs to improve
productivity of rice farmers in Michika LGA, Adamawa State are Inculcating of
elementary technics skills, 3 respondents representing 3% responded that the
strategies employed by the NGOs to improve productivity of rice farmers in
Michika LGA, Adamawa State are New technologies from research institutes
should be made available to testing for approval and utilization while 5
respondents representing 5% responded that the strategies employed by the NGOs
to improve productivity of rice farmers in Michika LGA, Adamawa State are. The
researcher decides to bring down conclusion to the above question that the
strategies employed by the NGOs to improve productivity of rice farmers in
Michika LGA, Adamawa State are Improving processing, preservation and storage
of food at farm level.

Section “G”

What are the strategies employed by the NGOs to improve the income of rice
farmers in Michika LGA, Adamawa State?

Table 10
OPTION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

36
Creating efficient and effective marketing 5 5%
channels.
Expanding income generating potentials of 4 4%
the rural farmers.
Increased efficiency and productivity of 2 2%
cooperative societies.
Encourage the proper processing and 10 10%
packaging of farm products.
Granting of low interest loans to farmers for 25 25%
procurement of agricultural inputs.
Provision of micro-credit facilities to small 15 15%
scale enterprises (S.M.S.E)
Distributions of new improved seeds and 14 14%
seedlings to farmers.
Subsidizing prices of agro-chemicals. 6 6%
Free treatment of livestock diseases by 0 0%
NGO extension officers
Educating farmers on efficient farming 19 19%
practices and post-harvest losses
Total 100 100%
Source: Field Survey, 2021

In the above table, 5 respondents representing 5% responded that the strategies

employed by the NGOs to improve the income of rice farmers in Michika LGA,
Adamawa State are Creating efficient and effective marketing channels, 4
respondents representing 4% responded that the strategies employed by the NGOs
to improve the income of rice farmers in Michika LGA, Adamawa State are
Expanding income generating potentials of the rural farmers, 2 respondents
representing 2% responded that the strategies employed by the NGOs to improve
the income of rice farmers in Michika LGA, Adamawa State are Increased
efficiency and productivity of cooperative societies, 10 respondents representing

37
10% responded that the strategies employed by the NGOs to improve the income
of rice farmers in Michika LGA, Adamawa State are Encourage the proper
processing and packaging of farm products, 25 respondents representing 25%
responded that the strategies employed by the NGOs to improve the income of
rice farmers in Michika LGA, Adamawa State are Granting of low interest loans to
farmers for procurement of agricultural inputs, 15 respondents representing 14%
responded that the strategies employed by the NGOs to improve the income of
rice farmers in Michika LGA, Adamawa State are Provision of micro-credit
facilities to small scale enterprises (S.M.S.E), 14 respondents representing 14%
responded that the strategies employed by the NGOs to improve the income of
rice farmers in Michika LGA, Adamawa State are Distributions of new improved
seeds and seedlings to farmers, 16 respondents representing 16% responded that
the strategies employed by the NGOs to improve the income of rice farmers in
Michika LGA, Adamawa State are Subsidizing prices of agro-chemicals, 0
respondents representing 0% responded that the strategies employed by the NGOs
to improve the income of rice farmers in Michika LGA, Adamawa State are Free
treatment of livestock diseases by NGO extension officers while 19 respondents
representing 19% responded that the strategies employed by the NGOs to improve
the income of rice farmers in Michika LGA, Adamawa State are Educating farmers
on efficient farming practices and post-harvest losses. The researcher decides to
bring down conclusion to the above question that the strategies employed by the
NGOs to improve the income of rice farmers in Michika LGA, Adamawa State is
Granting of low interest loans to farmers for procurement of agricultural inputs.

4.3 Discussions of the Findings

It was discovered here that farmers and extension officers were of the opinion that
individual visit, radio, newspapers, and television, field trip, posters, leaflets,

38
exhibitions, campaigns and magazines journals are measures employed by the
NGOs to secure farmers' participation in programmes.

It was revealed here that Input during agricultural shows and programmes, training
for increased, farming knowledge and skills, proper use of facilities and
appropriate methods, farmers' involvement in planning and implementation of
programmes,
farmers involved in decision making and situation analysis, researchers’ farmers,
extensionists and input providers meet regularly and farmer: involvement leading
to building local capacities to ensure self-reliance.

It was observed that input applied in agricultural development activities are

improved seeds, improved seedlings, machinery operation services, introduction of
high organically fortified fertilize, herbicides, tractor hiring, fungicides,
insecticides. This is agreement by farmers and extension officers except for
improved Cass cuttings, provision of technical experts for operating machines and
teach' farmers how to use them.

It was discovered from the study that NGOs contributed to technology adoption of
'

rice farmers, through spacing of crop, tractor hire services, transportation network,
credit loans and thrift, subsidies, training farmers on crop improvement, women
agricultural activities, agro-chemicals supplies and utilization methods storage and
processing facilities.

It was discovered from the study that strategies employed by the NGOs to improve the
income of rice farmers are creating efficient and effective marketing channels, expanding
income generating potentials of the rural farmers, increased efficiency and productivity of
co-operative societies, encouraging the proper processing and packaging of farm
products, granting low interest loans to farmers for procurement of agricultural inputs,

39
provisions of micro-credits facilities to small-scale enterprises (SMSE), distributions of
new improved seeds and seedlings to farmers, subsidizing prices of agrochemical and
educating farmers on efficient farming practices and post-harvest losses.

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary

Several rice farmers programmes have been embarked upon by the federal, state
and local governments for many years to boost rice farmers in Adamawa State.
Despite all these efforts agricultural production is still very low.

40
Adedoyin (2004) observed that low agricultural production is as a result of farmers'
use of crude farm tools, lack of capital, inadequate infrastructural facilities,
illiteracy, post-harvest handling, lack of storage and processing facilities, pest and
disease problems, inadequate land, rural urban migration and irrigation problem.

However, several attempts have been made by farmers to increase agricultural

production in their own primitive ways, through growing of local breeds of crops
and livestock, use of local storage and processing facilities, conservative methods
of carrying out agricultural practices and superstitious beliefs, yet agricultural
production still remains very low. Agricultural produce are not enough for the
people, because the population of the people has outgrown the agricultural
productions. There is hunger, malnutrition and diseases among the people. Yet
farmers are still bent on practicing agriculture in place of other vocations or trade.

The study was a survey research design to find out the impact of NGO to rice
farmers in Adamawa Sate. To achieve the stated objective three research questions
and two null hypotheses were formulated information gathered from the
respondents were used to answer the research questions and t-test to test the
hypotheses. The area of the study was Michika Local Government Area of
Adamawa State, the area is divided into five agricultural zones, namely Wotu,
Bororo, Bazza, Jiddel and Sina.

Inputs supplied to farmers by the NGOs for rice farmers activities are improved
seeds, improved seedlings, new varieties of crops, machines operation services,
introduction of organically fortified fertilizers. storage chemicals, herbicides,
tractor hiring services, livestock feeds, fungicides, insecticides and ~improved
plant seedlings. Farmers and extension officers agreed that spacing of crops,
refrigerator cold room, silos, tractor hiring services, storage services, transportation
network, credits, loans and thrift, subsidies, training farmers on animal
41
improvement, training ' famers on crop improvement, technology transfer, women
in agriculture activities. agrochemicals supplies and utilization methods, storage
and processing facilities are the technologies in agricultural production adopted by
the farmers through the activities of the NGOs.

Strategies employed by NGOs in improving productivity of rice farmers are

provision of effective information communication technology (1.C.T) facilities to
help spread innovation widely like weather forecast, credit availability and market
information, establishment of institutionalized bodies for input supply and
distribution, development of small scale irrigation facilities, establishment of an
education channel for improving farmers' health and nutritional requirements,
improving processing preservation and storage of food at farm level, new
technologies from research institutes should be made available for testing for
approval and utilization, provision of support equipment structures, facilities and
means of transport.

The strategies used by NGOs to improve the income of rice farmers are creating
efficient and effective marketing channels, expanding income generating potentials
of the rural farmers, increased efficiency and productivity of co-operative societies,
encouraging the proper processing and packaging of farm products, granting of
low interest loans to farmers for procurement of agricultural inputs, provision of
micro-credits facilities to small scale enterprises (SMSE), distribution of new
improved seeds and seedlings to farmers, subsidizing prices of agro-chemicals,
free treatment of livestock diseases by NGO extension officers, educating farmers
on efficient farming practices and post-harvest losses.

5.2 Conclusion

42
The problem of rural-urban migration of our youths in search of white collar job,
lack of agricultural inputs, low income of the farmers, inadequate technologies,
hunger and poor revenue generation from agriculture by the government will be
met through creating of awareness among farmers of rice farmers agents and their
activities, ensuring farmers' participation in programmes, provision of appropriate
agricultural inputs to the farmers and on time, adoption of appropriate technologies
to agricultural practices, improving productivity of rice farmers by making
available effective communication technology facilities to help spread innovation
widely like weather forecast, credit availability and market information and
provision of no interest or low interest loans to farmers, encouraging farmers to
form co-operative societies that will help them with thrift and credits and as well
educate them on general agricultural practices.

5.3 Recommendations for Actions

The following recommendations were proffered based on the findings of the study:

i. There should be effective communication facilities between the farmers and

extension officers.
ii. Agricultural inputs should be made available to farmers and on time.
iii. Adult literacy classes should be organized in the evenings for illiterate
farmers to enable them read and write.
iv. Co-operative societies should be encouraged.
v. Credits facilities should be given to farmers at low interest rates.
vi. Formal training programmes should be organized for farmers for the
use of appropriate technologies.

5.4 Suggestions for Further Study

43
Based on the findings of the study, the following suggestions were made for
further study:

i. Assessment of the effectiveness of the input supplied to farmers by the

NGOs.
ii. The roles of the co-operative societies in marketing agricultural
produce.
iii. NGOs roles in credit disbursement to farmers and retrieval.

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44
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 Appendix I
Introductory Letter

Department of Agricultural
Technology,
College of Agricultural Technology,
Adamawa State polytechnic, Yola
23rd November, 2020.
RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE
Dear Respondent

I am final year students of the above stated institution undertaking a research

on the topic, “Impact of Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) In Rice Farming
in Michika Local Government Area of Adamawa State”, as part of the partial
requirement for the award of Diploma in Agricultural Technology.

I am soliciting for your esteem cooperation to respond to the following

questions to enable me collect the data required for academic purpose.
Kindly respond by ticking the appropriately columns provided. Thank you
for your cooperation.
Yours Faithfully,

____________________
Comfort Yakubu
CAT/DAT/2018/008

50
 Appendix II
Background information

Section “A”

Please tick (√) as appropriate in the spaces provided where applicable.

1. Registered farmers [ ]
2. NGO extension officers [ ]
3. Agricultural zone: Wotu [ ] Bororo [ ] Bazza [ ] Jiddel [ ] Sina [ ]
4. What is your educational background?
FSLC [ ] SSCE/Grade II [ ] NCE/OND [ ] B.Sc/B.A/B.Ed [ ]
others

Section “B”

What are the medium employed by the NGOs for creating awareness among
farmers in Michika LGA Adamawa?

KEY:

i. Individual visit [ ]
ii. Radios [ ]
iii. Newspaper [ ]
iv. Television [ ]
v. Field trips [ ]
vi. Posters [ ]
vii. Exhibitions [ ]
viii. Campaigns [ ]

Section “C”

What are the measures employed by the NGOs to secure farmers in programmes in
Michika LGA?

i. Division of the farmers into experimental groups for experiment work

Insuring positive adoption in methods of farming. [ ]
51
 ii. Competitions of members (farmers) input during agric. shows and
programmes. [ ]
iii. Training for increased farming knowledge and skills. [ ]

iv. Proper use of facilities and appropriate methods. [ ]

v. Farmers' involvement in planning and implementation of programmes.[ ]
vi. Farmers involved In decision making and situation analysis. [ ]
vii. Researchers, farmers, extensionists and input providers meet regularly. [ ]
viii. Farmers' involvement leading to building local capacities to ensure self-
reliance. [ ]

Section “D”

What are the inputs supplied to farmers by the NGOs for agricultural development
activities in Michika LGA, Adamawa State?

i. Improved seeds. [ ]
ii. New varieties of crops. [ ]
iii. Machinery operations services. [ ]
iv. Organically fortified fertilizers. [ ]
v. Storage chemicals. [ ]
vi. Herbicides. [ ]
vii. Tractor hiring services. [ ]
viii. Fungicides. [ ]
ix. Insecticides. [ ]

Section “E”

What are the technologies in agricultural production adopted by the farmers

through the activities of the NGOs?

i. Spacing of crops. [ ]
ii. Grain store. [ ]
iii. Tractor hiring services. [ ]
iv. Transportation network. [ ]
v. Credits, loans and thrift. [ ]
vi. Grants. [ ]
vii. Training farmers on crop improvement (crop breeding). [ ]
viii. Technology transfer. [ ]
ix. Agro-chemicals supplies and utilization methods. [ ]
x. Storage and processing equipments. [ ]
52
Section “F”

What are the strategies employed by the NGOs to improve productivity of rice
farmers in Michika LGA, Adamawa State?

i. Involving rice farmers in experimental test, to enable them carry out

experiment themselves. [ ]
ii. Putting the rural sociology in mind by studying the norms, cultures and
beliefs of the people.
[ ]
iii. Establishment of an institutionalized bodies for input supply and
distribution,
Development of small-scale irrigation facilities. [ ]
iv. Establishment of an education channel for improving farmer’s health and
nutritional requirements. [ ]
v. Improving processing, preservation and storage of food at farm level. [ ]
vi. Inculcating of elementary technics skills. [ ]
vii. New technologies from research institutes should be made available to
testing for approval and utilization.
[ ]
viii. Provision of support equipment structures, facilities and means of transport.

Section “G”

What are the strategies employed by the NGOs to improve the income of rice
farmers in Michika LGA, Adamawa State?

i. Creating efficient and effective marketing channels. [ ]

ii. Expanding income generating potentials of the rural farmers. [ ]

iii. Increased efficiency and productivity of cooperative societies. [ ]
iv. Encourage the proper processing and packaging of farm products. [ ]
v. Granting of low interest loans to farmers for procurement of agricultural
inputs. [ ]

Provision of micro-credit facilities to small scale enterprises (S.M.S.E). [ ]

vi. Distributions of new improved seeds and seedlings to farmers. [ ]
vii. Subsidizing prices of agro-chemicals. [ ]
viii. Free treatment of livestock diseases by NGO extension officers. [ ]
ix. Educating farmers on efficient farming practices and post-harvest losses.
[ ]

53
 Appendix III

Fig1: researcher and some of the respondents (Rice farmers) during field survey
in Michika local government area, Adamawa state, Nigeria.

54