Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Nomenclature I: Special Names
Nomenclature I: Special Names
The first step in learning nomenclature is to learn the names of the individual elements, polyatomic
ions, and the special names. The second step is to take the names, which you have learned and
combine them though a set of rules. To be able to name compounds will require both of these steps.
Many people make the mistake of only doing the first step. This step is straightforward memorization,
so apply flash cards or some other rote memory method on a daily basis. The second step requires
practice, because there are so many possible combinations that it is not possible to make flash cards
for all of them (there are thousands of possibilities).
By learning, each of the new names when presented in class, plus a little review you should be able to
do the first step. While you should concentrate on the new names, you will need to continue looking
over the older names. The best approach is short study sessions, such as five minutes before or after
each class.
The second step requires learning and applying the nomenclature rules for binary and ternary
compounds. This section examines only binary compounds of the nonmetals. These rules also
include the metalloids and a few ternary compounds that only contain nonmetals and/or metalloids.
Later nomenclature sections will look at other compounds. In some cases, other names may be used;
however only those given in this exercise may receive credit in this class.
NOTE: The metalloids may follow the rules discussed for metals.
Special Names:
Some binary compounds, such as water, have special names. For these few compounds, the method
used in the first nomenclature step is sufficient. These names are fixed; there are no other rules to
apply. Along these lines, do not try to name one of these compounds by the rules given below. Thus,
H2O is water, and no other name is correct.
All other binary compounds follow one rule–their names end in -ide. (There are a few situations
where a ternary compound may have this ending also.) Other rules in addition to this one are
applicable depending on the type and number of atoms present.
If only nonmetals are present then a multiplying prefix may be necessary. (Hydrogen is the exception
to this, there are no prefixes used for hydrogen in binary compounds.) Multiplying prefixes tell how
many of each type of atom is present. The prefixes are:
There are other prefixes, but you are only responsible for these. The prefix mono- is seldom present;
the lack of any prefix indicates the fact that there is only one atom present. The only common
compound where mono is used is CO, carbon monoxide.
Since no prefixes are necessary to designate the number of hydrogen atoms present in a compound, it
is not always easy to predict the correct formula. In general, in the absence of other information, the
position of the element on the Periodic Table indicates the number of hydrogen atoms present in a
binary compound. Beginning with the far right of the table (column VIIIA or column 18), and moving
to the left, the number of hydrogens expected are: 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. Thus:
When putting together the name of a compound normally the element to the right, and/or higher on the
periodic table goes last. Exceptions include the Noble Gases (VIIIA), which are never last, and
hydrogen, which is often last. A discussion of the reason for this ordering appears later in the course.
Whichever element goes last in the name goes last in the written formula too. The ending of the
elemental name that is at the end is changed to -ide. For example:
In compounds containing only nonmetals, the name hydride is seldom used. These same names are
also present in binary compounds containing metals.
Again, this change to an -ide suffix is only used for the element appearing last in the formula or name.
Do not change the ending of the other element.
As with many rules there are exceptions, the special names section presents most of these, the others
are certain compounds of hydrogen. In nomenclature, as elsewhere, hydrogen is a common exception.
One reason why hydrogen is an exception for binary compounds is that some of its compounds are
acids. The binary acids (hydrogen plus certain nonmetals) also have two word names. In their names,
binary acids have a hydro- prefix and an -ic acid ending. For example, HCl is hydrochloric acid.
There are only a few binary acids, the following list are the only ones that you will need to know for
this course:
As with other acids, (see later) the formulas have the H in front. Non-acidic hydrogen compounds
have some other element listed first in the formula (except for H2O).
Technically the binary acids are only acids when they dissolve in water. In other situations, they are
ordinary binary compounds (for example, HCl is hydrogen chloride). For this class either name will
be acceptable unless information is given that indicates which name to use. This information may
appear in a problem, or it may be included with the formula. To indicate, in the formula, that one of
the above compounds must be named as an acid the designation (aq) is used (for example, HCl(aq)).
The aq in parentheses is the abbreviation for aqueous solution–a solution where something dissolves
in water. If anything else is included in parentheses after the name (for example, HCl(g)), it should be
named as a binary compound.
There are some situations where other nomenclature systems are used. One major alternate system is
for many compounds of carbon–this is the naming of organic compounds. Other systems occur for
many binary hydrogen compounds. You will not be responsible for these systems or for any special
names not given in class. If you see another name, which does not seem to follow these rules just use
it, you are not responsible for memorizing it.
The presence or lack of prefixes determines the formulas for other binary compounds. Mono- or no
prefix indicates that only one atom is present, while prefix gives the number of the other atoms
present.
Carbon dioxide CO2 (di = 2)
Chlorine trifluoride ClF3 (tri = 3)
Dinitrogen pentaoxide N2O5 (di = 2 and penta = 5)
Some of these rules extend to ternary compounds. This occurs only when there are no metals or ions
present. You will not need to learn these, however you should be able to recognize such names should
you see one.
Below are some examples of binary compounds. Look over them and make sure you understand why
the names and formulas appear as they do. These are just a few examples of the hundreds of binary
compounds, so do not expect this list to be complete. (Yes, these compounds all exist.)