Constructional Project

Charge Controller for 12V

lead-acid or SLA batteries
Upgrade your standard 12V lead-acid battery
 
Main Features
charger or solar cell booster to a complete 2 or 3-step
charger using this Charge Controller. It includes • Suits 12V battery chargers up
to 10A rating
temperature compensation and LED indication.
•  Lead-Acid and SLA charging
All parameters are adjustable for charging lead- •  Cyclic and float charging
acid or sealed lead-acid (SLA) batteries. •  Optional absorption phase
M ost lead-acid chargers are very
basic, and simply pump current
into the battery until it is switched off.
DC for charging the battery. A thermal
cutout opens if the transformer is de-
livering too much current.
•  LED indication
• Fixed and adjustable
parameters
The main problem with this type of
charger is that ultimately it will over- On charge •  Temperature compensation
charge the battery and may seriously Battery-charging indication may be
damage it. as simple as a Zener diode, LED and current pulses at 100Hz, as shown in
Adding a fully automatic Charge Con- resistor. The LED lights when the volt- Fig.2a.
troller to a basic charger will overcome age exceeds the breakdown voltage of The nominal 17V output from the
these shortcomings. It will also prolong the Zener diode (12V) and the forward charger will eventually charge a bat-
the life of your batteries and allow a voltage of the green LED (at around tery to over 16V if left connected long
battery to be left on a ‘float’ or ‘trickle’ 1.8V). Thus, the LED begins to glow enough – this is sufficient to damage
charge, ready for use when required. at 13.8V and increases in brightness the battery. This is shown in Fig.2b,
A typical lead-acid battery charger as the voltage rises. Some chargers where the battery voltage required for
is shown in Fig.1. It comprises a mains may also have an ammeter to show full charge (called the ‘cut-off voltage’)
transformer with a centre-tapped sec- the charging current. is exceeded when left on charge for too
ondary output. The output is rectified The charging current to the long. By adding in the Charge Control-
using two power diodes to provide raw battery is provided in a series of high- ler, we can do much better.

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 Constructional Project

A 12V A K
+
240V 0V DIODE 1 330
AC
12V A K A
N GREEN TO

12V DIODE 2 LED BATTERY
TRANSFORMER K
K
THERMAL 12V
CUTOUT ZENER
A
 –

17V PEAK

12V RMS

0V
Fig.1: a typical lead-acid battery charger. It consists of a centre-tapped mains
transformer and a full-wave rectifier (D1 and D2). There’s also a thermal
cutout and an LED indicator to show when the battery is charged.

VOLTS UNLOADED
CHARGER
OUTPUT

BATTERY
VOLTAGE

By JOHN CLARKE TIME

0 10ms 20ms 30ms

CURRENT

Charge control
Fig.3 shows how the Charge Con-
troller is connected in between the
charger and the battery. The controller TIME
is housed in a compact diecast alu-
A CHARGING VOLTS AND CURRENT
minium case. However, if your charger
has plenty of room inside its case, the BATTERY
UNLOADED
controller could be built into it. VOLTAGE
CHARGER OUTPUT
In effect, the Charge Controller is a
switching device that can connect and
disconnect the charger to the battery.
This allows it to take control over REQUIRED
charging and to cease charging at the BATTERY VOLTAGE
correct voltage. The various charging
phases are shown in Fig.4.
The Charge Controller can switch
the current on or off, or apply it in CHARGING TIME
a series of bursts ranging from 20ms B CHARGING CHARACTERISTIC
every two seconds through to continu-
Fig.2a: the charging current from the circuit shown in Fig.1 consists of a
ously on. During the first phase, called
series of high-current pulses at 100Hz. This can over-charge the battery if
‘bulk charge’, current is normally ap- the charger is left on long enough, as indicated in Fig.2b,
plied continuously to charge as fast as
possible. However, with low-capacity
batteries, where the main charging from 100% (4A) anywhere down to 1% phase. This maintains the cut-off volt-
current is too high, reducing the burst (40mA) in 1% steps, using the charge age for an hour by adjusting the burst
width will reduce the average current. rate control. width and it brings the battery up
So, for example, if you have a 4A bat- After the ‘bulk charge’ phase, the to almost full charge. After that, the
tery charger, the current can be reduced controller switches to the ‘absorption’ controller switches to ‘float charge’.

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 Constructional Project

the Charge LED only lights during the

bulk charge.
+ + + LED5 (green) indicates that a battery
is connected, but is not an indication
– – – – + that charging is occurring.
LEAD-ACID CHARGE
BATTERY CHARGER CONTROLLER Circuit description
BATTERY
The complete circuit diagram of the
Charge Controller is shown in Fig.5.
It uses a PIC16F88-I/P microcontroller
Fig.3: the Charge Controller is connected between the battery (IC1) to monitor the battery voltage and
charger and the battery. This allows it to take control of charging adjust the switching of an N-channel
and to cease charging at the correct voltage. MOSFET (Q1) to control the rate of
charging.
Q1 connects in the positive supply
CUTOFF CUTOFF
POINT VOLTAGE
Fig.4: this diagram line between the charger output and the
shows the three battery. Gate drive for Q1 comes from
BATTERY
VOLTAGE
FLOAT charging phases. a transformer-coupled supply that can
VOLTAGE
It starts with a typically provide 15V to the gate (G)
‘bulk’ charge, then
when it is required to switch Q1 on.
BULK switches to the
CHARGE ABSORPTION FLOAT ‘absorption’ phase The transformer-coupled gate drive
for an hour and then arrangement allows us to use an ex-
finally switches to tremely rugged, low-cost N-channel
‘float charge’. MOSFET rated at 169A, 55V and with
CHARGE a 5.3mW on-resistance.
CURRENT
To switch on Q1, IC1 delivers a
500kHz square-wave signal from its
TIME pin 9 (PWM) output to a comple-
mentary buffer stage using transistors
Q2 and Q3. These drive the primary
This uses a lower cut-off voltage and These voltage settings can be compen- winding of toroidal transformer T1 via
a low charge rate. sated for as temperature changes; as the a 3.3nF capacitor.
If the charge rate control is set to less temperature rises, the voltages should be The secondary windings of T1 step
than 100%, the switch from absorp- reduced. Lead-acid batteries typically up the voltage by just over three times,
tion to float will occur when the burst require –20mV/°C compensation, while and the resulting AC waveform is
width drops to 1% or after an hour, SLA types typically require –25mV/°C rectified by diodes D2 to D5, and then
whichever comes first. The absorption compensation. These values can be set filtered with a 120pF capacitor. This
phase is an option that can either be from 0 to –50mV/°C in 256 steps. process delivers a nominal 16V DC
incorporated in everyday charging, or For our Charge Controller, tem- to Q1’s gate via diode D6. This turns
you can opt to just go to float charge perature compensation is applied for Q1 on to feed current to the external
after the bulk charge phase. When temperatures between 0°C and 60°C. battery. Zener diode ZD2 is included
absorption is selected, this phase will No charging is allowed at temperatures to prevent the gate-to-source voltage
be bypassed if the bulk charge takes below 0°C. A negative temperature of Q1 exceeding 18V.
less than an hour. coefficient (NTC) thermistor inside
This bypassing prevents excessive the controller is used for temperature Switch-off
absorption phase charging with an measurement. Four trimpots are used While turning MOSFET Q1 on is
already fully charged battery. to make the various settings. fairly straightforward, turning it off
is more involved because we want the
Cut-off and float voltages LED indicators switch-on and switch-off to be as fast
The actual cut-off and float voltages There are five LED indicators. LED1 as possible, to keep switching losses
are dependent on the particular battery, (orange) flashes when the temperature to a minimum.
its type and the operating temperature. is below 0°C, but otherwise does not Hence, to turn off Q1, the 500kHz
For lead-acid batteries, typical cut-off light unless the thermistor connection signal from IC1 is switched off. With
and float voltages at 20°C are 14.4V and is broken. no signal at T1’s secondary, the volt-
13.8V, respectively. For sealed lead- LED2 (red) indicates the ‘bulk age across the 120pF capacitor is
acid (SLA) batteries, the voltages are charge’ phase, while LED3 (orange) discharged via the 220k resistor.
lower at 14.1V and 13.5V, respectively. and LED4 (green) are for the ‘absorp- This discharge does not directly
These values are preset within the tion’ and ‘float’ phases. Note that there bring the gate of Q1 to 0V because it is
Charge Controller using the internal is an option for the Charge LED to isolated via diode D6. Instead, transis-
Lead-Acid/SLA jumper shunt. Alter- indicate when charge is being applied tor Q4 discharges the gate capacitance
native values are possible, and can to the battery during the absorption of Q1, as its base is pulled low via the
be set manually from 0V to 16V in and float charge phases. If this is not 220k resistor. As a result, Q1 can be
48.8mV steps. required, it can be disabled so that switched on in 56ms and off in 69ms.

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 Q1 IRF1405N
FS1 10A
D S
+ +
A
3A G TO
D1 ZD1, ZD2 G
CHARGER BATTERY
INPUT S1 REG1 LM317T
K A K
– +5V –
IN OU T
100 BC 327, BC 337
AD J 120 TP5 ZD2
0. 5W
K D6 18V 1W
470 F ZD1 10 F B A K K A

Charge Controller0408 (FROM MATT).indd 27

100 F
25V 24V 25V 330 16V
1W E C
A 100 F 1k
VR5 100n F
16V
100 TP E
GN D
D2 –D5 B Q4
BC 327
Q2 C
+5V K K
BC 337
14 4 C
B T1 A 220k
TP4 Vdd MC LR 3 A
VR4 18 9 E 3. 3nF 1 K K 120p F
12k AN 1 PW M
20k E
VR1: CHARGE PERCENT

Everyday Practical Electronics, February 2010

B Q3 A A
(1V = 100%)
APPROX +1.8 V BC 327 2
VR2: CUTOFF VOLTS
TP1 C
(10 × TP2 VOLTS) 4
VR3: FLOAT VOLTS 100n F VR1 12
AN 5
(10 × TP3 VOLTS) 20k R1 22k
2
VR4: COMPENSATION AN 3
(5V = –50V/ºC)
TP2 R2
100n F 1. 5k
VR2 470 10k
13 3 A K
AN 6 RA4 LED1 THERMISTOR
20k A
BATTERY
IC 1 470 LED5
6 A K
LK1: DEFAULT PIC16F 88 RB0 LED2 CH ARGE
TP3 K
LK:2 ADJUSTABLE -I/P
LK1 VR3 17 470
AN 0 7 A K
LK3: STANDARD 20k RB1 LED3 AB SO RPTION
LK2
LK4: THREE STEP
470
LK5: SLA LK3 10 8 A K
RB4 RB2 LED4 FLOA T
LK6: FLOODED LEAD-ACID LK4 T1: PRIMARY (1 -2 ) 6 TURN S OF 0. 5 mm EC W
LK5 15 SECO ND ARY (3 -4 ) 20 TURN S OF 0. 5 mm EC W
RA6
WO UN D ON 18 (O D) x 10 (ID) x 6mm
LK6
10k 16 FERRITE TO RO ID
RA7
11
RB5
D1 : 1N 4004 D2 –D6: 1N 4148
1 STOR E
AN 2

TEMPERATURE S2 A K A K
TH1 100n F Vss
THERMISTOR 5
LM317T
IRF1405N D
OU T
LEDS

K AD J G
D
12V BATTERY CHARGE CONTROLLER A OU T IN S

Fig.5: the circuit of the 12V Battery Charge Controller is based on a PIC16F88-I/P microcontroller (IC1). This monitors the battery voltage
and pulse width modulates N-channel MOSFET Q1 to control the rate of charging. Pin 9 is the PWM output from the microcontroller and
Constructional Project

this drives Q1’s gate via buffer stage Q2 and Q3, transformer T1, bridge rectifier D2-D5 and diode D6. Transistor Q4 turns the MOSFET off.

27

21/12/2009 16:24:50
 Constructional Project

TO TO
CH ARGE R BATTERY
(RED = PO SITIVE , (RED = PO SITIVE , BLK = NE GA TIVE
BLK = NE GA TIVE ) CA BLE WI TH IN SULATED CLIPS ON EN DS)
GLAN DS

BATTERY + LEAD

* EYELET LUGS SE CU RED

WI TH M4 x10 mm SC REWS
REG1 & STAR LOCK WA SH ERS
(UN DER Q1
(UN DER TO M4 NU TS SO LDERED
PC BO ARD) TO CO PPER UN DER BO ARD
470 F PC BO ARD)
3 100 4004

1 D1

D6
ZD2
ZD1

REFER TO TEXT & CIRC UIT

24V

CA BLE
220k DIAG RAM FO R THE LK1-LK6
4148
4148
4148
4148

4148
TIES Q4

18V
10 F LINK IN G OP TION S
VR5 120p F
10 0
*
D5
D4
D3
D2

25V 2
4
100n F

CH ARGE R + LEAD
10 F 12k
330
120

FS1 10A
LK3 LK4
LK5 LK6

VR4 VR3 VR2 VR1 LK2

LK1
*
20k 20k 20k 20k S2
* TP4
TP3
TP2 TP1 *
TP5 Q2 3. 3nF Fig.6: install the parts
100n F

IC 1 PIC16F 88-I/ P on the PC board and

TPG
complete the wiring.
100 F 100 F Q3
1k Links LK1 and LK3
100n F

100n F

YR should initially be
R2 R1 R EG installed as shown
S1
1. 5k

R here. Install LK5 for

22k
10k

10k

470

470

470

470

an SLA battery or
TH1
LED1 LED2 LED3 LED4 LED5 LK6 for a lead-acid
CH ARGE FLOA T BATTERY
battery.
PO WE R THERMISTOR AB SO RPTION

Power supply capacitor and fed to an adjustable volt- signal from pin 9 is switched off.
Power for the circuit is obtained from age regulator (REG1) that is set to deliver In addition, having Q1 switched off
the charger via diode D1, or it can come a precise 5.0V. This feeds IC1 and buffer also prevents voltage fluctuations due
from the battery via the reverse diode stage transistors Q2 and Q3. to charging current in the leads to the
within Q1. However, the latter is a spuri- IC1 monitors the battery voltage via a battery ‘under charge’.
ous mode which has no useful function. voltage divider comprising R1 and R2,
Diode D1 prevents reverse cur- and converts it to a 10-bit digital value Temperature measurement
rent to the controller circuit should via the AN3 input, pin 2. The signal As mentioned, an NTC thermistor
the charger or battery be connected is filtered with a 100nF capacitor to (TH1) is used to measure temperature. It
with incorrect polarity. The incoming remove noise from the measurement. is connected in series with a 10kW resis-
supply from diode D1 and switch S1 is Furthermore, the battery voltage meas- tor across the 5V supply. The resulting
filtered using a 470mF 25V electrolytic urements are made after the 500kHz voltage across the thermistor is fed to IC1

  Table 1: Resistor Colour Codes

o No. Value 4-Band Code (1%) 5-Band Code (1%)
o   1 220k red red yellow brown red red black orange brown
o   1 22k red red orange brown red red black red brown
o   1 12k brown red orange brown brown red black red brown
o   2 10k brown black orange brown brown black black red brown
o   1 1k brown black red brown brown black black brown brown
o   4 470 yellow violet brown brown yellow violet black black brown
o   1 330 orange orange brown brown orange orange black black brown
o   1 100 brown black brown brown brown black black black brown

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 Constructional Project

Inside the completed Charge Controller. You must use 15A

automotive cable for the charger and battery leads.

AN2 input (pin 1) and converted to an standard Default (LK1) or Adjustable housed in a diecast box measuring 118
8-bit digital value. IC1 then computes setting referred to above. × 93 × 35mm.
the temperature with a look-up table. It Links LK3 and LK4 set the standard Start construction by checking the PC
can also sense whether the thermistor is or three-step option. The standard board for any defects such as shorted
disconnected (pin 1 at +5V) or shorted charge selection switches charging copper tracks, breaks in the copper ar-
(pin 1 at 0V). to float charge directly after the main eas and for correct sizes for each hole.
Analogue inputs AN5, AN6, AN0 charge is complete. The holes for the four-corner mounting
and AN1 monitor the settings for The three-step selection will run the screws and the toroidal transformer ca-
charge rate percentage, cut-off voltage, absorption phase after the main charge, ble tie mounts need to be 3mm diameter,
float voltage and temperature compen- provided that the full charging process while the four mounting points for the
sation, as set by trimpots VR1-VR4. takes more than one hour. For a main crimp eyelets need to be 4mm diameter.
Switch S2 stores the settings in IC1. charge of less than one hour, the charg- Check also that the PC board is cut
S2 is normally open, and an internal ing will switch directly to float charge. and shaped to size so that it fits into
pull-up resistor within IC1 holds the Note that these link combinations the box.
RB5 input (pin 11) at 5V. cannot be used together you must That done, the first step is to secure
When S2 is pressed, the pin 11 input use one or the other. For example, the four M4 nuts to the underside of
of IC1 is pulled low (0V), this signals you can use LK1 or LK2, LK3 or LK4, the PC board in the four eyelet mount-
the program within IC1 to store the and LK5 or LK6. ing positions using M4 screws. Preheat
settings for VR2, VR3 and VR4 as the each nut with a soldering iron and
adjustable values for either SLA or lead- Software solder it to the PC board. When cool,
acid batteries. Where the values are The software files are available via the screws can be removed.
stored depends on links LK5 and LK6, the EPE Library site, accessed via www. Construction can now be continued
connected to the RA7 input at pin 16. epemag.com. Pre-programmed PICs by installing the two wire links and the
will also be available from Magenta resistors. Take care to place each resis-
Link settings Electronics – see their advert in this tor in its correct position. A colour code
If LK5 is in, pin 16 will be high (5V) issue for contact details. table is provided as a guide to finding
and IC1 will stores the settings as SLA each value, but use your DMM (dig-
parameters. If LK6 is in place, pin 16 Construction ital multimeter) to check each resistor
will be low and the settings will be The Charge Controller is built us- before inserting it into the PC board.
stored for the lead-acid parameters. ing a PC board, code 741, measuring Next, install the PC stakes for the
Links LK1 and LK2 determine 102mm × 72mm. This board is available test points TP GND and TP1 to TP5.
whether the Charge Controller uses the from the EPE PCB Service. The PCB is Install the 2-way header for switch

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 Constructional Project

is close to the battery and the metal

  Shortcomings of the Charge box will not normally heat up. As a
consequence, its temperature should
Controller be similar to the battery temperature
if we ignore heat rise due to charge
current within the battery.
To round out our description of this project, we should also mention its pos-
If the thermistor is to be mounted
sible shortcomings. In most cases these will not be a problem, but in special
externally, then wires can be connected
charging applications they could be significant.
where the thermistor mounts on the
1) Pulsed operation PCB, and passed through a cable gland
The pulsed current can cause extra heating within the battery because in the box. Alternatively, use a 3.5mm
losses and therefore heat build up are related to the square of the current. jack socket and plug. For external use,
So, for example, to develop a 1A charge current from a 4A charger, the duty the thermistor can be covered in heat-
cycle may be set to 25% so that there is 4A pulsed for 25% of the time. This shrink tubing and attached to the side of
averages to 1A. However, by pulsing at 4A and 25% duty cycle, the current the battery using Velcro or similar tape.
squared value is 16. When multiplied by the 25% duty cycle, the average The capacitors can be installed next.
current squared value reduces to 4. So the power losses and heating within Note that the electrolytic types must be
the battery are four times greater compared to a charger that produces a oriented with the polarity shown. In-
continuous 1A. stall transistors Q2 to Q4 and trimpots
VR1 to VR5, then install switch S2.
2) Absorption and float charge Fuse FS1 comprises two fuse-clips
Because we pulse the charge current, the battery voltage fluctuates and and the fuse. The fuse clips must be
rises with the current pulse and falls when the pulse is off. We measure the oriented so that the end stops are
voltage just after the charge pulse is switched off. Compared to a charger facing outwards, so that the fuse can
that has a continuous lower current, the battery voltage may be maintained be clipped into place – see Fig.6 and
at a different value. photos.
3) Charging indication
Due to the battery supplying the circuit power supply via the reverse diode Mounting the LEDs
in Q1, it can appear that charging is taking place even when the charger is The LEDs are mounted at right an-
not connected. It is important to check that the charger is connected and gles to the PC board. Bend the leads
is switched on. 12mm back from the front lens of each
LED, taking care to have the anode (a)
4) Battery discharge (longer lead) to the left and then bend
If the charger is switched off with the battery connected, then the battery will the leads downward. The LEDs then
eventually discharge due to the 30mA load of the Charge Controller. insert into the PC board and sit 8mm
above the top of the board – see Fig.7.
LEDS Voltage regulator REG1 and MOS-
INSULATING FET Q1 mount under the PC board
SLEEVE Q1 AND
SILICONE 6mm LONG with their leads bent up at right angles,
REG1 M3 SCREWS
INSULATING as shown in Fig.7. They are placed
M3 NUT WASHER
so that the metal face sits at the same
depth below the bottom face of the PC
PC BOARD 9mm x M3 board as the spacers (at 9mm).
TAPPED SPACER
BOX
Transformer
6mm LONG M3 SCREWS Transformer T1 is made up using a
10mm LONG M3 SCREW
ferrite ring-core toroid and some 0.5mm
Fig.7 (above): here’s how the PC board is mounted in the case. Note enamelled copper wire. There are two
that the metal tabs of Q1 and REG1 must be isolated from the case separate windings. Wind on the primary
using insulating washers and bushes (see text). with six turns and the secondary with
20 turns. The winding direction is not
Thermistor Charge Absorp. Float Battery Fig.8: this is the
important. The wire ends can be passed
full-size front panel
artwork for the through the holes in the PC board, taking
12V Battery Charge Controller specified case. care to place the six-turn winding wire
ends in the ‘1’ and ‘2’ holes and the
20-turn winding in the ‘3’ and ‘4’ holes.
S1 and the 3-way headers for link until certain voltage checks have been The enamel insulation on the wire
LK1 to LK6. carried out at the testing stage. ends can be stripped away using a
Now install the diodes and the Zener hobby knife, and the leads soldered
diodes, with the orientation as shown. Thermistor mounting to the PC board. Cut off excess wire,
IC1’s socket can then be mounted, and Normally, the NTC thermistor (TH1) then secure the T1 assembly using two
this must also be oriented correctly. can be mounted directly on the PC cable ties, which pass through the PC
Note that IC1 is not inserted in its socket board because the Charge Controller board as shown.

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 Constructional Project

Casing up
Work can now commence on the
Specifications
 
metal box. First, position the PC board Under-voltage burst charge: 10.5V (inoperative if the selected cut-off voltage
in the box with the edge closest to the is below 12V).
LEDs sitting 3mm away from the edge Under-voltage burst rate: approx. 200ms burst every 2s with charge rate set to
of the box. Mark out the four corner 100%. Burst width is reduced with a lower charge rate. Charge, Absorbtion and
mounting hole positions, then drill Float LEDs all flash. Battery LED flashes with no battery and charger connected.
(and deburr) these holes to 3mm and The LED lights continuously when battery connected.
mount the four 9mm stand-offs. Under temperature: 0°C; no charge; thermistor LED flashes on and off at 1s rate.
Now mount the PC board in position Temperature measurement resolution: 0-60°C in 1°C steps.
and secure it using M3 x 6mm screws.
Mark out the mounting holes for Q1 Thermistor out: Thermistor LED fully lit; no charge.
and REG1, and mark out the LED and Compensation: 0°C to 60°C
S1 positions. Also mark out the two Adjustable compensation: 0-50mV/°C in 256 steps (separate SLA and lead-acid
holes for the cable glands. That done, battery adjustments)
remove the PC board and drill out the Adjustable cut-off and float voltage: 0-16V in 48.8mV steps. Separate SLA and
holes. Be sure to deburr, especially the lead-acid battery adjustments
two holes for Q1 and REG1. Fixed value: SLA cut-off 14.1V, float 13.5V and –25mV/°C compensation with
The PC board can now be mounted respect to 20°C. Lead-acid 14.4V, 13.8V and –20mV
inside the box. Isolate the tabs of Q1 Charge rate: adjustable from 100% to 0% in 1% steps. Pulses are adjusted in
and REG1 from the case, using insu- approximately 20ms steps.
lating washers and mounting bushes PWM drive signal: 500kHz.
– see Fig.5 and Fig.7. Now check that MOSFET gate rise-time for an on pulse: 56ms (10-90%) for a 16V gate voltage
the tabs for REG1 and Q1 are insulated
MOSFET gate fall time for an off pulse: 69ms
from the metal box by measuring the
resistance with a multimeter. The read- LEDs
ing should be high; above 1MW. The Bulk Charge: Charge LED flashes at a duty that equals the % charge rate.
box is totally isolated from the elec- Absorption: Absorption LED lit (optional Charge LED shows whenever charge
trical connections so that accidental is on to maintain battery voltage).
contact of the box to a battery terminal Float: Float LED lit (optional Charge LED indication).
will not cause a short circuit.
Install the two cable glands and pass Charging
the figure-8 cable through them, ready Charge: charges at the charge rate (%) until the cut-off voltage is reached.
to attach the crimp eyelets. We used Absorption: adjusts current pulse duty cycle to maintain cut-off voltage.
the striped wire as the negative and the Float: adjusts current pulse duty to maintain float voltage.
plain red wire as the positive. Float and absorption current control
Connect the crimp eyelets using a
Charge duty cycle is reduced fast (15% every 2s) if the battery voltage is above
crimping tool and secure them to the the required value by more than 0.25V, and reduced by 1% every 2s if the battery
PC board using the M4 screws and star voltage is above the required value by up to 0.25V. Conversely, charge duty cycle
washers. Make sure the eyelets are not is increased fast (3% per 2s) if the battery voltage is less than 0.25V below the
shorting to adjacent parts, especially required value and increased at a slow rate (1% per 2s) if the battery voltage is
the fuseholder. The battery leads will no more than 0.25V below the required voltage.
need the large insulated clips con-
nected to the end – use red for positive Now connect a multimeter, set to If your charger supplies less than
and black for negative. read 5V DC, between ‘test points’ TP 30A, then the 100% setting can be
The Charge Controller leads can GND and TP5. Connect a supply to the used. If your battery is rated in RC
simply be bared at their ends and charger input and adjust VR5 for a 5.0V (reserve capacity) you will need to
connected to the charger clips or reading on the multimeter. Check that convert to Ah.
they can be permanently wired to the voltage between pin 5 and pin 14 pin Reserve capacity is a specification
the charger. on IC1’s socket is also 5V. If so, switch in minutes, and specifies how many
Switch S1 can now be wired to the off power and insert IC1, taking care to minutes a fully-charged battery can
PC stakes on the PC board and covered orient it correctly. deliver 25A before the voltage drops
with heatshrink tubing. Finally, fit the to 10.5V. A battery with an RC of 90
stick-on rubber feet to the underside Charging will supply 25A for 90 minutes. The
of the box. For most large batteries you would amp-hour specification (Ah) refers to
set the charge rate to 100%. In this case, the current that can be supplied (usu-
Testing simply set VR1 fully clockwise. You can ally over a 20 hour period). So a 100Ah
Install links LK1, LK3 and either use the 100% setting for all batteries that battery can supply 5A for 20 hours.
LK5 (SLA) or LK6 (lead-acid). Do not can accept the charge rate from your To convert from RC to Ah, multi-
place a link onto the 2-way header charger. Most batteries can accept up to ply the RC value by 0.42 (derived by
adjacent to S2, as this is for an optional 30% of the quoted Ah capacity as a cur- multiplying by 25A to get the capac-
front panel-mounting switch for S2. rent. So a 100Ah battery can accept 30A. ity in Amp minutes and dividing by

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 Constructional Project

Fig.9: this scope shot duplicates the waveforms shown in Fig.10: this shot shows the Charge Controller operation.
Fig.2a. The white trace is the charger input, while the red The red trace is the 100Hz input from the charger, while the
trace shows the 100Hz current pulses into the battery. yellow trace shows the current into the battery.

60 to convert from minutes to hours). represents the percentage. Voltages of If you do not require the charge
In practice, because the RC capacity 1V or more give 100%, while values LED to show during these phases,
specification uses 25A, the conversion below 1V provide lower percentage you can disable this. Switching off
from RC to Ah often gives a lower charge rates. For example, a 0.5V read- power and pressing S2 while the
Ah value than the battery’s actual Ah ing gives a 50% charge rate duty cycle. power is re-applied will disable this
capacity. This is because the Ah Note that when charging a battery that feature. The change is acknowledged
capacity often requires much less has less than 10.5V across its terminals, by a minimum of two fast (two/sec-
current from the battery over a longer the charging will be in a specific burst ond) flashes of the Charge LED. The
period. mode, with the burst at 200ms every two acknowledgement flashing continues
For batteries that require a lower seconds when the charge rate is set to until the switch is released.
current than that supplied by the 100%. At lower charge rates, the burst You can re-enable the feature by
charger, the charge rate can be reduced length will be reduced accordingly. pressing S2 at power up again.
from 100%. So, for a charger that is During under-voltage burst, the Charge,
rated at 4A and a battery that can only Absorption and Float LEDs flash. Setting the parameters
accept a 2A charge current, set the As mentioned earlier, the charge Most battery manufacturers will
charge rate to 50%. LED can be set to flash when charge specify the required cut-off (also called
The charge rate is set using VR1, is applied during the absorption and the cyclic voltage), the float (also called
where the voltage at test point TP1 float phases. This is the initial setting. the trickle voltage) and the tempera-
ture compensation for each battery.
Note that the cut-off and float voltages
must be the values for 20°C.
The temperature compensation
required by manufacturers is usually
shown as a graph of voltage versus
temperature. You need to convert this
to mV/°C. To do this, take the differ-
ence between the voltages at two dif-
ferent temperatures and divide by the
temperature difference.
For example, a battery graph may
show the cut-off or cyclic voltage at 0°C
to be 14.9V. At 40°C it may be 14.2V.
So (14.2 – 14.9)/40 is –17.5mV/°C.
Where the float temperature com-
pensation is different to the cyclic
BATTERY
CH ARGE R
temperature compensation, a compro-
AD APTO R mise between the two values will have
to be made. Note that the graph can be
interpreted over a smaller tempera-
ture range that is consistent with the
Fig.11: check your etched PC board for defects before installing any temperatures under which you expect
parts by comparing it with this full-size artwork. to be using the charger.

32 Everyday Practical Electronics, February 2010

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 Constructional Project

Parts List – Charge Controller

1 PC board, code 741, available 2 100mm cable ties 1 24V 1W Zener diode (ZD1)
from the EPE PCB Service, 1 1m length of 15A figure-8 1 18V 1W Zener diode (ZD2)
size, 102 × 72mm automotive cable 1 1N4004 1A diode (D1)
1 diecast box, 118 × 93 × 35mm 1 100mm length of medium-duty 5 1N4148 diodes (D2 to D6)
1 SPDT toggle switch (S1) red hook-up wire 1 LM317T adjustable voltage
1 SPST micro tactile switch, with 1 100mm length of medium-duty regulator (REG1)
0.7mm actuator (S2) black hook-up wire 2 orange 3mm LEDs (LED1 and 3)
2 cable glands for 4-8mm 3 3-way headers with 2.54mm 1 red 3mm LED (LED2)
diameter cable spacing 2 green 3mm LEDs (LED 4 and 5)
2 TO-220 silicone insulating 1 2-way header with 2.54mm Capacitors
washers and mounting bushes spacings 1 470F 25V PC radial elect.
4 small adhesive rubber feet 3 jumper plugs 2 100F 16V PC radial elect.
2 PC-mount fuse clips 8 PC stakes 1 10F 25V PC radial elect.
1 10A fuse (FS1) 2 insulated battery clips (red and 4 100nF MKT polyester
1 ferrite ring-core, 18 × 10 × black) 1 3.3nF ceramic
6mm (Jaycar LO-1230 or 1 600mm length of 0.5mm 1 120pF ceramic
equivalent) (T1) enamelled copper wire
1 50mm length of 0.7mm tinned Resistors (0.25W, 1% metal film)
1 NTC thermistor (10k at 25°C)
copper wire 1 220k 4 470
(TH1)
1 22k 1 330
1 18-pin IC socket Semiconductors 1 12k 1 120
4 9mm long M3 tapped spacers 1 PIC16F88-I/P microcontroller, 2 10k 1 100 1/2W
8 M3 × 6mm screws pre-programmed – see text 1 1k
2 M3 × 10mm screws (IC1)
2 M3 nuts 1 IRF1405 N-channel MOSFET Trimpots
4 M3 × 10 screws (Q1) 4 20k horizontal mount trimpots
4 M4 nuts 1 BC337 NPN transistor (Q2) (VR1-VR4)
4 M4 star washers 2 BC327 PNP transistors 1 100 multiturn top adjust
4 insulated crimp eyelets (Q3,Q4) trimpot VR5)

To set the adjustable parameters,

apply power to the Charge Controller
via a battery or charger and select the
battery type with link LK5 or LK6.
That done, connect a multimeter
between TP GND and TP2 and adjust
the required cut-off voltage using
trimpot VR2.
Each volt represents a 10V cut-off, so
1V at TP2 sets a 10V cut-off, 1.44V sets
a 14.4V cut-off, and so on. Now connect
the multimeter to TP3 and adjust VR3
for the required float voltage. Each volt
at TP3 represents 10V float.
For the temperature compensation,
monitor TP4 and adjust VR4 for the
required compensation. Here, 5V rep-
resents –50mV/°C and 2V represents
–20mV/°C. Press switch S2 to store
the values. The Thermistor, Charge
and Float LEDs will all flash twice to
You will need to fit a couple of heavy-duty clips to make the connections to the
acknowledge the setting and that the battery. And yes, you can use it to charge your car’s battery.
cut-off, float and compensation values
have been stored. readjusting the trimpots. Store the val- Reproduced by arrangement
You can store the parameters for the ues using switch S2. Note that adjusting with SILICON CHIP
second battery type by changing the the trimpots without pressing the store magazine 2010.
www.siliconchip.com.au
settings for links LK5 and LK6, and switch will not store new values. EPE

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