Case 3:21-cv-00080-MMD-CLB Document 92 Filed 09/03/21 Page 1 of 22

3 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

11 I. SUMMARY

12 Plaintiffs1 and Intervenor-Plaintiffs2 in this consolidated case challenge the Bureau

13 of Land Management of the U.S. Department of Interior3 (“BLM”)’s approval of Intervenor-

14 Defendant Lithium Nevada Corporation’s (“Lithium Nevada”) plan to build a lithium mine

15 near Thacker Pass, Nevada (the “Project”) under the Administrative Procedure Act, 5

16 U.S.C. § 701, et seq. (“APA”), the National Environmental Policy Act (“NEPA”), 42 U.S.C.

17 §§ 4321-61, the Federal Land Policy and Management Act (“FLPMA”), 43 U.S.C. §§ 1701-

18 1787, and the National Historic Preservation Act, 54 U.S.C. §§ 300101 (“NHPA”). (ECF

19 Nos. 1, 46, 83.) See also Western Watersheds Project, et al. v. Bureau of Land

20 Management of the U.S. Department of the Interior, et al., Case No. 3:21-cv-00103-MMD-

21 CLB, ECF No. 1 (D. Nev. Filed Feb. 26, 2021) (since consolidated into this case). Before

22 the Court is the Tribes’4 motion for a preliminary injunction requiring BLM to engage in

23
Ranch LLC and Edward Bartell (collectively, the “Rancher Plaintiffs”), along
1Bartell
24 with Western Watersheds Project, Wildlands Defense, Great Basin Resource Watch, and
Basin and Range Watch (collectively, the “Environmental Plaintiffs”).
25
2Atsa Koodakuh Wyh Nuwu/People of Red Mountain (“the People”), Reno-Sparks
26 Indian Colony (“RSIC”), and the Burns Paiute Tribe (collectively, the “Tribes”).
27 3Ester M. McCullough, the District Manager of BLM’s Winnemucca office, along
with the Department of the Interior, are also named Defendants.
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1 further consultation under the NHPA with the Tribes before BLM and Lithium Nevada may

2 proceed with an archeological survey of the Project area known as the Historic Properties

3 Treatment Plan (“HPTP”). (ECF No. 45 (“Motion”).) Environmental Plaintiffs do not

4 oppose, and indeed encourage the Court to grant the Motion. (ECF No. 61.) Rancher

5 Plaintiffs did not file a response to the Motion. Defendants and Lithium Nevada oppose

6 the Motion.5 (ECF Nos. 65, 66.) The Court held a hearing on the Motion on August 27,

7 2021. (ECF No. 89 (the “Hearing”).)

8 Primarily because the Tribes have not shown they are likely to prevail on their claim

9 that BLM’s decision not to consult them on the Project was unreasonable or made in bad

10 faith, have not presented sufficiently specific evidence of irreparable harm that will likely

11 occur if the HPTP proceeds, and as further explained below, the Court will deny the

12 Motion. However, this order does not resolve the merits of the Tribes’ claims. Moreover,

13 in considering the Tribes’ equitable relief request, the Court is not unpersuaded by the

14 Tribes’ broader equitable and historical arguments, but the Court must operate within the

15 framework of the applicable laws and regulations.

16 II. BACKGROUND

17 The Court first incorporates by reference the factual background it included in its

18 order denying the Environmental Plaintiffs’ preliminary injunction motion in the Western

19 Watersheds case subsequently consolidated into this one and does not recite it here. See

20 Western Watersheds, Case No. 3:21-cv-00103-MMD-CLB, ECF No. 48 (“July 23 Order”)

21 at 2. The Background provided there explained the documents BLM issued regarding its

22 ultimate approval of the Project.

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24

25 4The Burns Paiute Tribe joined the Motion (ECF No. 62), but the Court will refer to
it as the Tribes’ Motion for convenience, though the Court will cite individual documents
26 and refer to arguments made by either RSIC or the Burns Paiute Tribe as appropriate.
27 5Through the resolution of various motions, the Court also reviewed some replies,
errata, and supplements to the Motion and the responses to it. (ECF Nos. 69, 71, 72, 73,
28 84, 85, 86, 87.)
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1 The Project is an open-pit lithium mine in the Thacker Pass basin area of

2 Northeastern Nevada. (ECF No. 65-1 at 8.) The Project area “includes 17,933 acres of

3 land[,]” but the “total disturbance footprint would be approximately 5,695 acres[.]” (Id.) For

4 illustrative purposes, here is a map of the Project area proffered by Lithium Nevada without

5 objection from any other party.

10

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17

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19 (ECF No. 66-2 at 9.)

20 Construction of the mine has not yet started. The Tribes seek to enjoin Defendants

21 from proceeding with the HPTP, a preliminary step that must be completed before Lithium

22 Nevada may proceed with actually starting construction on the mine. The Court

23 incorporates by reference here its description of the HPTP provided in the July 23 Order.

24 See Western Watersheds, Case No. 3:21-cv-00103-MMD-CLB, ECF No. 48 at 6-7. To

25 reiterate, the HPTP was prepared in conjunction with the Nevada State Historic

26 Preservation Officer (“SHPO”). (ECF No. 65-14 (the HPTP).) The HPTP will be carried out

27 by a contractor paid by Lithium Nevada. (Id. at 3.) Before the contractor may begin carrying

28 out the HPTP, BLM must issue the contractor a permit under the Archaeological

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1 Resources Protection Act (“ARPA”). (Id. at 44.) As of the date of the Hearing, BLM had

2 not yet issued the ARPA permit, as BLM remained in consultation with the Tribes and

3 other Native American tribes about the HPTP.

4 Because the Motion focuses on BLM’s consultation with Native American tribes

5 under Section 106 of the NHPA, BLM stated in the Record of Decision approving the

6 Project (ECF No. 65-1 (“ROD”)) that it began consultation with tribal governments about

7 the Project beginning in October 2018, and specifically sent letters initiating formal

8 consultation under Section 106 with the “McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribe, the

9 Pyramid Lake and Summit Lake Paiute Tribes, and Winnemucca Indian Colony tribes” in

10 December 2019. (Id. at 10.) BLM further states in the ROD that it mailed copies of the

11 various documents associated with the NEPA process to these three tribes in partial

12 compliance with its Section 106 obligations. (Id.) BLM also stated in the ROD that “[n]o

13 comments or concerns have been raised during formal government to government

14 consultation for the Project by the tribes.” (Id.)

15 However, BLM did not engage in consultation about the Project with RSIC or the

16 Burns Paiute Tribe before issuing the ROD in January 2021. (ECF Nos. 65 at 23-25, 65-

17 1.) The reasonableness of this decision is the focus of the parties’ arguments regarding

18 the Tribes’ likelihood of success on the merits of their claims under the NHPA, and the

19 Court discusses both the parties’ arguments and the evidence they have proffered to

20 support those arguments in detail in Section IV.A. below. In June 2021, the Tribes sent

21 BLM letters raising concerns about the Project. (ECF Nos. 65-18.) This was the first time

22 the Tribes raised their concerns about the Project with BLM.

23 III. LEGAL STANDARD

24 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65 governs preliminary injunctions. “‘An injunction

25 is a matter of equitable discretion’ and is ‘an extraordinary remedy that may only be

26 awarded upon a clear showing that the plaintiff is entitled to such relief.’” Earth Island Inst.

27 v. Carlton, 626 F.3d 462, 469 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council,

28 Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 22, 32 (2008)). To qualify for a preliminary injunction, a plaintiff must

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1 demonstrate: (1) a likelihood of success on the merits; (2) a likelihood of irreparable harm;

2 (3) that the balance of hardships favors the plaintiff; and (4) that the injunction is in the

3 public interest. See Winter, 555 U.S. at 20. A plaintiff may also satisfy the first and third

4 prongs under a “sliding scale” approach by showing serious questions going to the merits

5 of the case and that a balancing of hardships tips sharply in plaintiff’s favor. See All. for

6 the Wild Rockies v. Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1134-35 (9th Cir. 2011) (holding that the Ninth

7 Circuit’s “sliding scale” approach remains valid following the Winter decision). The plaintiff,

8 however, must still show a likelihood of irreparable harm and that an injunction is in the

9 public interest. See id. at 1135.

10 IV. DISCUSSION

11 The Court first addresses several threshold issues, then the parties’ arguments as

12 to likelihood of success on the merits, and then irreparable harm. Because the Tribes have

13 not made a sufficient showing on the first two Winter factors, the Court does not address

14 the third and fourth factors. See id. (“Winter . . . requires the plaintiff to make a showing

15 on all four prongs.”). Further, because the Court will deny the Motion, it does not address

16 the parties’ arguments as to whether the Tribes should be required to post a bond. (ECF

17 Nos. 45 at 21, 66 at 25.)

18 A. Threshold Issues

19 Lithium Nevada argued both in its briefing and at the Hearing that the Tribes’ claims

20 are not ripe because BLM has not yet issued the ARPA permit. (Id. at 20-21.) The Court

21 addresses this issue first because it arguably6 goes to the Court’s jurisdiction to entertain

22 the Tribes’ claims. See Bishop Paiute Tribe v. Inyo Cty., 863 F.3d 1144, 1153-54 (9th Cir.

23 2017) (explaining that ripeness is a doctrine designed to ensure that courts adjudicate live

24 cases or controversies containing both a constitutional and prudential component).

25 However, both Defendants and Lithium Nevada also conceded at the Hearing that the

26
27 6Lithium Nevada appears to be making a prudential ripeness argument without
explicitly saying so, but the Court nonetheless addresses this argument at the outset. (ECF
28 No. 66 at 20-21.)
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1 Tribes’ consultation rights as part of the ARPA process are more limited than their

2 consultation rights under the NHPA. But more importantly, the Tribes challenge BLM’s

3 decision to issue the ROD in contravention of the NHPA in this case, not any decision

4 related to the ARPA process. (ECF Nos. 46 at 3, 83 at 2.) Indeed, the Court understands

5 Lithium Nevada’s ripeness argument as more of an argument that the consultation BLM

6 is engaging in with the Tribes under the ARPA process may somewhat mitigate the Tribes’

7 proffered irreparable harm. The Court finds the Tribes’ claims and Motion are ripe.

8 Moving on to another threshold issue, Defendants and Lithium Nevada argue the

9 People lack prudential standing to assert a claim under the NHPA because they are

10 members of the Fort McDermitt Paiute Shoshone Tribe, who was consulted here, are not

11 a federally recognized tribe who must be consulted, and did not affirmatively request

12 consultation before the ROD issued. (ECF Nos. 65 at 24-25, 66 at 16-19.) The Tribes do

13 not respond to this argument, and indeed the Burns Paiute Tribe’s reply brief only

14 mentions RSIC and the Burns Paiute Tribe. (ECF Nos. 71, 73.) The Court agrees with

15 Federal Defendants and Lithium Nevada.

16 The People are not a proper party to this case because they are not a federally

17 recognized tribe entitled to consultation, and the People do not even argue—much less

18 present evidence—that they requested in writing to participate in the NHPA process

19 regarding the Project before the ROD issued, which could have given them consultation

20 rights. (ECF Nos. 45-2, 65-1 at 4 (showing the date the ROD issued).) See also

21 Snoqualmie Indian Tribe v. F.E.R.C., 545 F.3d 1207, 1216 (9th Cir. 2008) (finding that a

22 tribe who was not federally recognized at the time the record closed was not entitled to

23 NHPA consultation); Winnemen Wintu Tribe v. United States Forest Serv., Case No.

24 209CV01072KJMKJN, 2017 WL 1093902, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 23, 2017) (finding that

25 non-federally recognized tribe was not automatically entitled to consultation, but instead

26 must affirmatively request consultation during the consultation period). Indeed, the

27 People’s declarant states that she is an enrolled member of the Fort McDermitt Paiute-

28 Shoshone Tribe (ECF No. 45-2 at 2) and describes the People as an unincorporated

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1 association of members of that tribe (id.). There is no dispute here that the Fort McDermitt

2 Paiute-Shoshone Tribe was consulted regarding the project. (ECF No. 65-8 at 2-4.) There

3 is also no dispute here that the People did not request consultation on the Project until

4 June 2021, after the ROD issued in January 2021. (ECF Nos. 45-2 at 6, 65-1 at 4, 65-18

5 at 8-12.) The People therefore are not a proper party to prosecute their NHPA claim

6 against Defendants. See Snoqualmie Indian Tribe, 545 F.3d at 1216; Winnemen Wintu

7 Tribe, 2017 WL 1093902, at *3. The Court will accordingly disregard the Hinkey

8 Declaration (ECF No. 45-2),7 and not refer to the People in the remainder of this order.

9 Finally, RSIC’s counsel argued at the Hearing that BLM violated the consultation

10 rights of the tribes it did consult with. But RSIC’s counsel cannot make such an argument

11 on behalf of other tribes that he does not represent, who are not participating in this case.

12 See, e.g., San Juan Citizens All. v. Norton, 586 F. Supp. 2d 1270, 1293 (D.N.M. 2008)

13 (expressing skepticism that a group of tribal members could assert claims on behalf of a

14 tribe that declined to join the litigation). The Court will accordingly not further address

15 RSIC’s arguments regarding the quality of consultation offered to the tribes BLM did

16 consult with about the Project—the Fort McDermitt Tribe, Summit Lake Paiute Tribe, and

17 Winnemucca Indian Colony. (ECF Nos. 65 at 14, 65-8.) With all of this said, the Court

18 turns to the parties’ arguments on the Tribes’8 likelihood of success on the merits.

19 B. Likelihood of Success on the Merits

20 The Tribes argue they are likely to prevail on the merits of their NHPA claim

21 because BLM did not consult them before issuing the ROD, allegedly because BLM did

22 not first make a reasonable, good-faith effort to identify that it should consult them. (ECF

23 No. 45 at 9-18; see also ECF No. 62 at 2-5.) Defendants counter that BLM made a

24
7DarandaHinkey offers her declaration as the People’s secretary (ECF No. 45-2 at
25 2), and her declaration is offered as the evidence that supports the People’s claims and
arguments (see generally id.; see also ECF Nos. 45, 46.) Because the People are not a
26 proper party to assert a Section 106 consultation claim under these circumstances,
Hinkey’s declaration is not a proper part of the record.
27
8From this point forward, this shorthand refers only to RSIC and the Burns Paiute
28 Tribe.
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1 reasonable and good faith effort to identify tribes for consultation resulting in a reasonable

2 decision not to consult the Tribes about the Project, provided the Tribes with a reasonable

3 opportunity to raise their concerns, sought and considered the public’s views, and did not

4 issue the ROD until after it signed a memorandum of understanding with the Nevada

5 SHPO.9 (ECF No. 65 at 22; see also id. at 22-28.) Lithium Nevada makes similar

6 arguments to Defendants and criticizes the Tribes for failing to raise any objection to the

7 Project or request consultation until recently though significant ground disturbances have

8 been occurring in the Project area for some 10 years, suggesting that the Tribes’ silence

9 followed by the Motion places an unreasonable burden on BLM to identify the Native

10 American tribes with whom it must consult. (ECF No. 66 at 10-13; see id. at 19-20.)

11 The Tribes bring their claims under the NHPA through the APA. (ECF Nos. 46 at 2,

12 83 at 2.) The APA limits the scope of judicial review of agency actions. A court may reverse

13 an agency decision only if it is “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise

14 not in accordance with law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A). An agency’s decision may be reversed

15 as arbitrary and capricious “if the agency has relied on factors which Congress has not

16 intended it to consider, entirely failed to consider an important aspect of the problem,

17 offered an explanation for its decision that runs counter to the evidence before the agency,

18 or is so implausible that it could not be ascribed to a difference in view or the product of

19 agency expertise.” Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n of U.S., Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins.

20 Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983). “To make this finding, the court must consider whether the

21 decision was based on a consideration of the relevant factors and whether there has been

22

23
9RSIC raised this issue both in its Complaint and its Motion. (ECF Nos. 45 at 10,
24 46 at 3-4, 15-16, 21.) Defendants countered that this was merely a mistake in the ROD
(ECF No. 65 at 27), supported by a declaration of a BLM official (ECF No. 65-26 at 4).
25 Defendants further proffered the dates on the Memorandum of Agreement (“MOA”) as to
the SHPO and the ROD to demonstrate that BLM entered into the MOA with the SHPO
26 before the ROD issued. (ECF No. 65 at 27.) RSIC did not further address this issue either
in reply or at the Hearing, an apparent concession. However, to the extent RSIC has not
27 abandoned its argument based on the inaccurate statement in the ROD, the Court finds
Defendants’ explanation of what happened sufficiently well supported such that the Court
28 rejects RSIC’s argument.
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1 a clear error of judgment.” Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 416

2 (1971) (citation omitted).

3 But in reviewing an agency’s decision under this standard, “the reviewing court may

4 not substitute its judgment for that of the agency.” Env’t Def. Ctr., Inc. v. U.S. Env’t Prot.

5 Agency, 344 F.3d 832, 858 n.36 (9th Cir. 2003) (citation omitted). Rather, the function of

6 the district court is only to determine whether as a matter of law the evidence in the

7 administrative record permitted the agency to make the decision it did. See Occidental

8 Eng’g Co. v. I.N.S., 753 F.2d 766, 769-70 (9th Cir. 1985). Although this review is narrow,

9 “a reviewing court must conduct a searching and careful inquiry into the facts.” Nw.

10 Motorcycle Ass’n v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric., 18 F.3d 1468, 1471 (9th Cir. 1994) (citation

11 omitted). “A satisfactory explanation of agency action is essential for adequate judicial

12 review, because the focus of judicial review is not on the wisdom of the agency’s decision,

13 but on whether the process employed by the agency to reach its decision took into

14 consideration all the relevant factors.” Asarco, Inc. v. U.S. Env’t Prot. Agency, 616 F.2d

15 1153, 1159 (1980). “The burden is on the Tribe[s] to show any decision or action was

16 arbitrary and capricious.” Quechan Tribe of Fort Yuma Indian Rsrv. v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior,

17 755 F. Supp. 2d 1104, 1108 (S.D. Cal. 2010) (citation omitted).

18 Because Defendants conceded that BLM did not consult with the Tribes under

19 Section 106, the focus of the parties’ arguments as to the first Winter factor has shifted to

20 resolution of one primary question: whether BLM made “a reasonable and good faith effort

21 to identify” them before deciding not to consult them on the Project. 36 C.F.R. §

22 800.2(c)(ii)(A). (ECF Nos. 65 at 22-28, 71 at 3-5, 73 at 3-13.) On this key question, the

23 Court agrees with Defendants that, on the record before the Court, BLM made a

24 reasonable and good faith effort to identify the Tribes it should consult with on the Project,

25 and reasonably decided not to consult with the Tribes.

26 The limited caselaw either presented by the parties or located by the Court in its

27 own research that specifically addresses the reasonableness of a decision not to consult

28 a particular Native American tribe under 36 C.F.R. § 800.2(c)(ii)(A) suggests that it is a

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1 fact-intensive, case-by-case inquiry. See, e.g., Ctr. for Biological Diversity v. United States

2 Army Corps of Engineers, Case No. CV 14-1667 PSG (CWX), 2015 WL 12659937, at *20-

3 *21 (C.D. Cal. June 30, 2015), aff’d sub nom. Friends of Santa Clara River v. United States

4 Army Corps of Engineers, 887 F.3d 906 (9th Cir. 2018); Norton, 586 F. Supp. 2d at 1293-

5 94. The two cases the parties identified at the Hearing as most strongly supporting their

6 respective positions, Muckleshoot Indian Tribe v. U.S. Forest Serv., 177 F.3d 800, 805

7 (9th Cir. 1999) (Defendants) and Pueblo of Sandia v. United States, 50 F.3d 856, 862-63

8 (10th Cir. 1995) (RSIC), dealt with the related but not identical question of whether the

9 pertinent agency had made a reasonable and good faith effort to identify historic

10 properties. They are accordingly not directly on point, though they are instructive to the

11 extent they more generally indicate what constitutes a reasonable and good faith effort. In

12 any event, the facts in the record discussed further below show that the Tribes have not

13 established a likelihood of success on the merits—that BLM made an unreasonable or

14 bad faith decision not to consult them. See All. For Wild Rockies, 632 F.3d at 1135 (“Winter

15 . . . requires the plaintiff to make a showing on all four prongs.”).

16 To the contrary, BLM appears to have made a reasonable decision not to consult

17 the Tribes because representatives of both Tribes disclaimed an interest in the area

18 including the Project area in discussions regarding the Winnemucca RMP, and neither

19 tribe subsequently put BLM on notice that they considered the Project area sacred or

20 culturally significant until after BLM issued the ROD. To start, BLM offered unrebutted

21 evidence that it contacted both RSIC and the Burns Paiute Tribe in 2010 as part of an

22 ethnography for the Winnemucca Resource Management Plan (“RMP”) with the goal of

23 identifying, protecting, and preserving significant cultural resources in an area including

24 the Project area. (ECF No. 65-2 at 39 (stating that copies of the Winnemucca RMP and a

25 request for a consultation meeting were sent to, among others, RSIC and the Burns Paiute

26 Tribe), id. at 51-53 (explaining that some of the goals for the Winnemucca RMP are

27 identification and protection of cultural resources in consultation with Native American

28 tribes).) RSIC’s declarant Michon Eben participated in an in-person meeting regarding the

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1 Winnemucca RMP. (ECF No. 65-3 at 58.) As to the Burns Paiute Tribe, Charisse Snapp

2 (Cultural Resource Representative) told a BLM official in a July 28, 2005 telephone call

3 that “the tribe would defer consultation to the tribes that had reservations closer to the

4 study area[,]” and that “it would not be necessary to keep the tribe on the mailing list for

5 the RMP/EIS.” (Id. at 63.) Nobody identified the Project area as containing a massacre

6 site during that process leading to the Winnemucca RMP. (See generally id.) Moreover,

7 neither RSIC nor the Burns Paiute Tribe indicated they had any particular cultural interest

8 in the Project area during this RMP process. (See generally id.)

9 In 2015, Arlan D. Melendez sent BLM a letter with an official resolution of RSIC and

10 cultural resources map attached identifying its official areas of cultural interest. (ECF No.

11 72-2; see also ECF No. 86-1 (including a page that was omitted from the version of the

12 resolution Defendants filed).) RSIC’s declarant Eben was carbon copied on the letter and

13 listed as the contact for any follow up questions about it. (ECF No. 72-2 at 2.) Mr. Melendez

14 explained in the letter that the attached map was intended to put BLM on notice of the

15 areas where RSIC asserts a cultural interest, and therefore expected to be consulted if

16 any projects occurred within the boundary marked on the map. (Id.) However, Mr.

17 Melendez also noted that there may be projects outside the map boundary on which RSIC

18 may request consultation. (Id.) The resolution similarly explains that RSIC expects

19 consultation on projects within the boundary marked on the map, but also reserves the

20 right to request consultation on other projects falling outside that area. (ECF No. 86-1 at

21 2-3.)

22 Defendants introduced the 2015 letter into the record through a motion for leave to

23 file supplemental evidence (ECF No. 72) that the Court granted (ECF No. 76). RSIC

24 argued at the Hearing that the Court should not consider the 2015 letter because

25 Defendants’ counsel did not locate the letter until after Defendants filed their opposition to

26 the Motion. However, the Court disagrees with RSIC’s counsel that this somehow means

27 the letter is not properly part of the record. There is no dispute that RSIC sent BLM the

28 letter in 2015. Moreover, RSIC had an opportunity to respond to the letter before (ECF No.

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1 86) and at the Hearing—and did not question its authenticity. The 2015 letter further is not

2 meaningfully distinguishable from the 1868 field survey notes that RSIC’s counsel

3 apparently did not locate until after the Motion was filed. The Court also already deemed

4 the 2015 letter a part of the record in granting Defendants’ motion to supplement in any

5 event. (ECF No. 76.) In sum, the 2015 letter is properly part of the record here.

6 RSIC proffered a second declaration from Eben with its reply where she explained

7 that she felt BLM was acting in bad faith in deciding not to consult RSIC on the Project

8 because BLM consulted her on several other projects. (ECF No. 73-2 at 9.) Defendants

9 responded that BLM consulted with RSIC on projects falling within its area of cultural

10 interest identified on the map it sent BLM in 2015 and did not consult with RSIC on the

11 Project because it fell outside the area identified on RSIC’s map. (ECF No. 84 at 3-4.)

12 Lithium Nevada made the same argument and supported it with a map prepared by

13 Jennifer Schonlau, an environmental engineer who works for Lithium

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1 Nevada, showing that the projects Eben mentions were within RSIC’s map boundary,

2 though the Project is not. This is the map Schonlau proffered with her declaration:

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16 (ECF No. 87-1 at 21.) Though given the chance to object to the map at the Hearing, the
17 Tribes did not. The Project area is the small area shaded black towards the top-right of
18 the map, which is outside the red boundary line indicating RSIC’s area of cultural interest.
19 The map accordingly supports Defendants’ argument that they consulted RSIC on projects
20 within the area indicated on RSIC’s map but did not consult RSIC on the Project because
21 the Project is located outside that area. There is also no evidence before the Court that
22 RSIC proactively requested consultation on the Project as contemplated by the
23 reservation of rights in RSIC’s 2015 letter and resolution before the ROD issued. This all
24 indicates that BLM reasonably decided not to consult RSIC about the Project because
25 BLM understood the Project as falling outside RSIC’s area of cultural interests.
26 RSIC also proffered some 1868 field survey notes found in BLM’s records
27 describing a potential massacre as evidence that BLM was on notice of a massacre within
28

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1 the Project area and therefore should have consulted with RSIC on the Project. (ECF No.

2 73 at 3, 6-7 (relying on ECF No. 73-1 at 5-6).) However, Defendants persuasively respond

3 that nothing about these notes would reasonably put BLM on notice that RSIC had an

4 interest in the Project area because the notes only describe the scattered remains of

5 ‘Indians’ generally, with no further description specifically identifying them as the ancestors

6 of RSIC members, and the location described in the notes falls outside RSIC’s stated area

7 of cultural interest in any event. (ECF Nos. 73-1 at 5-6, 84 at 5.) Defendants further argue

8 that the remains described in these field notes either do not fall within the Project area, or

9 fall just within the area of indirect impacts, much less any specific location that will be

10 excavated under the HPTP. (ECF No. 84 at 4-5.) The Court finds these arguments

11 persuasive. The 1868 field notes do not necessarily put BLM on reasonable notice that it

12 should have consulted with RSIC on the Project.

13 Like with the arguments discussed above and supported by the second Eben

14 Declaration, Lithium Nevada made the same argument as BLM regarding the 1868 field

15 notes but supported it with another map prepared by Schonlau plotting the likely location

16 of the remains described in the 1868 field notes on a map that also includes the outlines

17 of the Project area. The Tribes were given an opportunity to object to this evidence at the

18 Hearing, but did not. Schonlau’s map indicates that the remains identified in the field notes

19 fall outside the Project area:

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10

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13

14 (ECF No. 87-1 at 19.) As indicated by the key in the map, the small black triangles towards

15 the bottom-right of the map are the locations described in the 1868 field notes, which are

16 just barely within the area shaded red indicating private lands. (Id.) They are not within the

17 Project area. (Id.) Therefore, even if the Court were to assume that the remains described

18 in the 1868 field notes had some connection to RSIC—and disregarded the fact that they

19 are outside of the area of cultural interest RSIC identified in its letter to BLM—they would

20 not reasonably put BLM on notice that it should have consulted RSIC about the Project

21 because they lie outside the Project area.

22 As for the Burns Paiute Tribe, they argue in reply10 that BLM was on notice of their

23 interest in the Project area, and should have consulted them about the Project, because

24

25 10Much of the evidence the Tribes presented regarding the Motion accompanied
their replies because of Defendants’ response conceding that they did not consult the
26 Tribes, but reasonably decided not to, shifted the argument before the Court. (ECF No.
65.) The declarations proffered in support of the Motion focused more on establishing
27 irreparable harm and that the Tribes were not consulted on the Project. (ECF Nos. 45-1,
62-1.) Because the Tribes raised new evidence in their replies, the Court granted the
28 parties’ stipulation to let Defendants and Lithium Nevada file sur-replies. (ECF No. 79.)
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1 BLM notified them about human remains that were looted from Elephant Mountain Cave

2 and then subsequently recovered. (ECF No. 71 at 3-4.) Defendants and Lithium Nevada

3 respond that this evidence does not show BLM should have consulted the Burns Paiute

4 Tribe on the Project because Elephant Mountain cave is more than 50 miles from the

5 Project area, BLM’s notification about Elephant Mountain Cave was made under the

6 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (“NAGPRA”), 28 U.S.C. § 3001,

7 et seq., which casts a broader consultation net than the NHPA, and because the Burns

8 Paiute Tribe did not respond to the notice they received regarding Elephant Mountain

9 Cave. (ECF Nos. 84 at 2-3, 85 at 2-3.) The Court agrees with Defendants and Lithium

10 Nevada that the fact BLM consulted the Burns Paiute Tribe about the remains looted from

11 Elephant Mountain Cave does not show BLM’s decision not to consult them about the

12 Project was unreasonable.

13 While the Court does not place much weight on the distance between Elephant

14 Mountain Cave and the Project Area, the Court finds Defendant and Lithium Nevada’s

15 other arguments persuasive. Specifically, BLM could reasonably cast a wider net for

16 notification of tribes under NAGPRA than it would under NHPA because NAGPRA focuses

17 on “known lineal descendants,” 43 C.F.R. § 10.5(a), who would logically spread out into a

18 much larger area than the area of a particular tribe’s territory. The Court also finds it

19 significant that the Burns Paiute Tribe did not respond to the notification regarding

20 Elephant Mountain Cave, see Notice of Inventory Completion: U.S. Department of the

21 Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Nevada State Office, Reno, NV, 78 FR 59958-

22 0259959, 2013 WL 5408745, at *59959 (Sept. 30, 2013). Indeed, the Burns Paiute Tribe’s

23 lack of response suggests that this exchange would not have changed BLM’s apparent

24 working assumption based on the Winnemucca RMP process that the Burns Paiute Tribe

25 was not interested in consulting on projects near the Project Area. The Court accordingly

26 concludes that that the Elephant Mountain Cave evidence does not suggest BLM should

27 have consulted with the Burns Paiute Tribe on the Project, or that its decision not to consult

28 was unreasonable.

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1 Regarding tribal and public notice about the Project more broadly, BLM initiated

2 formal consultation with the Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribe, the Summit Lake

3 Paiute Tribe, and the Winnemucca Indian Colony via letters BLM sent on December 12,

4 2019. (ECF No. 65-8.) The Nevada SHPO signed off on BLM’s decision about the three

5 tribes to consult with. (ECF No. 65-24 at 10.) BLM also invited public comment on the

6 Project by publishing a notice in the federal register. See Notice of Intent, 85 Fed. Reg.

7 3413-02, 3414 (Jan. 21, 2020). And as previously noted, while it is undisputed that BLM

8 did not formally consult either the Burns Paiute Tribe or RSIC about the Project, this

9 evidence regarding public notice of the Project tends to show that the Tribes could have

10 learned about the Project and affirmatively requested consultation.

11 But it does not stand alone. The Court finds the evidence described above showing

12 that the Tribes opted-out of consultation on projects near the Project more persuasive here

13 in finding that BLM made a reasonable and good faith determination not to consult them.

14 Moreover, BLM did consult three tribes on this Project, and Nevada’s SHPO signed off on

15 that decision—additional factors that tend to support the Court’s finding that BLM made a

16 reasonable and good faith effort to identify the tribes it should consult with about the

17 Project, though BLM ultimately decided not to consult with the Tribes.

18 The Tribes make a couple other arguments that, while not ultimately persuasive,

19 the Court will address here. For example, the Tribes point out that BLM’s own handbook

20 on tribal consultation includes a section explaining that Native American tribes may be

21 reluctant to share information about their sacred sites, and other sections stating that tribes

22 are not obligated to consult with BLM, to make the valid point that BLM could have done

23 more and consulted them. (See, e.g., ECF No. 73 at 7-9.) There is no question BLM could

24 have done more here. And “reticence to disclose details of [tribal] cultural and religious

25 practices was not unexpected[,]” even back in 1995. Pueblo of Sandia, 50 F.3d at 861.

26 However, all that the applicable regulation requires is that BLM make a “reasonable and

27 good faith effort.” 36 C.F.R. § 800.2(c)(ii)(A). As explained above, the Court finds that BLM

28 did that given the information it had. Moreover, the Tribes’ argument contains no limiting

17
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1 principle, while 36 C.F.R. § 800.2(c)(ii)(A) does—reasonableness. BLM is not required to

2 consult every Native American tribe on every project it approves. And it is reasonable to

3 use an understanding developed over the course of years about which Tribes have

4 historical and cultural interests in a given area to decide which Tribes to consult with. Thus,

5 the Tribes’ argument that BLM should have understood their silence to mean they would

6 like to be consulted on the Project is not ultimately persuasive.

7 The Tribes further argue that their decisions not to request consultation on prior

8 projects near the Project area would not reasonably suggest to BLM that they would not

9 want to be consulted on the Project because those projects were either less disruptive or

10 otherwise distinguishable from the Project. (ECF No. 71 at 4, 73 at 9-11.) However, again,

11 36 C.F.R. § 800.2(c)(ii)(A) only requires that BLM make reasonable decisions based on

12 the information that it has. If the Tribes had requested consultation on any of the prior

13 projects in or near the Project area that BLM describes in its response to the Motion, it

14 would have weighed against BLM’s argument that its decision not to consult with them on

15 the Project was reasonable. (ECF No. 65 at 13-14.) But they did not. Therefore, and

16 contrary to the Tribes’ argument, the Tribes’ silence in response to past, publicly noticed

17 projects in or near the Project area, particularly in light of the context of their respective

18 approaches in communications with BLM regarding the Winnemucca RMP, supports

19 Defendants’ contention that its decision not to consult them on the Project was reasonable.

20 In sum, and especially considering that, “[t]he court may not substitute its judgment

21 for that of the agency[,]” Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n., 463 U.S. at 43, the evidence before

22 the Court suggests that BLM’s decision not to consult the Tribes was reasonable. Said

23 otherwise, the Court finds the Tribes unlikely to prevail on the merits of their claim that

24 BLM’s decision not to consult them on the Project was unreasonable or made in bad faith.

25 C. Irreparable Harm

26 Moving to the second Winter factor, the Tribes argue they will be irreparably harmed

27 if a preliminary injunction does not issue here because they have suffered procedural

28 injury by not being consulted before BLM issued the ROD, and that procedural injury is

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1 “infused with damage to culture, religious practices, personal and collective history and

2 tradition.” (ECF No. 45 at 18.) The Tribes further argue they will suffer irreparable harm in

3 that the entire Thacker Pass area is sacred to them and carrying out the HPTP could

4 involve digging up the remains of their ancestors.11 (Id. at 19.)

5 Defendants counter that there is no presumption of irreparable harm from the

6 violation of a procedural statute like the NHPA. (ECF No. 65 at 28; see also id. at 31-32.)

7 Defendants further argue that the Tribes have failed to demonstrate with any specificity

8 that their alleged harms are likely to occur, especially considering that BLM invited the

9 Tribes to consult with BLM before BLM issues the ARPA permit, and before the HPTP

10 may commence—which will allow the Tribes to raise, and the BLM to address, any of the

11 Tribes’ concerns other than to insist on no action to implement the HPTP. (Id. at 29-30.)

12 Defendants also note that there are already protocols in place to address the Tribes’

13 concerns about digging up remains. (Id. at 30.) Defendants additionally argue that the

14 Tribes’ delay in seeking injunctive relief weighs against an irreparable harm finding. (Id. at

15 30-31.) Lithium Nevada similarly argues the Tribes’ claims of harm lacks the requisite

16 specificity. (ECF No. 66 at 20-21.) Lithium Nevada further suggests that the Tribes’

17 declarations proffered in support of their Motion may not actually describe the Project area,

18 so do not support an irreparable harm finding. (ECF No. 66 at 21-23.)

19 The Court agrees with the Tribes in part, but overall finds they have not met their

20 burden to show they will be irreparably harmed if an injunction does not issue pending a

21 resolution of this case on the merits. To start, the Court notes that it intends to issue a

22

23 11The Burns Paiute Tribe also mentions that some courts have found “the nature of
Tribal rights warrant unique protection in the preliminary injunction context because harm
24 to them is presumed to be irreparable.” (ECF No. 62 at 5.) However, as Lithium Nevada
points out, the “cases the Burns Tribe cites to support its argument that Tribal rights are
25 presumed to be irreparable are based on potential injuries to treaty rights, not NHPA
violations, and Intervenors have not alleged a treaty violation.” (ECF No. 66 at 20 n.10.)
26 Indeed, the courts who issued United States v. State of Mich., 508 F. Supp. 480, 492
(W.D. Mich. 1980), aff’d, 712 F.2d 242 (6th Cir. 1983) and Tribe v. U.S. Forest Serv., Case
27 No. 3:13-CV-348-BLW, 2013 WL 5212317, at *7 (D. Idaho Sept. 12, 2013) were
discussing treaty rights, not Section 106 consultation rights. These two decisions are
28 distinguishable and accordingly do not support the Burns Paiute Tribe’s argument.
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1 decision on the merits of this case before any construction starts on the actual Project.

2 The harm the parties are arguing about is therefore limited to the harm caused by carrying

3 out the HPTP. As explained in the July 23 Order, the HPTP “involves a contractor digging

4 between two and 25 holes by hand at each of the 21 precontact historic sites and digging

5 seven mechanical trenches (presumably by backhoe) at some of the sites—of up to a few

6 meters deep and 40 meters long.” See Western Watersheds, Case No. 3:21-cv-00103-

7 MMD-CLB, ECF No. 48 at 7. This digging will only disturb an area that Lithium Nevada

8 estimates at “no more than 0.25 acres with anticipated trenching on only 0.04 acres.” (ECF

9 No. 66 at 7.) And at least as catalogued in the HPTP, none of these sites are burial or

10 massacre sites; they are primarily locations where the Tribes’ ancestors gathered obsidian

11 to make arrowheads. (ECF No. 65-14 at 114-169.) In any event, the irreparable harm at

12 issue for purposes of the Motion is not any harm that may be caused by the Project writ

13 large, but instead only the harm that may be caused by executing the HPTP.

14 As to the digging incident to the HPTP, the Tribes assert two different types of

15 irreparable harm; a generalized harm that will occur if there is any digging at all in the

16 entire Project area, and a specific harm—excavation of burial and/or massacre sites. The

17 generalized harm is reflected in the Eben and Teeman declarations—basically, the Tribes

18 consider the entire Thacker Pass area sacred, so any digging anywhere in that area

19 causes harm. (ECF Nos. 45-1 and 62-1.) Defendants do not dispute that the Tribes

20 consider the entire Thacker Pass area sacred. However, the NHPA does not give the

21 Tribes the right to prevent all digging in the entire Project area. It merely provides for

22 consultation. See 36 C.F.R. § 800.6(a) (“The agency official shall consult with the

23 SHPO/THPO and other consulting parties, including Indian tribes and Native Hawaiian

24 organizations, to develop and evaluate alternatives or modifications to the undertaking

25 that could avoid, minimize, or mitigate adverse effects on historic properties.”). And the

26 Court has found that the Tribes are unlikely to prevail on the merits of their consultation

27 claim. Moreover, the Tribes did not respond to Lithium Nevada’s proffered evidence

28 showing the authorized, extensive ground disturbance that has already occurred within

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1 the Project area. (ECF No. 66-2.) This evidence counters the implication the Tribes appear

2 to be raising that allowing the HPTP to proceed apace constitutes an initial disturbance of

3 the Thacker Pass area. The Court cannot find that the generalized though unrebutted

4 harm the Tribes presented in support of their Motion reflecting their contention that any

5 digging anywhere in the Project area constitutes irreparable harm to satisfy the second

6 Winter prong.

7 As to the Tribes’ claimed specific harm—disturbance of burial and/or massacre

8 sites—the evidence before the Court does not support their claims. As discussed above

9 as to likelihood of success on the merits, the 1868 field notes do not show a massacre

10 happened within the Project area. Further, the HPTP states that archival background

11 research and extensive pedestrian surveys yielded the historic properties in the plan, none

12 of which are listed as burial or massacre sites, raising the reasonable implication that there

13 are no burial or massacre sites within the Project area. (ECF No. 65-14 at 32.) And the

14 HPTP includes a plan if human remains are unexpectedly discovered. (Id. at 76.) In

15 addition, at least one member of the Fort McDermitt Paiute Shoshoe Tribe says that her

16 ancestors would not be buried in the ground, suggesting that there are no burial sites

17 within the Project area that would be disturbed by digging. (ECF No. 66-10 at 3.) Further,

18 despite extensive trenching and digging in the Project area over the past 10 years, no

19 human remains have been found. (ECF No. 66-2 (including pictures as attachments); see

20 also ECF No. 66-3.) And neither the Eben nor Teeman declarations describe a specific

21 location for the massacre and/or burial sites they believe exist within the Project area with

22 information sufficiently specific to place those sites within the Project area. (ECF Nos. 45-

23 1, 62-1, 71-1, 73-2.) Thus, the Court cannot substantiate the Tribes’ allegations that

24 digging incident to the HPTP will disturb any burial sites. The Tribes have accordingly not

25 met their burden to show irreparable harm. See Colorado River Indian Tribes v. U.S. Dep’t

26 of the Interior, Case No. CV 12-4291-(DTBX), 2012 WL 12894189, at *4 (C.D. Cal. May

27 24, 2012) (“In contrast, as noted by the Federal Defendants . . . it is undisputed that no

28 human remains have been discovered at the Site. The Federal Defendants note that the

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1 declarations submitted by [tribe] members in support of their application for a TRO largely

2 focus on the irreparable harm that would occur if there were human remains or burial sites

3 discovered at the Site; this is not the situation, however.”) (internal punctuation and

4 citations omitted).

5 In sum, while the Court finds the Tribes’ arguments regarding the spiritual distress

6 that the HPTP will cause persuasive, the Court must nonetheless reluctantly conclude that

7 they have not shown sufficiently specific irreparable harm that aligns with the relief they

8 could ultimately obtain in this case. Because the Tribes have not made a sufficient showing

9 on either the first or second Winter prong, the Court will deny the Motion.

10 V. CONCLUSION

11 The Court notes that the parties made several arguments and cited to several cases

12 not discussed above. The Court has reviewed these arguments and cases and determines

13 that they do not warrant discussion as they do not affect the outcome of the Motion.

14 It is therefore ordered that the Tribes’ motion for preliminary injunction (ECF No.

15 45) is denied.

16 DATED THIS 3rd Day of September 2021.

18
MIRANDA M. DU
19 CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
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