General Psychology

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
General Psychology – discuss all areas of Psychology

- it is an overview
- every human being has a soul and mind – it understands the beginning
of behavior
- it appreciate humanity as a whole
psyche – soul
logos – study
Psychology – scientific study of human behavior and mental processes
Senses: seeing – sight - iris

touch – kinesthesia
taste – gustatory
hearing – auditory
smell – olfactory
through these senses:

- sensation
- common sense
- imagination / imagine
- perception
- memory
- idea
- rationality
Behavior – anything a person does
Overt behavior – behavior that is seen with the naked eye

Covert behavior – behavior that is not seen with the naked eye
ex.: (dreaming, imagining)
Psychology related to:

 socio-anthropology – study of the influences of the environment to man’s behavior
 biology – study of living things (physiological function of living things)
 chemistry – chemicals and compounds
- too much absorptions of enzymes
 psychiatry – doctorate in psychology; can prescribed medicine; branch of medicine]
 sociology – study of man’s culture and the society
Goals of Psychology
- to describe behavior – narrative explanation of what you see

- to predict behavior – rough estimate of behavior of the possible reaction
- to understand and explain behavior
- to control or change of behavior
1
IMPORTANCE OF PSYCHOLOGY
1. can teach us the unknown and undiscovered things about ourselves. (intrapersonal)
2. to enlarge and sensitize our ability to understand each other. (interpersonal)
3. helps to dispel that blindness to what is in one’s another heart. (open-mindedness)
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PSYCHOLOGY
Traditional – animistic – gods or spirit were attributed the power the power to direct or cause
such events and activities of men
GREEK INFLUENCE
Democritus – human mind is composed of atoms which could circulate freely and which enable
d it to penetrate the whole body
- atoms from environmental – enters through our sense organ enabling us to perceive the
world around us
Plato – mind and soul is different from one another

It rules the body and inhabits as knower, thinker and determiner of action
 Soul is composed of three parts:

head – exerts reason
heart – responsible for our noble impulses
diaphragm – seat of our own passions
John Locke - at birth, the mind is like tabula rasa (blank sheet)
- experiences encounters during his lifetime are printed on the mind
 Perception of the external world

1. use of medium (air which fills space) and which affect our sense organ
2. ability of the form of the object to leave its substance and to pass directly to the
perceiver
 “common sense” – mental functions w/c ties perception and sensation together
Galen – theory of the dependence of human temperaments on physiological factors

- differences in behavior is attributed to the “humors” or vital juices of the body: blood,
phlegm, black bile and yellow bile
4 temperaments:
sanguine – cheerful and active
phlegmatic – passive and sluggish
melancholic – sad
choleric – irascible, angry and aggressive
1879 – Wilhelm Wundt (German Psychologist)

- Father of Psychology (later become father of scientific psychology)
- establish the first psychological lab.
- knowledge about man’s interaction with his environment
2
SUMMARY OF THE DIFFERENT SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT AND THEIR TENETS
SCHOOLS LEADRES TENETS/IDEA METHODS USED

1. STRUCTURALISM Edward Bradford Titchener The task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into Introspection
Introspective Psychology its component elements.
Elementarism
2. FUNCTIONALISM John Dewey What is important is the function – the whole system of Objective Method
William James events between the S-R, the how and not the what. Observation
Harvey Carr
3. BEHAVIORISM John B. Watson The true subject matter of psychology is behavior; the Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov objective, observable actions. It’s not the why but the
how that is important in its study.
4. GESTALT Max Wertheimer The whole is different from the sum of its parts. The Phenomenology
Configurationalists (which means Kurt Koffka whole consists of parts in relationships. Behavior is
form, pattern, organization) Wolfgang Kohler dependent on the organization of stimuli or experience.
Holistic Psychology
5. Purposivism William McDougall Behavior cannot be understood adequately without Objective Method
understanding goals. The secretion of hormones is
responsible for the drive that makes it possible to reach
its goal.
6. Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud Many human desires are directed by unconscious Free Association
motives. The life and death instinct are categories into
which our important motives could be classified. The id,
ego and superego – the three basic aspects of
personality – are intricately involved in creating conflict
within the individual.
3
Branches of Psychology and its Related Fields
Theoretical:
1 General Psychology – represents the basic and fundamental principles of research

- explains the How and Why of a person’s viewpoint
2. Comparative Psychology – deals with the behavior and mental processes of the different
species. Comparative study of different animals. (Animal Psychology)
3. Genetic or Development Psychology – human development and the inheritance and

development of traits and abilities.
- growth is traced from its earliest beginning till old age
- different stage – different bodily development, intelligence, abilities and general behavior
4. Dynamic Psychology (Psychology of Personality) – mental phenomena are studied in terms of

internal drives and motives as causes of behavior
5. Physiological Psychology – studies the functions of the nervous system and other bodily
structures in the behavior of organisms
6. Abnormal Psychology – deals with behavioral disorders like physical handicaps, nervous
disorders, speech impairments, mental aberrations etc.
- it covers alcoholism, drug addiction, crime and juvenile delinquency
Applied Psychologies:
7. Educational Psychology – concerned with the application of psychological principles to the

problems of education
- ex: teacher preparation, motivation and teaching processes and evaluation of teaching
technique
8. Industrial and Personnel Psychology – psychological principles of human problems of industry

and business, government and military service, occupational selection and job training, morale
and placement, forms of test and plant management
9. Social Psychology – “the interaction of human beings and man’s relation with the family and
the larger social institutions with reference to leadership and attitude formation”
- primary concern is socially influenced behavior, attitudes and beliefs.
- Group Dynamics – investigate human groups 9rather than individual)
10. Therapy and Counseling – preventing mental illness

- guidance of normal person to help develop more realistic attitudes topwards life
11. Human Engineering – this field adapts machines and processes to the capabilities and
limitations of human beings
12. Clinical Psychology – uses of concepts and methods in diagnosis and treatment of
maladjustment and mental disorders in a clinical setting
- branch of medicine
13. Psychometrics or Psychometric Psychology – concerned with the mathematical procedures to

the problems of psychology like testing, the use of norms, central tendencies and the like.
14. Legal Psychology – deals with application of psychological knowledge in the field of law
relating to the study of human behaviors.
- interpretation of laws relative to human welfare
4
METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY
1. Introspection
2. Observation – visual examination
a. Naturalistic – no interference
b. Directed Observation – use of specific tools like questionnaires, checklist or
outlines
- series of guide questions
3. Questionnaires, Opinionnaires and Inventories – list of questions (guide)
a. gather facts (study habit)
b. gather opinions (divorce, pre-marital sex)
4. Testing technique or statistical method – standard stimulus
- IQ test, aptitude, personality, achievement, interest… etc.
5. Clinical method or Case history (scientific biography)

- combination of naturalistic observation and testing
6. Statistical methods – descriptive terms
- computation of central tendencies
7. Survey method
a. Observation – collection of large number of facts
b. Classification or grouping of the facts
1. Quota control – choosing of communities to represent the nation and assigning
quota of persons for each interviewer
2. area sampling – interview assignments based on residence units
3. probability sampling – probability of inclusion in the sampling is determined
c. verification – duplication, collection of empirical data
d. generalization or formulating of principles on laws
8. The experimental method – basis of scientific work]
a. formulation of scientific work
b. experiment of the hypothesis
c. acceptance, rejection or modification of the hypothesis
9. Interviews – conversations or person to person meetings

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GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY

General Psychology – discuss all areas of Psychology

Psychology – scientific study of human behavior and mental processes

Senses: seeing – sight - iris

through these senses:

Behavior – anything a person does

Overt behavior – behavior that is seen with the naked eye

Psychology related to:

- to describe behavior – narrative explanation of what you see

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PSYCHOLOGY

Plato – mind and soul is different from one another

 Soul is composed of three parts:

 Perception of the external world

Galen – theory of the dependence of human temperaments on physiological factors

1879 – Wilhelm Wundt (German Psychologist)

SCHOOLS LEADRES TENETS/IDEA METHODS USED

1 General Psychology – represents the basic and fundamental principles of research

3. Genetic or Development Psychology – human development and the inheritance and

4. Dynamic Psychology (Psychology of Personality) – mental phenomena are studied in terms of

7. Educational Psychology – concerned with the application of psychological principles to the

8. Industrial and Personnel Psychology – psychological principles of human problems of industry

10. Therapy and Counseling – preventing mental illness

13. Psychometrics or Psychometric Psychology – concerned with the mathematical procedures to

5. Clinical method or Case history (scientific biography)

9. Interviews – conversations or person to person meetings

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