Phase diagrams provide essential information about the microstructure and properties of alloys at different temperatures and compositions. They show the different phases present and their compositions at equilibrium. Key features include liquidus and solidus lines, solubility limits, eutectic and eutectoid reactions. Binary diagrams are used to understand how microstructure develops during cooling for isomorphous, eutectic, and iron-carbon steel systems. Phase fractions can be determined from diagrams using equilibrium principles.
Phase diagrams provide essential information about the microstructure and properties of alloys at different temperatures and compositions. They show the different phases present and their compositions at equilibrium. Key features include liquidus and solidus lines, solubility limits, eutectic and eutectoid reactions. Binary diagrams are used to understand how microstructure develops during cooling for isomorphous, eutectic, and iron-carbon steel systems. Phase fractions can be determined from diagrams using equilibrium principles.
Phase diagrams provide essential information about the microstructure and properties of alloys at different temperatures and compositions. They show the different phases present and their compositions at equilibrium. Key features include liquidus and solidus lines, solubility limits, eutectic and eutectoid reactions. Binary diagrams are used to understand how microstructure develops during cooling for isomorphous, eutectic, and iron-carbon steel systems. Phase fractions can be determined from diagrams using equilibrium principles.
Phase diagrams provide essential information about the microstructure and properties of alloys at different temperatures and compositions. They show the different phases present and their compositions at equilibrium. Key features include liquidus and solidus lines, solubility limits, eutectic and eutectoid reactions. Binary diagrams are used to understand how microstructure develops during cooling for isomorphous, eutectic, and iron-carbon steel systems. Phase fractions can be determined from diagrams using equilibrium principles.
There is a strong correlation between microstructure and mechanical properties, and the development of microstructure of an alloy is related to the characteristics of its phase diagram. In addition, phase diagrams provide valuable information about melting, casting, crystallization, and other phenomena. Learning Objectives After studying this chapter you should be able to do the following: 1. (a) Schematically sketch simple isomorphous and eutectic phase diagrams. (b) On these diagrams label the various phase regions. (c) Label liquidus, solidus, and solvus lines. 2. Given a binary phase diagram, the composition of an alloy, its temperature, and assuming that the alloy is at equilibrium, determine: (a) what phase(s) is (are) present. (b) the composition(s) of the phase(s) (c) the mass fraction(s) of the phase(s). TVT 02/11 1
3. For some given binary phase diagram, do the following:
(a) locate the temperatures and compositions of all eutectic, eutectoid, peritectic, and congruent phase transformations. (b) write reactions for all these transformations for either heating or cooling. 4. Given the composition of an iron–carbon alloy containing between 0.022 wt% C and 2.14 wt% C, be able to: (a) specify whether the alloy is hypoeutectoid or hypereutectoid, (b) name the proeutectoid phase, (c) compute the mass fractions of proeutectoid phase and pearlite, and (d) make a schematic diagram of the microstructure at a temperature just below the eutectoid.
TVT 02/11 2 D DEFINAT TIONS AND A BA ASIC CO ONCEPTS
Commponents:: Elemennts or com mpounds thatt are mixed
m Systeem:is thee portion of the un niverse th hat is bein ng studiedd Phases: a hom mogeneouus portion n of a sysstem thatt has unifform physiical and chemical c characteeristics. Commposition: Amounnt of a com mponent in a phasse Solub mit: maxim bility lim mun conccentration of solu ute atoms that may dissolve d in the sollvent to form f a so olid solutiion. Free energy:iin brief, ffree energ gy is a fu unction off the internal enerrgy of a ssystem, an nd also the t rando omness orr disorderr of the atoms a orm moleculess (or entrropy). Thee Gibbs free f energgy G = H − TS A sysstem is at a equilib brium (sttable) if itsi free energy e is at a miniimum un nder somee speciified commbination of tempeerature, pressure, and composittion.
minum- Copper Alum C Allloy: TVT 02/1 11 3
The solubility of sugar (C6H12O6) in a sugar–water syrup.
BINARY ISOMORPHOUS SYSTEMS (complete liquid and solid solubility)
The liquid L:homogeneous
liquid solution composed of both copper and nickel. The phaseα:substitutional solid solution consisting of both Cu and Ni atoms(FCC structure)
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TVT 02/11 8 PHASE DIAGRAMS: weight fractions of phases 3rd Rule of Phase Diagrams: If we know T and Co, then we know the amount of each phase (wt%).
moment equilibrium:
moment equilibrium:
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DEVELOPMENT OF MICROSTRUCTURE IN ISOMORPHOUS ALLOYS
Equibrilium Cooling: Cooling occurs very slowly, in that phase equilibrium is continuously maintained.
TVT 02/11 10 Nonequibrilium Cooling:
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TVT 02/11 12 BINARY EUTECTIC SYSTEMS
Eutectic reation:
Phase α: solid solution rich in copper
Phase β: solid solution rich in silver
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DEVELOPMENT OF MICROSTRUCTURE IN EUTECTIC ALLOYS
(1) (2) (3) (4)
TVT 02/11 14 Case 1: compositions range between a pure component and the maximum solid solubility at room temperature.
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Case 2: compositions that range between the room temperature solubility limit and the maximum solid solubility at the eutectic temperature.
TVT 02/11 16 Case 3: Eutectic Point:
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Case 4: 18.3 wt% Sn < Co < 61.9 wt% Sn
- Just above TE:
- Just below TE:
Microstructure of 50%-50% alloys
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CASE STUDY: LEAD-FREE SOLDER.
Solders are metal alloys that are
used to bond or join two or more components. Lead – tin alloys: The most common lead–tin solder (63 wt% Sn–37 wt% Pb) - eutectic lead-tin solder (1830C). Lead – fress solder:
TVT 02/11 20 EQUILIBRIUM DIAGRAMS HAVING INTERMEDIATE PHASES OR COMPOUNDS
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TVT 02/11 22 EUTECTOID AND PERITECTIC REACTIONS
Eutectoid reaction (E):
(74% Zn )
Peritectic reaction(P): (78.6 %)
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CONGRUENT PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS
There is not any change in composition for the phases involved.
TVT 02/11 24 THE IRON–IRON CARBIDE (Fe–Fe3C) PHASE DIAGRAM
(BCC) L Eutectic
(FCC)
Eutectoid
(BCC) Steel (<1%) Cast iron (> 4.5%)
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DEVELOPMENT OF MICROSTRUCTURE IN IRON–CARBON ALLOYS
Microstructure that develops depends on both the carbon content and heat treatment. This discussion is confined to very slow cooling of steel alloys, in which equilibrium is continuously maintained At Eutectoid composition: Photomicrograph of a eutectoid steel showing the pearlite microstructure consisting of alternating layers of ferrite (the light phase) and Fe3C (thin layers most of which appear dark)
Pearlite has properties intermediate between the
soft, ductile ferrite and the hard, brittle cementite. TVT 02/11 26 Hypoeutectoid Alloys
Photomicrograph of a 0.38 wt% C steel
having a microstructure consisting of pearlite and proeutectoid ferrite:
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Computations for relative amounts of proeutectoid and pearlite
Pearlite mass fraction:
Hypo Hyper
Proeutectoid ferrite mass
fraction:
TVT 02/11 28 Hypereutectoid Alloys Photomicrograph of a 1.4 wt% C steel having a microstructure consisting of a white proeutectoid cementite network surrounding the pearlite colonies.
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Example Problem: Determination of Relative Amounts of Ferrite, Cementite,
and Pearlite Microconstituents For a 99.65 wt% Fe–0.35 wt% C alloy at a temperature just below the eutectoid, determine the following: (a) The fractions of total ferrite and cementite phases (b) The fractions of the proeutectoid ferrite and pearlite (c) The fraction of eutectoid ferrite Solution: a) b)
TVT 02/11 30 THE INFLUENCE OF OTHER ALLOYING ELEMENTS
Eutectoid temperature Eutectoid composition (wt% C)
