PHYSICAL PHARMACY PRINCIPLES

BINDING FORCES BETWEEN - pag dry ang karayom lulutang siya

ATOMS AND MOLECULES sa tubig dahil sa
Intramolecular Forces
Intermolecular Forces
FLOCCULATION IN SUSPENSION
 Interfacial Phenomena
 Flocculation in Suspension -
 Stabilization of Emulsion
STABILIZATION OF EMULSION
 Compaction of Powders in
Capsules - ex. tubig at langis
 Dispersion of Powders or
Liquids Droplets in Aerosol - pag pinagsama ang tubig at langis
 Compression of Granules to nag hihiwalay pa rin
Form Tablets

COMPACTION OF POWDERS IN
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
CAPSULES
- Between
- Cohesion or Repulsion

- cohesive [paghihiwalay - hiwalay]

- VAN DERWAALS FORCES

- H BONDING
- repulsion (too close)
- ION ION INTERACTIONS
- no attraction (too far)
- ION DIPOLE INTERACTIONS
BONDING FORCES

- In order for molecules to exists in

INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES aggregates in gases, liquids, and
solids, intermolecular forces must
- Within exists.
- nasa loob

INTERFACIAL PHENOMENA BINDING FORCES BETWEEN ATOMS

AND MOLECULES
- REPULSIVE & ATTRACTIVE FORCES THREE TYPES OF VAN DER WALS
FORCES
- When molecules interact, both
repulsive and attractive forces
operate
KEESOM FORCES
- as two molecules are brought closer
- also called Dipole- Dipole bond or
together, the opposite charges and
force
binding forces in the two molecules
are closer together than the similar - may positive and negative charge
charges and forces kaya tinawag na Dipole
- causing the molecules to attract one - opposite attracts in terms of
another charges
- may mga molecules na dikit dikit at - kaya ma attract yung positive mo sa
hiwa hiwalay negative

DEBYE FORCES
COMPRESSION OF GRANULES TO - No Interaction
FORM TABLET
- Nahawa na lang
- may mga granules na pag
- Napilitan lng mahawa
- GRANULES like magic sarap

REPULSIVE AND ATTRACTIVE FORCES

LONDON FORCES
- pagdidikit at pag hihiwalay
- No interaction

- arrange marriage
VAN DER WAALS FORCES

- Dipole - DI - (two) POLE - (Polarity)

HYDROGEN BOND OR HYDROGEN
- a polar molecule thas has two poles BRIDGE
- nonionic interactions between - it is a bond exist between molecule
molecules, yet they involve charge- hydrogen bond to another atoms na
charge interactions. electronegative - masyadong nag
aatract ng electrons
- flourine, oxygen, nitrogen bigla na lang magkaroon ng charge,
biglang nagkaroon ng attraction
- because of the small size of a
hydrogen atom and its large field,it - become ionize
can move in close to the
- Ion negative Dipole positve
electronegative atom and form and
electrostatic connection. - molecules

oxygen - red STATE OF MATTER - (gases, liquids

and crystalline solids are the three
primary states of matter)
brigdge - attaraction
- Vapor/ Gaseous state
- hydrogen partial positive
- liquid state
- pag nag apply ka ng init ung
- solid drugs and the crystalline state
hydrogen bond napuputol nag
hihiwalay ung molecules sa water - liquid crystalline state
nag eevaporate na. - supercritical fluid state

- phase rule

ION ION INTERACTIONS ENTHALPY OF SYSTEM - Energy na,

heat na kailangan mo na energy para
- strong forces between counter ions.
ma release yung heat.
- isa lang charge
- mas tumatas ang ethalphy pag
- ionic bond sumasabog

- metal and a non metal (Nitrogen -

flouride)
GAS TO LIQUID

- ex. Ulan
ION-DIPOLE AND ION- INDUCED
LIQUID TO GAS
DIPOLE FORCES
- Vaporization
- walang dipole pero pag ang
introduce ka ng ION GAS TO SOLID
- Deposition - temp involved in gas equations is
given in absolute/ kelvin degress.
- kalawang

SOLID TO GAS
IDEAL GASES
- sublimation
- freely moving gas
ex. napthaline balls
- compresible
SOLID TO LIQUID
- condense
- Melting (fusion)
- high density
LIQUID TO SOLID

- freezing
REAL GASES

- same as ideal gases

PRESSURE

- owing to the vigorous and rapid

motion, gas molecules travel in IDEAL GAS LAW
random paths, frequently colliding
with one another and with the walls
of the container in which they are AVOGADRO'S LAW
confined. hence
-
- ina apply na force sa isang system,
like water pag nag apply ng force mas CHARLES LAW
nag leless, mas nag bebehave.
- constant pressure

- ang volume at temp ay nag

VOLUME papantay

- yung dami - pag tumataas ang volume, ang

temp ay tumataas rin
- usually expressed in L or cubic
centimeter
BOYLE'S LAW

TEMPERATURE - pag ang volume ay mataas ang

pressure ay mababa
- Sukat ng init
 - vapor pressire of liquids

- when the rate of condensation

LIQUEFACTION OF GASES - pressure tumataas na taas rin ang

temperature
- naliliquify ang gas like LPG
- vapor pressure incerase with
- yung kinetic energy niya ay
increase in temperature
bumababa kaya yung bilis ng mga
molecules or atoms ay mabibilis - settle ng liquid state

- pag nag apply ka ng pressure mas

bumabagal hanggang mag settle
THE LIQUID STATE
down at maging liquid
- gas, cold nawawala ang heat
- when a gas is cooled, it loses some
of its kinetic energy in the form of - if a pressure apply to the gas
heat, and the velocity of the
molecules decreases. - when gas is cooled (yung liquid
nawala ang heat and the velocity of
the molecules decreases)
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE - It looses some its kinetic energy in
the form of heat, and the velocity of
- bawal lumagpas kasi hindi na
the molecules decreases.
maliliquify
- pressure applied to the gas nag
- above which it is impossible to
sesettle sa liquid state
liquefy a gas irrespective of the
pressure applied - settle ng liquid state

- the molecules are brought within

the sphere of the VAN DER WAALS
CRITICAL PRESURE
interaction forces and pass into the
- the further a gas is cooled below its liquid state.
critical temperature.
- vapor pressure of liquids:
the less pressure is required to
- vapor pressure increase with
liquefy it.
increase in temperature

THE LIQUID STATE

CRITICAL TEMP
- pag nalampasan mo ang liquid hindi
na siya mag eexist magiging gas na
HEAT OF VAPORIZATION
siya.
- clausius-clapeyron equation
- temperature above which a liquid
can no longer exist. - relationship between the vapor
pressure and the absolute temp of a
liquid.
CRITICAL PRESS

- kaya pang i-liquify ang gas into

BOILING POINT
liquid
- nag vaporize na naging hangin.
- the pressure required to liquefy a
gas at its critical temp. - the temperature at which the vapor
pressure of the liquid equals the
- the highest vapor pressure a liquid
atmospheric pressure.
can have

- PAG MATAAS ANG MOLECULAR

AEROSOLS
MAS
- gamot na sumasama sa propellant
POLAR - may ions may charge

mas mahirap sila pakuluan

VAPOR
strong polar
- nag pass into gaseous state

- a gas is known as vapor below its

The boiling points of normal
critical temp.
hydrocarbons, simple alcohol, and
- a substance that is liquid or solid at carboxylic acids increase with
room temp and that passes into a molecular weight. why ?
gaseous state when heated to a
- pag mataas ang molecular weight
sufficiently high temp.
mas maraming hydrogen bonds ang
pwedeng dumikit sa isang molecules.

GAS

- a substance that exist in gaseous Polar molecules usually have higher

state even at room temp. boiling point than nonpolar why ?
- ang polar molecules ay may mas - the temp at which a liquid passes
polar attraction, polar sila kaya may into the solid state.
ions, dahil may ions, mas strong ang
Melting Point
attraction.
- freezing point is also the melting
point of a pure crystalline compound
CRYSTALLINE SOLID
- The freezing/melting point of a pure
- such as ice, sodium chloride and crystalline solid is strictly defined as
menthol are arranged in fixed the temp at which pure liquid and
geometric patterns or lattices. solid exist in equilibrium.

- unlike liquids and gases, crystalline

solids have definite shapes and an
LATENT HEAT
orderly arrangements of units
- heat absorbed when a gram of a
- show definite melting points
solid melts or the heat liberated
- practically incompressible when it freezes.

- mga crystal are soft and have

relatively low melting points
HEAT OF FUSION
- in diamond and graphite
- heat required to increase the
- ionic and atomic crystals in general interatomic or intermolecular
are hard and brittle and have high distances in crystals, thus allowing
melting points. melting to occur.

- in organic compounds, the

molecules are held together by van
crystal bound together by weak
der waals forces and hydrogen
forces - low heat of fussion, low
bonding, which account for the weak
melting point
binding and for the low melting
points of these crytals. crystal bound together by strong
forces - high heat of fusion, melting
point.
SOLID STATE

- Melting point and heat of fusion

POLYMORPHISM
Freezing Point
- it can contributes characteristics
- ability to exists in different forms

- generally have diff. FLOUXETINE HCI

- mahirap tunawin

POLYMORPHS have diff. stabilities - the active ingredient in the anti

and may spontaneously convert from depressant drug Prozac
the
- co crystal which will have increase
METASTABLE form at a temp to the solubility compared to the crystalline
STABLE form. form.

- Graphite in sheet of a hexagonal STABLE

lattice
- Polymorph repressents the lowest
energy state, has highes melting
point and least aqueous solubility.
- Carbon diamond in a cubic
(tetrahedral lattice arrangement) METASTABALE

DIAMOND - Form represent the higher energy

state, have lower melting point and
- HARDEST mineral on earth
high aqueous solubility.
GRAPHITE
- form converts to the stable form
- polemerphic due to their higher energy state.

- Metastable form shows better

bioavailability and therefore
THALIDOMIDE preferred in formulations.
- only 10% of the pharmaceuticals are
present in their metastable form.

AMELIA
POLYMORPHISM AND INDUSTRY/
- tawag sa mga walang kamay, paa
PHARMACEUTICAL

BIOAVAILABILITY
Ex. THEOBROMA OIL (CACAO
- dami ng dugo na pumasok sau BUTTER)
- is a polymorphic natural fast. - is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drug
- can exist in 4 different polymorphic
forms of which only one is stable. - the downfall of the amorphous
state was its stability
1. Unstable gamma form melting at
18 C - this was due to the structural
relaxation
2. Alpha form melting at 22 C
- a new solid state form was
3. Beta prime form melting at 28 C
developed by pharmacia
4. Stable beta form melting at 34.5
- this was enhanced by mixing it with
polymers like PVP, which helped in
stabilizing the amorphous system.
- this is important in the preparation
of theobroma suppositories

- must be prepared below 33C LIQUID CRYSTALLINE STATE

AMORPHOUS SOLIDS MESOPHASE

- considered as super cooled liquids - intermediare between the liquid

in which molecules are arranged in a and solid states
random manner somewhat as in
TYPES:
liquid state.
Smectic - soaplike or grease like
- they tend to flow when subjected to
sufficient pressure over a period of Nematic - threadlike
time
- have some propertlies of liquids and
- do not have definite melting points some properties of solids

- less stable

- mabilis matunaw SUPERCRITICAL FLUID STATE

- ex. novobiocin - Mesophase formed from the

gaseous state where the gas is held
under combination of temperatures,
CELECOXIB pressures that exceed the critical
point of a substance.
- look like liquid - gas - the rest of the universe from which
the observations are made

BOUNDARIES
PHASE RULE
-physical or virtual barriers that
- Useful device for relating the effect
separate a system from the
of the least number of independent
surroundings
variables (temperature, pressure and
concentration) upon the various
phases that can exist in an
TYPES OF SYSTEMS
equilibrium system containing a
given number of components. Open - energy and matter can be
exchanged with the surroundings
F = C - P+ 2
CLOSED - energy can be exchange
- used to describe by giving
with the surroundings but not matter
components present
ISOLATED - neither matter not enegry
can be exchanged with the
F - number of degres of freedom in surroundings
the system

C - number of components
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
P - number of phases present
- energy cannnot be created nor
destroyed, it can only be transformed
into a different form.
THERMODYNAMICS
ADIABATIC

- constant heat
- Deals with the quantitative
relationships of interconversion of ISOTHERMIC
the various forms of energy
- constant temperature
SYSTEM
ISOCHORIC
- a well defined part of the universe
- constant volume
under study
ISOBARIC
SURROUNDINGS
- constant pressure
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

- refers to the probability of the

occurrence of a process based on the
tendency of a system to approach a
state of energy equilibrium

- entropy - pagiging magulo -

randomness

THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

- the entropy of a pure crystalline

substance is zero at absolute zero
because the crystal arrangement
must show the greates orderliness at
this temperature.