SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Site Selection and

INTRODUCTION analysis
Site Planning Assisting the client in locating sites for the proposed project and evaluating their
An art of arranging structures on land and shaping the spaces in between, an art adequacy with regards to topography, topography, sub-surface conditions, utilities,
linked to architecture and engineering, landscape architecture and city planning. development costs, climate, population, legal considerations, and other factors
Site plans locate objects and activities in space and time (Lynch). SITE PLANNING PROCESS PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
“…. the art and science of arranging the portions of land. These uses are designated PLANNING PROCESS
in detail by selecting and analyzing the sites, forming land use plans, organizing As science
vehicular and pedestrian circulations, developing visual forms and material Involves systematic , logical, functional arrangement of activities
concepts, readjusting the existing landforms by design grading projects” As art
(Rubenstein) Involves the arranging of structures, activities on land taking into consideration the
elements and principles of aesthetics
Purposes SITE PLANNING PROCESS
To make people happy Basic Process :
Considerations: 1. Defining the problem
● Biological ● Social 2. Research and inventory
● Psychological ● Ecological 3. Analysis
● Moral ● Legal 4. Synthesis
These factors are considered in preparation of a site where the product is a site 5. Evaluation
development plan that is responsive to the needs and want of the users. 6. Implementation
GOAL These six activities can be further grouped into two major categories:
Ultimate goal: Delight your client/user. A. Problem-seeking
B. Problem-solving
IMPORTANCE OF SITE PLANNING TO ARCHITECTURE A. Problem-seeking activities
1. As consideration for orientation 1. Problem identification
2. Controls the position of buildings 2. Research and inventory
3. Controls appropriate plan shapes 3. Analysis
4. Dictates position of rooms, entry, exits B. Problem –solving activities
5. Affects architectural design s of buildings 4. Synthesis
6. As a requirement for building permit 5. Selection
6. Implementation
Rule III Section 302 no 4 on Architectural plans/drawings (NBC) The site planner must know
Vicinity Map/Location Plan • what information to collect,
-within a 2.00km radius for commercial, industrial and institutional complex and • what questions to ask and
within a half-kilometer radius for residential buildings, at any convenient scale • how to bring the resulting data together in a meaningful and useful way.
showing prominent landmarks or major thoroughfares for easy reference Problem-seeking Activities
Site development plan The designer should actively seek problems early on the process so that
-showing technical description, boundaries, orientation, and position of proposed the final solution is a complete and a meaningful response to the setting of the
non- architectural structure such as: sewerage treatment plan (STP), silos, elevated proposed site.
tank, towers, fences, etc. building/structure in relation to the lot, existing or SITE PLANNING PROCESS
proposed access roads and driveways, and existing public utilities/services. Existing STAGE 1 Problem Identification
buildings within and adjoining the lot shall be hatched and distances between the The site planner must:
proposed and existing buildings shall be indicated. • first understand the problem or set of problems to be solved.

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 • be challenged to seek the larger perspective by going beyond the obvious • The
and looking at the larger issues of the site and the user. evaluation of each alternative is based on how well it fulfils the criteria and
Statement of goals and objectives goals set forth earlier in the analysis phase.
For site planning process: • At this point, it may be necessary to revisit an earlier phase of the process
Goal to obtain the needed information. This recycling process often stimulates
A vague, general, profound statements stated during the identification of new information and new ideas.
the problem geared towards the what is to be achieved at the end of the process. STAGE 6 Implementation
Objectives • It generally occurs as a transitional activity between ideas and solutions.
Are statements geared towards the achievement of goals. objectives are During the initial stages of the process, implementation may take the form
doable, specific, measurable, prioritized, attainable, and time-bound of drawings, sketches, and/or models
STAGE 2 Research and Inventory • The planner may select more than one concept to explore at this degree of
Information gathered is collected and documented. Documentation is done using detail. Once the general form –giving has been resolved and the site
1. two-dimensional graphics with written report character and use determined, it is beneficial to employ the study model
2. three-dimensional graphics-a model SITE PLANNING PROCESS: RESEARCH AND INVENTORY
Information are further divided into two categories Tools for site planning
1. site inventory 1. Maps-graphic representation or a model of a Geographic setting (Robinson
2. needs inventory et al., 1995). Maps are created to provide information about relationships. No
Organizing the data in this way acquaints the designer more closely with the site other medium communicates distance, directional and pattern relationships as
and the user and often reveals both problems and opportunities. Conclusion drawn well (Jencks, 1976).
from analyzing the inventories will guide the planner throughout the process. Important information to be considered in research and inventory phase
Understanding 1. Natural 2. Cultural 3. Aesthetic factors
STAGE 3 Analysis NATURAL FACTORS
• During the analysis, information collected in the inventory phase is 1. Geology-is the science comprising the study of solid earth the rocks of
studied and interpreted which it is composed, and the processes by which it evolves. In modern
• Based on the proposed use, observations and conclusions drawn from times, geology is commercially important for mineral and hydrocarbon
the site inventory becomes site analysis. exploration and for evaluating water resources; is publicly important for
• During the analysis, the planner strengthens the preliminary goals, the prediction and understanding of natural hazards, the remediation of
objectives and priorities. environmental problems, and for providing insights into past climate
• At this point, it is clear what the site potentials and limitations are and change; plays an essential role in geotechnical engineering; and is a major
what activities and facilities and intended use will require. academic discipline.
STAGE 4 Synthesis and concept development a. Geomorphology- is the branch of geology that deals with the
• Synthesis is the first activity in the process that actively brings the site and study of origin and natural distribution of landforms
the user together in a deliberate and creative way b. Physiography describes the landform condition
• As the information is collected and analyzed, the planner may develop c. Landforms refers to the description of the earth’s surface derived
conceptual approaches to the plan. from the volcanic or erosional processes.
• This is the point in the process when concept development is the focus of d. Soil- the study of the inherent characteristics of soil aid in making
the planning effort where the planner attempts to find the best fit among decision with regards to the type of foundation for structures,
the site, structure and use; when the character and quality of the “place” is location of activities and developments such as residential,
explored and developed commercial, recreational, industrial, etc. Soil type is an important
STAGE 5 Selection factor in landscaping in determining softscapes to be specified in a
• Schematic drawings will become more detailed as ideas become focused given site.
and the criteria more specific. i. soil composition-organic matter, mineral particles,
• As planners refine their thinking, the details of the design become more water, air
specific
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 ii. mineral particles- sand and gravel provide for the o Spac
greatest stability giving relatively high bearing capacity. e definition
clay tend to be more variable in stability . o View control
iii. Soil bearing capacity refers to the soil resistance to o mood
penetration from a weighted object such as building • Noise control
foundation. • Pollution control
iv. Classes of soil- clay, loam, sand • Glare and reflection control
Characteristics of soil considered in site inventory • Erosion control
2. Acidy/alkalinity o Permeability Specimen trees
3. Erosion potential Information in evaluating the economic value of trees
4. Depth to seasonal water table • Tree size
5. Depth to bedrock • Tree species
Soil suitability-for land uses such as absorption fields for septic tank, street and • Tree condition or health
parking areas, dwellings with basements, ponds or reservoir, recreation facilities, • Tree location (functional and aesthetic values)
like playing fields. Soil classification is a requirement for plant habitat Mapping of trees
Topography and slopes • Draw grid to site as reference to location
Topography – study showing elevation, slope and aspect.
• Determine location of trees
Elevation-affects drainage pattern and visibility due to its slope with varying
• Categorize tree according to size (measure the diameter), species,
gradient and orientation.
health conditions and function to the site.
Mapping -
Wildlife –habitat of flora and fauna
• use contour map
• Determine the highest and lowest elevation using the contour map. Color Open land wildlife-birds and mammals often associated with crop fields, meadows,
code all areas of the same height pastures, and no forested lands.
Slope analysis (see earlier lectures for computation) is a process of determining the
shape of the ground to accommodate specific activities (residential, commercial, Hydrology – surface and sub-surface drainage patterns of water such as river, lakes,
industrial, recreational, etc). seas, etc. For site planning, these bodies of water require thorough flood study
Slopes Descriptions
• 0% -5 generally flat : suitable for all possible developments • Flood plains are areas susceptible to flooding
• 5%-10% gently rolling : moderately buildable • Aquifers are water-bearing strata of rocks, gravel, or sand in which the
• 10%-15% gentle to mild slopes: moderately difficult terrain ground water is restored
• 15%-20% mild to steep slope : difficult terrain • Wetlands are areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground
water at a frequency or duration enough to support life. Marsh is an
• 20%-above harsh, steep slope : unbuildable
example of a wetland.
Climate-data to be collected
• Swamp lands are covered with water or have water-logged soil.
• Temperature-(maximum, minimum, and day-night temperature variation)
CULTURAL FACTORS
• Wind (maximum, average velocity and direction)
Existing land use-patterns of existing land use must be designated in relation to the
• Rainfall (monthly total, . for one day) site. Community facilities, residential, commercial, industrial, recreational uses are
• Solar radiation studied to denote overall trends in the development that may have bearing on the
• Potential natural hazards uses of the land adjacent to and including the site under study
Vegetation –relevant plant materials in site planning Climate control
Uses: Off site nuisances-visual, auditory, or olfactory and safety hazards must be
• Climate Control considered such as railroad tracts, automobiles, air traffic, etc.
• Visual barrier
• Aesthetics definition
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Linkages- involve movement of people, goods, communications, or amenities. • Building
Addition of parkways, pedestrians, home using would need strengthening of bulk/footprint
linkages. • Maximum lot coverage
Traffic- Depending on the complexity of the problem, these modes of • Types of building use
transportation should be reviewed to show if and how these facilities will integrate • Density
with the future site development. • Open space requirement
• Volume of traffic Other local regulations
• Origin and destination • Government agencies with jurisdiction over the property
• Purpose Subdivision regulations-control the development of real estate by requiring the
• Time of the day developers to meet specific requirements and design standards that are established
• Volume of people so a plot can be recorded and lots be sold. The regulations may concern:
Mapping • Street layout
Present map showing • Lot sizes
• land use type, • Community facilities such as playgrounds, schools, religious service
• land use intensity, • Unsaleable lots for open spaces
• existing and projected traffic volumes • Community utilities such as water, electricity, communications services.
• existing and potential conflicts between vehicles and pedestrians Socio-economic factors-study of community and its social and economic structure is
• location of adjacent streets, drop-off areas, terminals, bus stations, very important.
• mark volume of vehicles and pedestrians using color codes and arrows Demographic- population trends in a local market area can identify the potential
UTILITIES-Network serving power, water and communications; removal of waste user or consumer. Demographic characteristics are:
water. It is important to determine the location and companies servicing these • Birth
utility systems. • Sex
Mapping-present map showing: • Death
• Storm water • Age
• Sanitary water • Family size
• Potable water • Occupation
• Electricity • Income level
• Natural gas • Housing accommodation
• Telephone • Tax rates, others
• Television cable Existing buildings-will strongly influence the physical layout of the new site plan
• Internet cable and will help establish the grading and drainage of the site. These existing buildings
Density and Zoning will also determine the choice of the future architectural expression in the building
Density- For residential, it is expressed in number of families or dwellings per given type to ensure coherence, unity or contrast. Some building considerations:
space. It may also be expressed in floor area ratio or gross floor area covering the • Height
site • Width
Density influence privacy, freedom of movement or social contact of people. • Setback
Zoning/local regulations-one of the many legal and administrative devices which • Proportion of fenestrations
city plans are implemented. Zoning promotes health, safety and general welfare of • Horizontal rhythms
the public. • Roof forms
Zoning regulates: • Materials
• Setbacks • Color
• Building heights • Sidewalk covering
• Parking adjustments • Period style
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 • Signs • Potability
• Others • Pressure of water available
Mapping –present map showing the mass and space or the figure ground analysis. • Disposal of sanitary sewage (involves the flow of rain running into street
the map produced will show the solids and voids which will determine the degree of gutters to drainage system)
openness and enclosure; building foot print Integration and dispersion
Historic information-assessment on the cultural and historical value of the site in • Circulation maybe integrated or dispersed
relation to buildings and other man-made objects. These are • May come from reservoir or individual well, lanes may lead only from
• Bridges village to fields or be connected in a nationwide system)
• Lamppost • There are systems in which energy, materials or information is conveyed
• Wall signs under “pressure” some external applied force that is confined to the
• Buildings channel. Systems include water, gas, electricity, and telephone lines.
• Street finishes • There are systems in which materials flow by gravity (storm and sanitary
• Walls sewers)
• others • There are channels which objects move by self-propulsion ( walks, roads,
Aesthetic Factors rails, and airlines)
Natural-outstanding features of the earth, rock, water and plant materials.
Spatial patterns-views on site may be pleasing or objectionable bears heavily on Circulation systems must be considered not only for the way in which they handle
the orientation of the building. This factor should be carefully studied: their assigned flows but for neither influence on surrounding activities.
Views are framed, open, enclosed Grids Patterns
Filtered or screened. Be sure to note their sequence.
Visual barriers-elements such as elevated highways or rivers cut off views or part • Uniform, rectangular or triangular grid
of a community. • Useful where flows are shifting and broadly
Vistas-may be natural or man-made. It is the dominant focal point or terminus that distributed
is strongly emphasized and is framed and balanced by minor elements forming • Modified to control traffic flow ( one way,
masses to enclose the vista and screen out conflicting objects from composition. alternating, parallel)
Some functional elements identified by Kevin Lynch on how people see the cities: • Example: steady flow system – in which movement is
• Landmark directed clockwise and counter clockwise
• Paths • No direct crossings only weaving movements, as in rotary
• Nodes
• Districts Radial Pattern
• Edges
Mapping • Channels spread out from a center
Get a regional map or smaller area map Divide into grids Label each grid cell rating • Appropriate where flows have a common origin, interchange, or
visual quality as destination
• Very unique • Gives most direct line of travel for such centrally directed flow
• Unique • Allows branching at other points than the center itself
Movement Systems
Access is the prerequisite to using any space. Without it the ability to enter, leave,
and move within it, to receive and transmit information or goods, space is of no
value, however vast or rich in resources
Critical Utilities
Among the utilities (the pipe and wire channels) it is the water supply that
is likely to be most critical at the community scale.
• Quantity
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 are more
indirect, more complex and difficult to alter

Linear Patterns
• May contain a single line or a parallel series in which
• all origins and destinations are directly attached Superblocks
• useful in major flows run between two points rather
• than a single point • Increase the gain between the circulatory
and non-circulatory zones
• have direct lines of travel
• Improve the amenity of living areas at the
• Disadvantages: lacks focus and overloading of channel that can easily
price of frustrating through traffic
occur because of innumerable on-and-off movements
• Size of block maybe further increased by the use of minor loops which
penetrate
• Inward without dividing the block
• as large as 50 acres without the bounding rights of way is possible
Cost of Circulation System
Disorder The most expensive feature of site development, and its layout has significant cost
implications
• Created to discourage through movement, to adjust to intricate
topography, or to create interest in the street picture General rule:
• Gives sense of intimacy, mystery or special character on the terrain
• Minimize the length of channel per dwelling or other unit of activity
• cheaper to specialize short of the point where elaborate interchanges are
needed
It is cheaper to layout channels so they have gentle gradients and no more than
gentle curves
Alignment
Relation to slope
• Usually analyzed for design convenience into a • Parallel to the contours of a slope permits level foundations for buildings
horizontal and a vertical component fronting on
• makes a major road seem to flow to the land to • It, but if the cross slope is sharp then access to these buildings maybe
arrange a harmonious joint between a driveway and labored, sewers
a slope • Difficult to reach, and the visual space lop-sided.
• Roads perpendicular to contours avoid these problems although
Grain foundation must
• The degree of specialization of flow and the • Now be stepped, and street and utility gradients may become too steeped
fineness with which these specialized types are
mixed. Paths and social Contact
• Efficiency will increase when one sorts trucks,
• Affects communication between people
bicycles, children, strollers and so on.
• Fosters privacy, division or isolation
• Disadvantage: it becomes more difficult from
• Patterns of street may provide or destroy sense of focus or center in plan
one mode of transportation to the other, paths

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Visual Sequence • Weaknesses -
internal attributes resources that work against a successful outcome.
• Have a profound effect on the visual character of the whole
• Pathways should seem to go to their destination, and changes should • Opportunities - external factors the project can capitalize on or use to its
appear reasonable advantage.
Path Character • Threats - external factors that could jeopardize the project.
• The character of the line depends on the speed with which it is traversed STRENGTHS
• It has apparent fluid momentum, may be smooth or turbulent, purposeful
or meandering • Characteristics of the business or a team that give it an advantage over
others in the industry.
Environmental Impact of Circulation • Positive tangible and intangible attributes, internal to an organization.
• Beneficial aspects of the organization or the capabilities of an
Governs noise, pollution, the danger of accident, difficulty in crossing, ecological organization, which includes human competencies, process
damage, taking of valued space or structure capabilities, financial resources, products and services, customer
SWOT Analysis goodwill and brand loyalty
• Examples -, Well-known brand name,, Lower costs [raw materials or
• Acronym for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. processes], Superior management talent, Better marketing skills, Good
• Planning tool used to understand Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, & distribution skills, Committed employees.
Threats involved in a project / business.
• Technique that enables a group / individual to move from everyday WEAKNESSES
problems / traditional strategies to a fresh perspective • Characteristics that place the firm at a disadvantage relative to others.
• SWOT is a business or strategic planning technique used to summarise the • Detract the organization from its ability to attain the core goal and
key components of your strategic environments. influence its growth.
• Weaknesses are the factors which do not meet the standards we feel
SWOT analysis (strengths,
they should meet. However, sometimes weaknesses are controllable.
weaknesses, opportunities, and
They must be minimized and eliminated.
threats analysis) is a framework for
• Examples - Limited financial resources, Limited distribution, Higher
identifying and analyzing the
costs, Out-of-date products / technology, Weak market image, Poor
internal and external factors that
marketing skills, Limited management skills.
can have an impact on the viability
of a project, product, place or OPPORTUNITIES
person.
• Chances to make greater profits in the environment - External
• Strengths and Weaknesses are considered internal factors---meaning you attractive factors that represent the reason for an organization to exist
as the business owner can control them. How you manage or market the & develop.
business controls whether it is a strength or weakness • Arise when an organization can take benefit of conditions in its
environment to plan and execute strategies that enable it to become
• Opportunities and Threats are considered external factors---meaning you
more profitable.
have little control over them. It is your job as a business owner to respond
• Organization should be careful and recognize the opportunities and
appropriately
grasp them whenever they arise. Opportunities may arise from
SWOT analysis examines four elements… market, competition, industry/government and technology.
• Examples - Rapid market growth, Changing customer needs/tastes,
• Strengths - internal attributes and resources that support a successful New uses for product discovered, Economic boom, Sales decline for a
outcome. substitute product.
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 • While, in
practice, ‘urban design’ can be used to refer to all the products and
THREATS processes of development
• Individuals and groups engage in the process of urban design in
• External elements in the environment that could cause trouble for the
different capacities and with different objectives
business - External factors, beyond an organization’s control, which
• Their influence on design decisions may be direct or indirect.
could place the organization’s mission or operation at risk.
• May be ‘knowing urban designers’ or ‘unknowing urban designers’
• Arise when conditions in external environment jeopardize the
reliability and profitability of the organization’s business. Two Classes of Urban Designers
• Examples - Entry of foreign competitors, Changing customer
needs/tastes, Rival firms, adopt new strategies, Increased government • knowing urban designers
regulation, Economic downturn. • unknowing urban designers
URBAN DESIGN PRACTICE URBAN DESIGN PROCESS
Work of an urban designer Urban design
• architecture, landscape architecture and town planning • process of designing and shaping cities, towns and villages.
• assessing the local economy and property market; • deals with the larger scale of groups of buildings, streets and public
• appraising a site or area in terms of land use, ecology, landscape, spaces, whole neighborhoods and districts, and entire cities, with the
ground conditions, social factors, history, archaeology, urban form and goal of making urban areas functional, attractive, and sustainable.
transport;
• managing and facilitating a participative process; URBAN DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS
• drafting and illustrating design principles;
The urban design characteristics are composed of the various components in the
• programming the development process
buildings and streets of the area:
Identifying Urban designers
• Building bulk, use, and type
• all those who take decisions that shape the urban environment • Building arrangement
o architects, • Block form and street pattern
o Landscape architects, • Streetscape elements
o planners, • Street hierarchy
o engineers • Natural features
o surveyors Building bulk, use, and type
o developers
o investors • Buildings in a neighborhood are usually described by their size, and the
o occupiers way it is massed on its site, use, and type.
o civil servants
o politicians Building arrangement
o event’s organizers
o crime and fire prevention officers • Refers to the way that buildings are placed on zoning lots and blocks.
o Environmental health officials • They may be attached to one another, as are row houses, or detached and
o and many others separated by driveways or open uses.

Urban designers Block form and street pattern

• are interested in and engaged with both process and its product.
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 • The block form and street pattern contribute to urban design because Functional
they define the flow of activity in an area, set street views, and create Analysis
the basic format on which building arrangements can be organized. • The functional analysis examines the relationship of activities among
• The shape and arrangement of blocks and surrounding streets may be the various land uses and the way that relate to circulation systems.
regular composed of rectangular blocks or formed by streets Synthesis
intersecting at right angles or may be interrupted by a diagonal street • In this phase, the data gathered and the analysis of the problem must be
translated into proposal for action. The first component of synthesis phase
Streetscape Elements is the evolution of concepts that address the problem. Concepts are
• distinctive physical features that make up a streetscape, such as front followed by the development of schematic design proposals. These
yards, street trees, curb cuts, street walls, street furniture (i.e., items proposals are more specific in nature. Schematics are followed by
permanently installed on the street, such as street lights, fire hydrants, or preliminary plans.
newsstands), building entrances, parking lots, fences, parking ribbons (i.e., Evaluation
the row of parked cars along a street), etc. • Evaluation occurs at many levels, ranging from meeting technical demands
to the ability to gain public acceptance. After the design proposals are
Street Hierarchy complete, it is essential that they be evaluated in the light of the original
• an area's streets which express a sense of width, circulation, and activity. problem or issue they were intended to address.
These include expressways, which have limited vehicle access and no at Implementation
grade pedestrian crossings, arterials, which have limited, at grade • During the implementation, the strategy for actual financing and
crossings, boulevards, collector/distributor streets and local streets (which construction is formulated. Detailed phasing studies and tools are
include cul-de-sacs). considered to realize the project
Natural Features Transit Oriented Development
• include vegetation and geologic, topographic, and aquatic features. Rock
outcroppings, steep slopes or varied ground elevation, beaches, or • A Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is the creation of compact,
wetlands can help define the overall visual character of an area. walkable, mixed-use communities centered around high quality transit
Four Basic Phases of Urban Design system especially the BRTs and MRTs.
• Analysis • TOD’s are essentially activity centers established around a transport/transit
• Synthesis node (Transit-focused development )
• Evaluation • Medium to high density housing
• Implementation • Mix of retail, employment, commercial and civic development (Higher
Analysis densities + mixed land uses )
Gathering Basic Date • Enhanced accessibility to via walking and cycling links (Human scale design
• It includes understanding the structure, organization, and pattern of + interconnected streets and sidewalks)
urban areas. Basic information is gathered on such items as land use, • The intersection of good transit planning and good community
population, transportation, natural systems, and topography. development planning
Visual Survey • Often defined by 400m or 800m radius from transit stop
• The visual survey is a standard part of any urban design study. It is an • Open space or ‘green-space’ to accessible to community
examination of the form, appearance, and composition of a city or • Affordable housing and housing mix
neighbourhood. To conduct a visual survey, one must have a basic • Reduced parking allowances (based on usual Development Plan
idea of the elements of urban form. requirements)
Identification of hard and soft areas • Frequent, fast, reliable public transport
• The defnition of hard (e.g. public parks) and soft areas (e.g.business
district) helps to designer to know what parts of the city can Transport Principles; the potential shifts in transport mode for are described below:
accommodate growth and change and what parts are essentially fixed
because they may be occupied, for example, by a historic landmark.
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 • Reduce private vehicle dependency and promote public transport use • SOCIAL – It
through design, policy, and enforcement relate to the way in which people in groups behave and interact.
• Provide public transport access to the maximum number of people • USERS – who furnishes the architect with the data that compose the
through densification and multimodal connectivity architectural program of a project
• Provide walkable streets and promote the use of cycling strips
Design Principles Of TOD; the 8 Principles of the TOD standard for designing better Types of social analysis:
streets and better cities: Anthropology- the study of humankind in all its aspects, especially human culture
or human development
1. WALK - Develop neighborhoods that promote walking Self-study- a logical tactic and includes the observation of the social interactions
2. CYCLE - Prioritize non-motorized transport networks near the site.
3. CONNECT - Create dense networks of streets and paths Steps in determining the nature of the client:
4. TRANSIT - Locate development near high-quality public transport 1. Determine who will be the user of the project.
5. MIX - Plan for mixed use 2. Observe them.
6. DENSIFY - Optimize density and transit capacity 3. Communicate with them.
7. COMPACT - Create regions with short commutes 4. Know them.
8. SHIFT - Increase mobility by regulating parking and road use 5. Categorized them by class, ethnicity, personality or role
TOD Principles Glossary of psychoanalysis:
Demography
• Walking and Bicycling • The study of human composition such as: population, age, sex, ethnicity,
• Public Transit class, income, education, employment, mobility and so on.
• Open Spaces Political structure
• Mixed Uses and Density • Function such as: health, welfare, crime and the like.
• Active Edges • Dysfunction such as: rates of diseases, accident, crime, social
• Demand Management disorganization, environmental destruction, abandonment and so on.
• Public Participation • Existing environment
Mix of Uses- Encourage community vitality through a mix of uses • Movement patterns
• An obvious relation to provisions for circulation.
Ease of Movement- Provide new pathways and connections to enhance movement Population Type and Roles
in and around the site Users
Form and Scale- Develop active edges that are engaging and appropriate in • Familiarity - inhabitants / commuters, irregulars, strangers/ tourists
proximity to transit • Class - upper, middle, working, lower
• Education - college , high school elementary, none
Mobility- Integrate mobility, parking and servicing • Sub-culture - Irish, Italian, Negro, Spanish-American, WASP
Transit Node- Create a seamless and integrated transit node • Age - children (1-4) , (4-10), teenagers, single adults, elderly
• Sex - females, males
Public Realm- creates a high-quality public realm • Travel Mode - pedestrians, cyclists, bus, rail, auto, air travelers
(PLANNING 1) • Mobility - locals, cosmopolitan
• Information - television viewers, newspapers, map readers
SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSIDERATION IN SITE PLANNING • Ownership - homeowners, absentee owners, renters
Understanding how people use and value the spatial environment is the key to • Service - fire, police, milkman, recreation supervisor
planning sites that fit human purposes. • Handicapped - blind, deaf, paraplegic
• Deprived groups - invisible groups
• SOCIETY – It is the customs of a community and the way it is organized. • Animals - wildlife, domestic pets
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SOCIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES EFFECTS OF DENSITY
Naturally such health problems are not entirely the result of density itself, but they
• The rapid advance of technology has increased tremendously the are caused by density related variables, such as lack of privacy, malnutrition, noise,
possibility of creating a physical environment that efficiently provides for and economic insecurity.
our tangible needs.
• Climate control, transportation, communication, and waste disposal are CULTURAL BACKGROUND Individuals differ greatly in their perceptions of the
developed to an extent that makes virtually every space on earth environment. The differences stem, to a minor degree, from variations in the
habitable. sensitivity and balance of our senses. It is important for planners to be familiar with
the values and preferences of a given cultural group, to understand the particular
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS sensory world of its members.
• All human beings need intimate contacts with others. To have intimate PERCEPTUAL STRUCTURE
contact means to be able to show one's weaknesses, fears, and passions to
another person. Environmental planners have coined the term urban legibility to describe a pattern
• Intimate contact serves as a shield against shocks and disappointments. It that permits an individual to recognize the basic structures of a city from any point
is a natural way to repair psychic damage, and it should be provided by of observation.
three primary groups of society: the family, the children's play group, and The principal spatial elements that form the image of a city include the following:
the neighbourhood group.
1. Activity Center. Often referred to as nodes. Traditionally these consist of a
SPATIAL ASPECTS Sociological research in the field of territoriality has provided village square or a market place. Today a civic center or a whole downtown
architects with new factors regarding the minimum and optimum spaces for certain area represents a node.
human activities. Originally, the term "territoriality" referred to the pattern of 2. Districts. Sometimes only created for the purpose of administration, but
behaviour associated with the defense of a male animal's territory sometimes definable as areas with common identifying characters.
1. Personal Distance -The distance maintained among members of one group. 3. Streets. Paths like Broadway in New York remembered not only as a path
This distance varies with the individual, according to his or her hierarchical of circulation but also as an axis connected with a variety of experiences.
ranking. term originally used by Martin Heidegger to designate the Examination of the form of the city, Professor Lynch found that people use five
distance consistently separating the members of noncontact species. basic elements to construct their mental image of a city.
2. Social Distance -A maximum distance between the individual and the 1. Pathways. These are the major and minor routes of circulation.
group, beyond which the individual is not considered to be a part of the 2. Districts. A city is composed of component neighbourhoods or districts: its
group any more and becomes subject to outside aggression. center, uptown, midtown, its in-town residential areas, train yards, factory
3. Critical Distance -The distance at which an animal might attack an areas, suburbs, college campuses, and so on.
approaching stranger. 3. Edges. The termination of a district is its edge.
4. Flight Distance -The distance at which an animal might take flight from an 4. Landmarks. The prominent visual features of the city are its landmarks.
approaching stranger Landmarks are an important element of urban form because they help
people to orient themselves in the city and help identify an area.
DEMOGRAPHIC CONSIDERATIONS 5. Nodes. A node is a center of activity. Actually it is a type of landmark,
• Demography is concerned with quantitative information regarding size, distinguished from a proper landmark by virtue of its active function.
distribution, density, and vital statistics. Throughout history here is CONSIDERATIONS:
evidence of population counts or censuses, and of efforts to balance the
number and mix of people with the environment. TERRITORIALITY
• Population growth is one aspect of demography which the public is most • It is the relationship of an individual to space.
aware. It is only in very recent times that a high rate of population increase • It applies to classifications such as nations, states, cities, and
has ceased to be considered desirable. neighborhoods and to the private sphere and the intimate, personal and so
on distances required by an individual under different situations.
DOMINANCE
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 • It leads to hierarchical orders.
• An individual is part of a number of interacting hierarchical orders, which
are related to his or her occupation, family, friends, or religious activities.
SPACE NEEDS
• It is the space needed by each individual.
• It will vary depend with each person’s activity.

SPATIAL DISTANCING
• It varies with personality type.
• It also varies with its culture and nationality.
PRIVACY − are parked one behind the other.
• It means to spend some time alone and undisturbed. The introduction of − has been surveyed that the area required for Parallel Parking is much
differences between PUBLIC and PRIVATE. lesser that required for Angular Parking.
PARKING 3. Perpendicular Parking (efficient Parking Method)
• is the act of stopping a vehicle and leaving it unoccupied for more than a
brief time.
• parking on one or both sides of a road is commonly permitted, though
often with restrictions.
On the basis of the style of Parking Areas, there are two major types of Parking:
• On Street Parking means the area allotted for Parking purpose at the sides
of the roads. For efficiency in Parking system; The On street Parking is
divided into three types:
1. Angular Parking
− The vehicles are parked at
an angle.
− may be a 60 degree angle − With perpendicular parking of cars, these are parked side to side,
or 45 degree. perpendicular to an aisle, curb, or wall.
− The vehicles can be easily − is more scalable than parallel parking and is therefore commonly used
reversed if parked at an in car parking lots and car parking structures.
angle. • Off Street Parking means a Parking Area is designed adjacent to the Road
or in a place or building which is not the part of the road.
− The gentler turn allows
easier and quicker According to the National Building Code:
parking, narrower aisles,
and thus higher density The parking slot requirements shall be an integral part of structures and any parking
than perpendicular parking. slots provided outside the building will be quantified only as buffer parking
2. Parallel Parking Single family and multi- one off street parking slot for every
family dwelling units 6 lots
Town house One parking slot for every two units
or fraction with more than two but
not less than four units
Indigenous family dwelling One parking slot for every six

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 units; each privately owned dwelling units • Fencing in a
parking lot (top) provides quick screening, takes little space, and requires
Multi-family dwelling units One parking slot for every 8 units or minimum maintenance.
in residential condominium for a fraction thereof, another slot • Be sure to place the fence far enough from the wheel stops to allow for
shall be provided if there are more bumper overhang.
than 8 units but less than 16 units • Plantings used as screening soften the harsh effect of the pavement and
provide shade.
• Earth mounds and changes of elevation (bottom) can also be used in parking
lots.
• Such mounds should appear to be a natural part of the landscape.
• If any parking areas are constructed below the normal earth level, be sure that
drainage for the lot is provided.

DISABLED PERSONS PARKING Streets and Driveways Treatments

• Major Streets used 6-inch vertical curb and gutter.
• 4-inch roll curb for rural areas or on minor streets where residential
densities are low
Pavements
• Depending on traffic, the pavement maybe concrete, bituminous
macadam, gravel, stabilized soil, or simply a graded and drained earth
surface.
• An earth road maybe stabilized by inches, 3 to 5 percent by dry weight if
the soil is a gravel or sand or 4 to 10 percent if it is a silt or a no plastic clay.
Kinds of Pavement

TROPICAL TREATMENT FOR PARKING

• Trees in a parking lot may be
planted either in rows (top) or in a Dimensions
random arrangement. • Road width is computed by summing up the number of traffic and parking
• Row planting is simpler but may lanes required.
become monotonous. • The minimum vertical clearance is now 14(4.28m) ft to allow for the
• Random planting requires more passage of trucks with high loads.
space and careful planning but it • On a one way street with parking on only one side, the pavement may be
will result in a more pleasing effect. 18 (5.48m) feet.
• Random planting also allows a Sidewalks
variety of trees to be used.

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 • Sidewalks should have a minimum width of 4 ft (1.22m), which allows 3 • Two curves of
persons to pass or walk, although where they lead directly to single the same direction but of different radius, which are directly joined
dwelling entrances. They maybe only 2 ½ ft wide with a widening door. together, should be avoided where possible but are occasionally necessary.
• Walkways are normally are rather monotonously made of concrete,
asphalt but gravel brick , or stone may also be used or concrete maybe Dead Ends
textured, colored and laid with patterns • A minimum turnaround at the end of a
Cycleways cul-de-sac (bottom of bag) should have
• Travel by bicycles has the advantage of quietness, economy, no pollution, a 40 ft outside radius free of parking, so
that vehicles such as a fire engines can
exercise, easy parking and safety for others.
negotiate it.
• Separate cycle ways will encourage cycling for recreation and for regular
journeys and such separate ways are considered necessary wherever the • This requires large circular right of way
and may defeat the economic and
flow of cyclists are considered to be 1500 per day.
• Cycle ways are normally built of light pavements 12 ft(3.60m) wide with visual purposes of small cul-de-sac.
• The inside curb should have 20 ft
gently curving alignments and easy grade.
radius.
• Crossings should be offset and t junctions are preferred.
Horizontal Alignment
• Horizontal alignment of the road is based on the pavement center line,
which is marked off in 100 foot stations for reference, beginning at some Driveways and Walking Distances
arbitrary end of the system.
• Center lines are made up of two kinds of elements used alternately, • Individual driveways should be 8ft. wide, the curb at the entrance being
straight lines called tangents and portions of circular curves to which the rounded off with a radius of 3(0.9144m) to 5 ft.(1.524m)
connecting straight lines are tangent. • Driveway entrances should be at least 50 ft.(15.24m) from any street
intersection .
Horizontal Curve • Separate driveways and entrance walks should be provided for each
• The curvature of a road is dwelling unit unless they are made common to large numbers of units.
• The maximum distance from the street to the door of a dwelling unit is
sometimes given in degrees.
• A. 1 degree curve being one whose often given as 150 ft.(45.72m) for carrying convenience , but perhaps it
should be 100 ft.(30.48m)
length is 100 ft for each 1 degree of
internal angle that it moves through • This street-to-door distance standard is also in dispute: some would
• B. 2 degree curve has the same restrict it to 50 ft (15.24m); others would relax it to 300 (91.44m).
length for 2 degrees of angle, and so Parking Lots
on.
• The sharper the curve, the shorter is Parking may be provided in various ways:
its radius and the higher its degrees. The rules and standards are based on • on the street
the characteristics of today’s automobile and will change with it. • in small parking bays
Curve Combination • in large parking lots
• underground
• It is preferable to avoid two curves in the same direction, separated by two • ramp structures or garages
tangent of less than 200ft .
• Avoid 2 sharp curves in opposite directions, separated by a tangent of less Loading Areas
than 100 ft.

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 • Intersections
are designed to avoid conflicting maneuvers, to moderate their difficulty,
or to separate them in time or space.
• Conflicting maneuvers include merging, diverging, and crossing, and their
danger is proportional to the relative speed of the approaching vehicles.
Traffic Signals
• Traffic signals, by alternately stopping some entering movements, reduce
the number of conflicts.
• Large tractor-trailer trucks are about 50 ft (15.24m) by 8 ft(2.438m) which • Signals may be warranted when intersection volumes rise above 750
require a minimum outside turning radius of 60 ft(18.29m) and a vertical vehicles per hour , with at least one-quarter of the flow on the minor
clearance of 14 ft(4.267m). street.
• Curb radii at corners must be 30(9.144m) to 40 ft (12.19m) where such • They may have a simple two-phase cycle, which alternately passes the
trucks are common. traffic of one street and then the other, with a yellow warning interval
• Loading docks for trucks should be 10ft(3.048m) to 12 ft(3.658m) wide per between each change from green to red.
truck, set at truck-bed height------about 4 ft(1.219m) off the pavement • Total cycles are usually from 35 to 50 seconds long, and each intervening
• A 50-foot parking and maneuvering apron is needed in front of the dock. yellow interval is about 3 seconds.
• *A general rule is that the floor area of a loading dock should be about •
twice the floor area of the beds of all the trucks that could be brought up Channelization
to the dock at one time: this allows room for unloading and temporary
stacking. Channelization, which is the separation of lanes by the
use of islands and medians, does not reduce the number
Road Capacity of conflicts but separates them in space and time.
The capacity of the road depends on the: • It allows drivers to wait for a favorable chance to
Characteristics of the road: conduct one maneuver without preventing
Characteristics of the traffic: other drivers from conducting other maneuvers.
• width • Vehicle type • Often used in conjunction with traffic signals at major intersections.
• surface • speed
• alignment • control Rotaries (Roundabout)
• conditions at the edge • driver skill
A device to convert all crossings into merging and diverging sequences, that is, into
The theoretical capacity of one lane of traffic is 2000 cars per hour where this flow weaving operations, which are safer because of their low relative speeds.
is completely steady, uninterrupted, and at optimum speed and spacing. • Width of rotary pavement should at least equal to the number of entering
A multilane freeway may carry up to 1500 or even 1800 cars per hour per lane. lanes on the largest incoming street, plus one lane.
• At 25 miles per hour , a 100-foot weaving section may carry only half the
Congested street with frequent side friction due to cars parking and entering may normal singlelane capacity, and 400 ft may be required to give full single-
carry only 200 to 300 cars per hour on the outside lane. lane flow.
A local residential street will carry about 400 to 500 cars per hour per lane. • At higher speeds, 800 ft may be required for full capacity, and 300 ft for
half capacity.
Intersection Design • Minimum weaving lengths are usually set about 200 or 250 ft.
• Such an intersection, or any one handling higher loads, will require some Grade Separations
treatment. The simplest is a stop sign on the secondary street. From there
the designer may go to traffic signals, channelization, or grade separation. • Expensive, space-demanding, confusing to the driver, and inflexible with
regard to future change.
15 | P a g e
 • Should be used only where necessary, that is when a channelized Vertical alignment
intersection with signals cannot carry the load.
• Vertical alignment of the center line of a road is also made up of straight
• Often considered necessary when the flow on the major channel is over
3000 vehicles per hour. tangents with vertical curves at the junction.
• Vertical curves are parabolic, these are used because these are easy to set
• Most common types of grade-separated interchange is the cloverleaf.
out in the field and they make a smooth transition between the
intersecting grades.
Gradients
• The minimum grade of tangent so that water will drain off the road surface
is 0.5 percent.
• The maximum grade of streets depends on design speed.
Standing Room Only • Passenger car cannot stay in high gear if the grade is continuously above 7
percent.
• Space for standing is unimpeded when there is an area of more than 13 • Large truck must shift down on sustained grades of over 3 percent.
square feet per person or 3.9624 square meter, and it is easy to move • Max. grade of sidewalks should be 10 percent. Short ramps at breaks in
about. This is desirable standard for crowd spaces. grade may go up to 15 percent.
• Below this point, circulation is somewhat impeded and people must resort • If steps are used, there must be at least three risers, so that it will be
to polite warnings or touches to move through the crowd. noticed and accidental falls avoided.
• Below 7 square feet / 2.1336 square meter per person, standing becomes • Riser height may vary between 6 ½ inches as a max. and 3 inches as a min.
constrained: only limited internal circulation is possible, and people move • Stairs in heavy public use should never rise above a gradient of 50 percent.
as a group rather than as individuals.
• At 3 square feet / 0.9144 square meter per person, there is no internal Sight Distance
circulation, and people forced into physical contact. • Minimum forward sight distance must be maintained throughout the
Walkway Capacities vertical as well as the horizontal alignment.
• Sight distance may sometimes require longer vertical curves at summits.
• Average speeds vary from over 300 feet per minute (brisk walk) in open
flow to less than 150 feet per minute (shuffle) at max. rates of flow, the Profiles should be flattened at street intersections so that halted vehicles need not
total walkway space occupied by a single pedestrian on the examples given hang on their brakes and can start easily.
can vary from over 600 ft. There should be a “platform” of not over 4 percent grade extending at least 40 feet
• Pedestrian flow usually comes in pulses, or “platoons”.
each way from the intersection.
• Instantaneous rate of flow while a platoon is passing may be 1 ½ to 2 ½
times the flow averaged over a 15-minute period. Sight distance is the length of roadway visible to a driver.
• When employees pour in and out of an area at the rush hours , the average
CHARETTE COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE
flow may be 2 to 4 times the average flow of a normal 15-minute period.
Stairs and Crossings • Charette based on modern day definition- refers to intensive design
workshop involving people working together under compressed deadline.
• Public stairways do not average more than 2 persons per minute per foot • PROCESS
of width. o Brainstorming- letting ideas flow in an open way-each building
• Escalators do not increase the rate of flow moving up stairs, they simply upon the suggestions of all participants.
reduce the effort of mounting. o Future search process- creating timelines and issues maps and
• Reservoir space should be provided where pedestrians must wait at street diagrams- all of which is to help individuals, groups and
crossings, especially when the flow of the feeding sidewalks more than 2 communities to visualize design alternatives and to discuss and
persons per minute. evaluate best choices.
• Crosswalks should be wider than the incoming sidewalks. • PREPARATION OF CHARETTE
16 | P a g e
 1. Identify a significant project-problem at building scale. Data maps, a
documentations assembled ahead of time. nalytical and development skills moving the community
2. Contact an experienced facilitator in order to add input and toward organizing and taking responsibility.
guidance. In the absence of the facilitator, an architect or people
with similar professions will be needed to add input. CITY LEGIBILITY
3. Involve cosponsors who are stakeholders in the results.
- “the ease with which its parts can be recognized” -Kevin Lynch
4. Establish prevent meetings that keep planning going forward
- assembled into a logical and systematic setup
Develop a set of goals by consensus discussion.
- People understand the cities through recognizable elements that provides
a. Set assignments:
legibility and emotional security of being in familiar territory.
i. Program: program definition and support - “way finding” mechanisms that also help guide the way
materials
- topographical depictions
ii. Funding: funding /contribution in any kind - helped to counteract the problem of “disorientation” and the usual
iii. Communications: getting the word out and feelings of panic or distress that occurs with this
press in
iv. Logistics: particulars of space and support
materials
5. Define the charrette program • MAIN FEATURES THAT IMPACT ON LEGIBILITY
a. Organize generalized and integrated design teams of 5 to o PATH- Recording routes that adjoin or cross the area; classifying
six people on each team who work together to develop a them according to their significance in the area.
design, while “experts” roam between teams consulting o NODES- focal points like squares, intersections, and plazas.
with each team throughout the charrette. o DISTRICTS- areas that differ from each other in character and use
6. Charette introductory organizational meeting specifying factors that outline these differences like material and
a. Briefing of local officials and others who want to be form.
briefed. Provide technical briefing, tour of site. o EDGES- any strong linear barriers and any distinct limits to areas
7. Putting funding strategy in place with different patterns of use or visual character.
8. Establish a news and communication plan. o LANDMARKS- any distinct elements wither in shape, meaning or
a. Local newspaper column, internet website location
9. Logistics • ENVIRONMENTAL IMAGE
a. Workshop Meeting places, ample wall spaces, materials o IDENTITY- the recognition of urban elements as separate entities
for display, audio visual equipment o STRUCTURE- the relation of urban elements to other objects and
10. Materials and resources to the observer
• COMMUNITY DESIGN CENTERS- Provide planning, design and technical o MEANING- Its practical and emotional value to the observer
assistance to low-moderate income urban and rural communities. • MENTAL MAP - gives people an important sense of emotional security, it is
o TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE BY CDCs the framework for communication and conceptual organization, and
▪ Helping- technical assistance helps in resolving the need heightens the depth and intensity of everyday human experience.
or crisis.
▪ Enabling- the person or organization is encouraged to CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT
help themselves by being provide with rudimentary
- Was a Progressive reform movement in North American architecture and
tools, knowledge and sometimes money to resolve
urban planning that flourished in the 1890s and 1900s.
problems.
- Did not seek beauty for its own sake, but rather as a social control device
▪ Empowerment- the person or organization is provided
for creating moral and civic virtue among urban populations.
with the knowledge to understand why they are in the
• GOALS
situation that is contributing to local disinvestment. This
o Trees for the barren town square
type of technical assistance helps build local research,

17 | P a g e
 o Removal of the tangle of electrical and telephone wires that were o wrot
beginning to loop city streets e the book Garden Cities of Tomorrow (1902)
o Paved sidewalks for pedestrians o Proposed Garden Cities
o Picnic facilities for the underdeveloped city park o INFLUENCES
o Erection of statues, memorials and public art ▪ 'three magnets' diagram
o Replacement of inadequate public buildings with city halls, ▪ the perfect blend of city and nature.
schools, and courthouses ▪ Garden City were influential in the development of "New
Towns"
Plans such as those of Daniel Burnham and Edward Bennett were also the first • DOWNFALL OF GARDEN CITY
comprehensive metropolitan plans. o Confusion with Garden city and garden suburb
• WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, CHICAGO: 1893 o They see him as a physical planner, ignoring the fact his garden
city is the key for progressive reconstruction of society.
o Flanked water features and other grand public spaces
o Cities followed suit as plans were of colossal scale with • THREE MAGNETS
monumental functions o Three Magnets diagram, which addressed the question 'Where
o Great plazas and broad avenues were almost a civic obsession will the people go?', the choices being 'Town', 'Country' or 'Town-
o Civic centers became a popular theme Country' - the Three Magnets.
o It never occurred to the planners that the entire development of a o It called for the creation of new suburban towns of limited size,
city was essentially derivative of human needs planned in advance, and surrounded by a permanent belt of
agricultural land.
• DANIEL BURNHAM
o Existing cities and countryside have an indissoluble mixture of
o The chief architect of the Columbian Exposition of 1893 in
advantages and disadvantages
Chicago.
o Drafted plans for the following: • GARDEN CITY
▪ San Francisco (after the earthquake and fire of 1906) o offered a vision of towns free of slums and enjoying the benefits
▪ Manila, Philippines of both town and country.
▪ Baguio, Philippines o Cities were the perfect blend of city and nature.
▪ Washington, D. C. o Could uniquely combine all the advantages of the city by way of
▪ Chicago Plan (1909) accessibility
o Self-contained
• Provided broad arterial roads for traffic, an
o 30,000 populations Surrounded by a greenbelt
artistically embellished city center, and a system
o 6,000 acres (5,000 greenbelt and 1,000 for the town or city)
of roads and parks surrounding the city.
o When a town reached a certain size, it should stop growing and
• DECLINE OF THE MOVEMENT
the excess should be accommodated in another town close by
o The projected structures became so expensive that reality stepped in
• LETCHWORTH GARDEN CITY
o The movement waned after World War I and it came under assault
from planners and critics who disliked its expensive, impractical, and o Was founded on 1903.
o Built in northern Hertfordshire, England 36 miles from London.
allegedly elitist and superficial characteristics
o Most of the planning actually executed had to be remodeled later to o The architects were Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker under the
direction of Ebenezer Howard.
fit the requirements of traffic and circulation that were ignored in the
original conception o It is the world’s first garden city.
o DESIGNING ASPECTS
GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT ▪ A railway line bisects the site which determines that here
the industry must be.
• an approach to urban planning that was founded in 1898 by Sir Ebenezer ▪ The big central Town square dominated by the major
Howard in the United Kingdom. municipal buildings.
• EBENEZER HOWARD

18 | P a g e
 ▪ Architects’ thoughts were imaginatively with the people ▪ H
who would live in the buildings, walk or play in the ouse-circular houses with outside diameter of 2.30 to
spaces they created. 9.20 meters, internal diameter of 1.40 to 4.80 meters.
▪ Objective was to promote beauty or amenity. ▪ The base of the houses were built with stone at their
▪ It is important to prevent the complete separation of basis, upper part with adobe and mud. The roofs were
different classes of people which is such a feature of the with branches and straws covered in mud. There was “a
modern English town. fireplace, a kind of grate and a foramen that helped the
o CITY FEATURES smoke come out” at the centre of the house.
▪ A railway that passes through the center of the city. ▪ Streets- main street was narrow and long stone
▪ Industrial factory along the railway. construction of 185 meters, the settlement was set along
▪ A Farm within the heart of the city. a long road considered as the wall of the settlement.
▪ Numerous wildlife parks within. o ANCIENT CITY OF CATAL HUYUK
▪ Sports fields all over the city. ▪ A settlement in Turkey about 7000 BCC
▪ Shopping centers are set in tree lined streets and wide ▪ Contained domestic buildings attached to one another.
walkways. ▪ Access was through stairs and opening on the flat roof
▪ Rooftops serve as place for outdoor activities. Also
contained communal ovens
▪ The people of Çatalhöyük buried their dead within the
• WELWYN GARDEN CITY
village.
o is a town in Hertfordshire, England. Welwyn Garden City is also
• ANCIENT EGYPT
referred to in Council parlance as WGC or, less correctly, as
o City descriptions:
"Welwyn"
o The principal historic significance of the town lies in its planning. It ▪ Grid Layout
▪ Walled Cities
is an example of the physical, social and cultural ideals of the
periods in which it was conceive ▪ More on Square
▪ Symmetrical
o it has the unique distinction of being both a garden city and a new
▪ Avenues with sphinxes
town
▪ Settlements were located along Nile
o In planning terms its significance is global, attracting visitors from
▪ Mid-winter sunrise
around the world
▪ Housing were according to social classes
o One of the lesser-known ideas of the city's architects was that all
▪ Presence of workers camp to temporarily house worker
the town's citizens would shop in the same store
o the Welwyn department store was established as a central farmers commissioned as construction workers
▪ Cult and mortuary temples
landmark on the 'Campus' (a centrally-located green semi-circular
area in the town) ▪ Burial places: mastabas, pyramids and rock cut tombs
• BABYLON
HISTORY OF CITIES o It was a city-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which
are found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq
• JERICHO o was at first a small town, that had sprung up by the beginning of
o The ancient city of Israel existed about 8,000 BC the 3rd millennium BC.
o Has natural wall due to seismographic activity producing a great o The town flourished and attained prominence and political repute
rift extending from the Sea of Galilee to Northern Africa. The land with the rise of the First Babylonian Dynasty.
dropped some 3,000 feet and settled at least 900 feet below sea o Babylon grew in extent and grandeur over time, but gradually
level. At this low elevation we find one of the oldest ancient urban became subject to the rule of Assyria.
dwellings of recorded history, Jericho. o Babylon was the largest city in the world from ca. 1770 to 1670
o ANCIENT CITY OF KHIROKITIA BC, and again between ca. 612 and 320 BC.

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 o CITY FORM AND SHAPE: ▪ The
▪ Use of burnt brick Hippodamian street pattern was laid out on a rugged topography
▪ It had an inner and outer part. which resulted to street with steep slope that could only be used
▪ Heavily fortified with steps. There was no problem using the street during that
▪ Inner town: time since people only walk.
• square in plan • PUBLIC SPACE
• Contains the principal buildings, the Euphrates river in ▪ Democratic form of government lead to the expanding space
the west side needs for the government to perform its function as well as the
• Main streets intersected at right angles terminating in public to participate in the government affairs.
tower –framed bronze gates ▪ Accessible to the market square but not facing upon it were the
• Between the main streets tiered dwellings, business assembly hall (ecclesiasteron), council house (bouleuteron) and
houses, temples, chapels and shrines jostled in lively council chamber (prytaneion)
disorder ▪ Also with the construction of gymnasia, palaistrai.
• Principal sites lined the river front, and behind them • AGORA
ran a grand professional way, its vista closed on the o Agora usually located approximate center of the town plan, with
north by the Ishtar gate. major east-west and northsouth streets leading to it.
• There were palace-citadels and connected with o Streets generally terminated at the agora rather than crossing it,
Nebuchadnezzar’s great palace complex the open space reserved for pedestrian traffic and circulation
• Ziggurats -Temple building that served as o It was designed to accommodate all the citizens who would have
administration, worship area and priest residence business in the marketplace or attend public functions in the
• Presence of winged human headed lion or winged bull adjacent public buildings.
at gate entrances o The open space enclosed by the agora occupied about five
• GREEK CITIES percent of the city area.
o During the early years when democracy was in its infancy, Greek o The plan of the agora was geometrical: square, rectangular. Open
city was a maze of wandering unpaved lanes lacking in drainage spaces were surrounded by colonnaded porticoes sheltering the
and sanitation. buildings about the square.
o Water was carried from local well Waste was disposed on the o BUILDINGS
streets ▪ Buildings were restricted in encroaching the street
o There were no palaces except temples, public buildings were few ▪ Projection of upper floors beyond the first floor was
and simple. prohibited.
o Agora, the market, was the place where people do their ▪ Windows were permitted to open directly upon the
socializing, buying and selling There was little distinction street
between the rich and the poor in terms of dwelling o HOUSES
o The rooms of the houses were grouped around the interior court ▪ Affluent-Megaron type
yard. Facades were windowless ▪ Facing open internal court yard
o Most towns were surrounded with protective walls ▪ Indirect access through the courtyard Stone columns
o Temples were symbols of democratic way of life, the equality of ▪ Two storey was common; varying levels due to slope
men. These buildings were adorned with lavish splendour to ▪ Common people- Tenement houses
appease their god whom the temple was built. ▪ Business and social contacts were carried outside the
• STREETS house.
▪ Architect Hippodamus introduced the gridiron street system in ▪ Small altar was found in the house but worshipping was
the Greek city to obtain a rational arrangement of buildings and done in temples. Little distinction between the house
circulation. of the rich and commoner.
▪ Orientation considered winter and summer sun

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• ACROPOLIS Basil
▪ Ancient city on top of a hill in Athens ica (law courts with money exchanges), treasuries, record offices
▪ Fine example of a sanctuary and Comitium (assembly places).
▪ a citadel during the Bronze Age ▪ Temples - dedicated to Roman Gods and Goddesses, typically
• DECLINE OF ACIENT GREECE raised on a high podium, emphasis was given to the facade and
▪ Political, social, and economic changes brought about the often set either singly or in groups inside colonnaded enclosures.
decline of Greek cities. ▪ Churches – earliest worship were in rooms of private houses, and
▪ The rise of Sophists were disturbing the well-established only the altar and decorations identified them as Christians
customs of the Greeks. ▪ Roman house – have atrium, compluvium (a large room with
▪ Socrates ideology was attacking the political as well as rectangular opening in the middle of its roof.) and impluvium (a
social systems of the Greeks resulting to the growing shallow rectangular basin set in the floor immediately beneath,
indifference of the people toward the government. which the rain water ran into a vaulted underground cistern.).
▪ Ancient Greek customs and traditions were not followed ▪ Triumphal arches – It is usually dedicated to the emperor or
▪ Private citizens were building magnificent homes larger members of the imperial family, but sometimes to towns,
than public buildings. municipalities or to divinities.
▪ Middle class was disappearing. ▪ Fortifications
▪ Shopping centers – had a row of shops opening off a barrel
vaulted market hall.
• ROMAN CITIES ▪ Taberna (one roomed shop)
o POLITICAL ▪ Bakeries – had counters near the street where the bread was sold
▪ Republic: Rome was ruled by kings. while at the back of the shop there was storage space for grain,
▪ Empire: Rome was ruled by an emperor. mills and ovens
o 3 ADMINISTRATIVE ASSEMBLIES: ▪ Fish shop – had marble slabs for preparing the fish, water tanks
▪ Senate, which acted as an advisory body for the King. and ovens.
▪ Comitia Curiata, which could endorse and ratify laws suggested by
▪ Wine shop – had solid masonry counters with wide mouthed jars
the King.
▪ Comitia Calata, which was an assembly of the priestly college that sunk into them.
could assemble the people to bear witness to certain acts, hear ▪ Theatre composed of three elements:
proclamations, and declare the feast and holiday schedule for the • Cavea ( public seats)
next month. • Orchestra ( private seats)
o ETRUSCAN CITIES • Scaena ( stage)
▪ Natural growth for cities ▪ Amphitheatre – it is an elliptical with an oval arena in the center
▪ Conscious planning seen in the orientation of temples. use either for gladiatorial games or vena
▪ 500 BC-grid layout of streets seen
o IMPERIAL ROME
▪ Cemeteries were planned consisting of larger tombs, stone burial
chambers buried below a conical tumuli; and rock-cut tombs., ▪ Introduction of new building types
located outside the city • thermae -public baths,
▪ Larger cities had drainage system like the Cloaca Maxima, an • balneum-smaller private bath
open drain. ▪ No direct Greek counterpart
▪ Cities were enclosed by walls . ▪ Consisted of originally of a series of rooms of different forms
▪ Bridges were made of timber and sometimes stones reflecting their uses in bathing sequence- from cold to warm to
o BUILDING AND STRUCTURES hot baths
▪ FORUM (Market place) – an open area rectangular in shape, and
surrounded by colonnades on one or two storeys typically have • frigidarium-cold bath
• calidarium/caldarium -hot bath
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 • tepidarium-warm bath o The
▪ Men’s entrance were separated from womens basic form of medieval cities did not change, but the structures
▪ rooms were compactly grouped seemingly without any attempt at were decorated with facades of classical elements (Greco-Roman,
Romanesque, Gothic, Byzantine combinations).
first to produce an architecturally meaningful ensemble
o The nameless master-builders of medieval times no longer
▪ sudatorium-sweating room in Roman Baths prevailed in renaissance. Names of Brunelleschi, Alberti,
▪ Apodyterium- a room for undressing in Roman Bath house Bramante were recognized together with the buildings. All
▪ PUBLIC BATHS HAVE: enjoyed the patronage of popes, kings, merchants.
• Apodyterium (Dressing room) o Decorum’ was a fundamental rule of Renaissance culture and the
• Palaestra (Gym) function of a church was crucial to its plan.
• Sudatoria (Sweating room) o Large urban dwellings (‘palazzi’) of the urban participate exhibit
• Caldarium (Hot bath) considerable regional variation in their plans.
o Symmetrical planning was common from the early 15th century.
• Tepidarium (Warm bath) o Within existing city, streets were widened, straightened or newly
• Frigidarium (Cold bath) planned on geometrical principles to focus on important
• Thermae – baths on the large scale monuments, fountains and obelisks.
• Balnea – baths on the small scale o The need for military control and the increase in the use of
• Natatio (Swimming pool) carriages and coaches made wider streets desirable.
• MEDIEVAL CITIES o City Planning provided the opportunities for uniform architectural
o Cities shrank in size and importance, social and economic developments such as terraced housing and the beginning of
confusion followed speculative building.
o Barbaric rulers established city-states and rulers divided their NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT
lands among vassal lords who pledged military support for the
kingdom - Neighborhood can be used to refer to the small group of houses in the
o People depended on agriculture and entered a state of serfdom immediate vicinity of one's house or to a larger area with similar housing
under their lords. The feudal system was the new order. types and market values.
o Wars among the feudal lords were frequent. Strategic sites were - used to describe an area surrounding a local institution patronized by
sought for new castles, within these structures were serf dwelling residents, such as a church, school, or social agency.
for protection - It can also be defined by a political ward or precinct.
o Monasteries were established that serve haven for the oppressed - The concept of neighborhood includes both geographic (place-oriented)
o Church strengthened its position and social (people oriented) components.
o The countryside was not safe. Fortifications were extended to • NEIGHBORHOOS STRUCTURE
include the dwellings that clustered about the castles and ▪ EVOLVED- The neighborhood forms over time and is based on a
monasteries particular language, occupation, and/or economic status. It may
o Barbaric rulers established city-states and rulers divided their contain a business, industry, school, church, and/or service.
lands among vassal lords who pledged military support for the ▪ PLANNED - The concept for the neighborhood is created by an
kingdom. individual or corporation for a purpose. The houses, streets,
o People depended on agriculture and entered a state of serfdom utilities, and other services may be included in the design of the
under their lords. The feudal system was the new order. neighborhood.
• RENAISSANCE CITIES • PRINCIPLES
o The rich showed their affluence and power by embellishing the ▪ SIZE – its actual area depending upon population density.
city. The Medici, Borgas, Sforza built themselves new palaces. ▪ BOUNDARIES – The unit should be bounded on all sides by
arterial streets, sufficiently wide to facilitate its bypassing by all
through traffic.
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 ▪ OPEN SPACES – A system of small parks and recreations spaces o PRIN
should be provided, planned to meet the needs of the particular CIPLE 4- INTEGRATION OF HOUSING AND EMPLOYMENT
neighborhood. ▪ Integration of housing, employment centers and
▪ INSTITUTION SITES – Sites for the school and other institutions shopping areas, so that communities contain places to
having service spheres coinciding with the limits of the unit live, work and shop, and a full range of facilities.
should be suitably grouped about a central point, or common o PRINCIPLE 5- VITAL, DISTINCTIVE AND VARIED NEIGHBORHOODS
area. ▪ Vital, distinctive and varied neighborhoods in close
▪ LOCAL SHOPS – One or more shopping districts, adequate for proximity to the urban center.
the population to be served, should be laid out in the o PRINCIPLE 6- AVOIDANCE OF LOW DENSITY RESIDENTIAL DEV.
circumference of the unit, preferably at traffic junctions and ON THE URBAN FRINGE
adjacent to similar districts of adjoining neighborhoods. o PRINCIPLE 7- A MIX OF HOUSING TYPES AND HOUSEHOLDS W/
▪ INTERNAL STREET SYSTEM – The unit should be provided with a DIFF. INCOME LEVELS
special street system, each highway being proportioned to its ▪ A mixture of housing types that meets the needs of a
probable traffic load, and the street net as a whole being variety of households with different income levels.
designed to facilitate circulation within the unit and to
discourage its use by through traffic. User-Friendly and Efficient Circulation
• SIZE o PRINCIPLE 8- PEDESTRIAN AND BIKE FRIENDLY ENVIRONMENTS
▪ TRADITIONAL FORM ▪ Pedestrian friendly environments (pattern of
• the neighborhood is a planning unit development that supports and encourages sidewalk
• has a definite size (1/4 mile) pedestrian activity and bicycle path travel).
• when combined with others, it becomes a town. o PRINCIPLE 9- HIGH QUALITY CONVENIENT PUBLIC TRANSIT AND
• when standing free in the landscape, it becomes a TRANSPORTATION
village. ▪ High quality and convenient public transit coordinated
▪ SPRAWL with land use and development, and concentrated
• sprawl is a proximity of isolated “pods” dedicated to development along transit corridors and proximity to
single uses. transit stops.
• pods are inaccessible from each other.
• size is defined by the developers ability to acquire land. Preserve Natural, Cultural Resources and Environment
• when combined with others, it is just more sprawl.
o PRINCIPLE 10- ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES AND PARKS:
• when standing free in the landscape, it is sprawl. PRESERVED AND CONSCIOUSLY INTEGRATED INTO THE FABRIC
PLACEMAKING OF THE COMMUNITY
▪ Environmental resources, natural amenities, scenic
• Effective and Functional Physical Configuration qualities, parks, recreation and open space that are
o PRINCIPLE 1- COMPACT AND CLEAR URBAN/RURAL preserved and are consciously integrated into the fabric
DIFERENTIATION of the community.
▪ Compact development that doesn’t sprawl, enabling o PRINCIPLE 11: PRESERVED FARMLAND AND RELATED OPEN
urban and rural areas to be clearly differentiated from SPACE
one another. ▪ Preserved farmland and related open space, wildlife
o PRINCIPLE 2- STRONG URBAN CENTER habitat and environmental corridors.
▪ Urban places with a strong center, where multiple uses o PRINCIPLE 12: PRESERVATION AND INTEGRATION OF HISTORIC
and activities are clustered in fairly close proximity AND CULTURAL RESOURCES
(strong village and city centers). ▪ Historic and cultural resources consciously preserved and
o PRINCIPLE 3- CITY CENTERED REDEVELOPMENT AND INFILL integrated into contemporary settings.

23 | P a g e
Enhanced Local Identity and Sense of Place valle
ys for factories, hospitals in high hills, and cemeteries having fine
o PRINCIPLE 13: STRONG LOCAL CHARACTER, COMMUNITY vistas, smelting plants and mines be located at a distance
IDENTITY AND SENSE OF PLACE • EFFECTS OF MACHINE IN URBAN DESIGN
o PRINCIPLE 14: WELL-DESIGNED PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND PUBLIC o Don Soriay Mata - in the middle nineteenth century a Spanish
SPACES: ENLIVENED BY WORKS OF ART AND SCULPTURE businessman created the first street car and telephone system. In
▪ Well-designed public buildings and public spaces that 1882, he suggested the idea of La ciudad Lineal or the “Linear
strengthen community sense of place, often reinforced City” . The development of the city should be set along linear
and enlivened by works of art and sculpture. utility systems supplying water, communications and electricity.
Attributes to Instinctively Draw Us to Places o Peter Kropotkin- - published a book called Fields, Factories and
Workshops or industry combined with agriculture with manual
o PRINCIPLE 15: CONNECTIVITY work. He suggested the use of electricity to allow town to be built
▪ Vehicular, pedestrian and transit connectivity and ease of anywhere.
movement from one part of the community to another. o Edgar Chambles - an American architect who proposed a city with
o PRINCIPLE 16: DRAMA AND DIGNITY all vehicles running on rooftops of continuous buildings. He name
▪ Landmarks and building facades providing evidence that the concept Motopia.
it is a real place, not just superficial o Eugene Henard - proposed building on stilts, traffic circles,
o PRINCIPLE 17: VARIETY AND WHIMSY underpasses, and airplanes landing on rooftops.
▪ Expressed in architectural forms and design details. o Antonio Sant’Elia – Italian futurist architect providing a
o PRINCIPLE 18: REFLECTION OF LOCAL VALUES frightening vision during that time: an enormous metropolis
▪ Appropriate architectural styles, materials and implying either vertical horizontal circulation (use of above the
vegetation. ground pedestrian walks/connectors and vehicular roads).
o PRINCIPLE 19: MANY CHOICES AND MANY THINGS TO DO o Metabolism Group – Japanese visionary architects who proposed
▪ Not just consumerism and shopping; not just a workplace human habitat underwater; cities with unique pyramidal form.
or a bedroom community. • CONSERVATION AND PARK MOVEMENT
o George Perkin Marsh- He is a founder of modern conservation
ROOTS OF MODERN URBAN DESIGN CONCEPTS movement. He contributed to the knowledge of preservation and
park system.
• IDEOLOGY OF URBAN DESIGN- The ideology of urban design takes one of o Frederick Law Olmsted- He envisioned an urban park be located
the three: in cities to let city dwellers enjoy nature. Other designers followed
o A concern for the aesthetics of the city like Roman and Greek Olmstead like Charles Ellart. George Kessler, Kansas City Park, Jen
cities. Jensen who designed the Chicago Park.
o A concern for an idealized social environment like plazas of
• GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT
Spanish period.
o Ebenezer Howard - An English parliamentary stenographer
• PLANNED INDUSTRIAL TOWN envisioned the formation of workable, livable satellite towns
o Francis Cabot Lowell - perfected the mill operations in Watham, connected to a central city. He begun to discuss the ideal
Mass. And in 1816, a mill town was built in Harrisville, new optimum size of towns and concluded with a cluster concept: a
Hampshire. central city of 58,000 people surrounded by smaller cities “Garden
o Olive - in 1859, he designed the town to Vesnetin France which Cities” of 30,000 people separated by permanent green spaces.
was a remarkable combination of classical French landscape
• CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT
architecture and English parks. This design anticipated by half a o Daniel Burnham – made plans for San Francisco, Manila, Chicago
century the design of Garden Cities.
and other cities. His concept was a city totally designed system of
o Tony Garnier - designed an ideal industrial town where zoning
main circulation arteries, a network of parks and cluster of local
was depicted in his early plan. In his design, he allotted specific
buildings.
activities in specific places like residential be located in a plateau,
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 • MODERN TIMES • CONSIDERATI
o Eliel Saarinen - wrote “The City” he proposed the decentralization ONS
of large cities. o Urban structure – How a place is put together and how its parts
o Ludwig Hilbershanier - proposed that cities be laid in relation to relate to each other
the prevailing wind so as to prevent smokes from factories to o Urban typology, density and sustainability - spatial types and
penetrate into the cities. morphologies related to intensity of use, consumption of
o Richard Neutra – wrote “Rush City Reformed”-which depicts a resources and production and maintenance of viable communities
modern city using modern transportation system to avoid o Accessibility – Providing for ease, safety and choice when moving
congestion. to and through places
o Le Corbusier - combined modern city form with modern o Legibility and wayfinding – Helping people to find their way
technology. He showed how massive design problem could be around and understand how a place works
handled by large group of high and low buildings: in effect o Animation – Designing places to stimulate public activity
brought cubism to large scale architectural composition for o Function and fit – Shaping places to support their varied intended
planning large scale development uses
o Louis Kahn – emphasized main street circulation determines the o Complementary mixed uses – Locating activities to allow
urban form constructive interaction between them
o Kenzo Tange - emphasized circulation in urban designing which is o Character and meaning – Recognizing and valuing the differences
reflected on Tokyo plan. between one place and another
o Frank Lloyd Wright - followed Howard. He published o Order and incident – Balancing consistency and variety in the
“Broadacres” proposing every family live on an acre of land, later urban environment in the interests of appreciating both
realizing the difficulty of land supply, he proposed a super high o Continuity and change – Locating people in time and place,
skyscraper the Mile High including respect for heritage and support for contemporary
o Constantin Doxiades - invented the “Ekistics”-the science of culture
Human Settlement” . He formulated the Ekistic Grid, a system for o Civil society – Making places where people are free to encounter
recording planning data and ordering of the planning process. each other as civic equals, an important component in building
o Charles Abrams - focused on housing as one prime field of social capital
endeavor for solving urban problems contained in his book • ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN
“Man’s Struggle for Urbanizing World’. o Buildings- they shape and articulate space by forming the
o Buckminster Fuller - his “Inventory of World Resources, Human streetwalls of the city. Well designed buildings and groups of
Trends and Needs” assess the current state of world products and buildings work together to create a sense of place
productive energy suggesting how it can be turned into man’s o Public Space- Public spaces make high quality life in the city
complete advantage. He invented the “Geodesic Dome”. He was possible they form the stage and backdrop to the drama of life.
the proponent of “Satellite City”. Public spaces range from grand central plazas and squares, to
o Lewes Mumford - that the fundamental needs of the society be small, local neighbourhood parks.
the basis for the judicious use of technological power. His thinking o Streets- Streets are the connections between spaces and places,
is thneed for recognizing the physical limitation of human as well as being spaces themselves. They are defined by their
settlement physical dimension and character as well as the size, scale, and
URBAN DESIGN character of the buildings that line them.
• Urban design focuses on o Transport- Transport systems connect the parts of cities and help
o arrangement, shape them, and enable movement throughout the city.
o appearance and o Landscape- The landscape is the green part of the city that weaves
o functionality of towns and cities, throughout. The landscape helps define the character and beauty
o shaping and uses of urban public space. of a city and creates soft, contrasting spaces and elements.
• Urban Design focuses on physical improvement of the public environment DEFENSIBLE SPACES

25 | P a g e
 - operates by subdividing large portions of public spaces and assigning them - A solution to
to individuals and small groups to use and control as their own private the problem of what is the most rational use of land, suggesting ways in
areas. which the current pattern can be improved.
All Defensible Space programs have a common purpose: They restructure the PLANNING - Seeks to regulate and control the activity of an individual and even
physical layout of communities to allow residents to control the areas around their groups in such a way as to minimize the bad effects which may arise.
homes.
Can be determined on a broad level such as: a region or metropolitan area , on a
Defensible Space relies on self-help rather than on government intervention, and so narrow one such as:
it is not vulnerable to government’s withdrawal of support.
• a zone
FACTORS THAT MAKES A SPACE DEFENSIBLE • neighborhood
• city block
TERRITORIALITY – the idea that one's home is sacred • or an individual site.
NATURAL SURVEILLANCE – the link between an area's physical characteristics and JOHANN HEINRICH VON THUNEN - He was a prominent nineteenth century
the residents' ability to see what is happening economist and a native of Mecklenburg-Strelitz in northern Germany.
IMAGE – the capacity of the physical design to impart a sense of security ERNEST BURGES-He was a CanadianAmerican urban sociologist born in Tilbury,
Ontario.
MILIEU – other features that may affect security, such as proximity to a police
substation or busy commercial area CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL -This theory states that the concentric circles are based
on the amount that people will pay for the land.
“a living residential environment which can be employed by the inhabitants for the
enhancement of their lives, while providing the security for their families, neighbors
and friends” -OSCAR NEWMAN
LOCATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL USE
OSCAR NEWMAN COST -Price and rent of land fall with increased distance from the CBD.
REVENUE-Distribution of the day-time population and points of maximum transit
- a registered architect and city planner
(where people cluster together) are also important.
- Wrote the book creating defensible spaces
PROFITABILITY -To maximize profits, firms need to locate where they can benefit
SINGLE FAMILY HOUSES (THREE BASIC TYPES) LOCATION -Downside being that a preexistence of excellence in location is
invariably associated with high cost of land acquisition.
DETACHED HOUSES - building sits by itself, not touching any other building ALFRED WEBER (30 July 1868 – 2 May 1958) -German economist, geographer,
sociologist and theoretician of Culture whose work was influential in the
SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES - the semidetached building has two single-family units development of modern economic geography.
sharing a common wall NEW TOWN MOVEMENT
ROW HOUSES (row houses are also called townhouses) -has a few single-family - The idea of new town was based upon the garden city concept of ebenezer
units sharing common walls with other units, one on each side. howard
- The principle was that they would become self contained communities
WALK-UPS- can be built at a density of 30 to 40 units per acre if they are 3 stories in
combining the convenience of town life with the advantages of the
height, and at a density of 20 to 30 units to the acre if they are only 2 stories in
country.
height.
SIR EBENEZER HOWARD (29 January 1850- May 1 1928)
LOCATION THEORY

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 - was a prominent British urban planner, conceived of the new town as • -The
offering a desirable alternative to both rural life and (especially) life in an clustering of residential land uses providing public and common open
enormous, crowded city such as London. space
• -Increased administrative discretion to a local professional planning staff
MOBILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY while setting aside present land use regulations and rigid plat approval
• self contained communities combining the convenience of town life with processes
the advantages of the country.
PLANNED RESIDENTIAL UNIT DEVELOPMENT (PRUD)
• Local industry, shops, housing and cultural facilities would be provided to -A PRUD known as Planned Residential Unit Development is a variant form of PUD
meet the needs of the local inhabitants
where common areas are owned by the individual homeowners and not a home
• At the heart of each neighbourhood, was a neighbourhood centre with a
owners association or other entity.
church, parade of shops, primary school, community centre and a pub.
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
• Public transport links the centre of the metropolitan area to the periphery
via rapid transit, metro and motorways. • Houses in PUDs often include access to a large shared open space
surrounding the house as well as a smaller private yard.
EARLY NEW TOWNS • These large protected open spaces are created by the layout of the
• Letchworth, Hertfordshire (founded in 1903 through the Garden city buildings and are intended for use by all residents of the developments.
movement) Welwyn Garden City (founded in 1920 through the Garden city • Street patterns are one of the most important elements in establishing the
movement) and Hatfield, both in Hertfordshire neighborhood character of a residential community.
• Most non-PUD development focuses on obtaining maximum frontage for
MILTON KEYNES lot sizes and maximum flow of traffic on all streets.
• Largest new town development under the New Towns Act OF 1946 The • It is in the ability to design each of these components simultaneously that
Development led an ambitious Public art program. Planned the major road makes PUDs unique and effective.
layout according to street hierarchy principles, using a grid pattern of • Each of the elements work together to enhance the whole.
approximately 1 km interval, rather than on the more conventional radial
pattern found in older settlements.
DECLINE OF THE MOVEMENT
• Low-density developments, has left public-transport networks
unsustainable, leading to increased car use, which in turn highlights failings
in town designs. The green, open spaces, once seen as reflecting a semi-
rural idyll, also ironically lead to feelings of insecurity, with people feeling
that footpaths and so on are unsafe for pedestrians.
PLANNED UNIT DEVELOPMENT (PUD) -BOTH A TYPE OF BUILDING DEVELOPMENT
AS WELL AS A REGULATORY PROCESS.
Designed grouping of varied and compatible land uses such as housing, recreation,
commercial centers, and industrial parks, all within one contained development or
subdivision.
-Means of land regulation which promotes large scale, unified land development by
means of mid-range, realistic programs in chase of physically-curable, social and
economic deficiencies in land and cityscapes.
THIS DEVELOPMENT CONTROL PROMOTES:
• A mixture of both land uses and dwelling types with at least one of the
land uses being regional in nature
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 b. RA 8749
c. RA 7586
d. RA 9275
8 This development option is needed in order to address the dependence of
MOCK EXAM communities on forest resources
a. Community based forest management
1 The act of defining the allocation, utilization, and development and management b. Agricultural
of lands within a given territory of jurisdiction according to the inherent qualities of c. Tourism
land itself and supportive of sustainable, economic, demographic, socio cultural, d. Costal areas
and environmental objectives.
9 This urban stereotype is characterized by a dominant core surrounded by
a. Site planning secondary centers distributed along main radials
b. Land Use planning
c. Urban planning a. Dispersed sheet
d. Master planning b. Galaxy of settlements
c. Urban star
2 A comprehensive data base describing the geographical, biological, and socio- d. Core city
economic environment and their relationship in a geographical unit.
10 In this urban stereotype, development is packed into one continuous body
a. Comprehensive plan
b. Master plan a. Dispersed sheet
c. Site development plan b. Galaxy of settlements
d. Area ecological profile c. Urban star
d. Core city
3 The map that serves as a working map and provides the standard configuration of
planning units for the preparation of thematic maps. Shows such features as 11 The development option chosen by cities and municipalities with natural
political boundaries, main river streams, main road system, and other important attractions
topographic features. a. Agricultural
a. Derived map b. Industrialization
b. Base map c. Tourism
c. General map d. Commercial
d. Thematic map 12 A land supply management strategy that involves producing new urban land by
4 In the four policy areas of the CLUP, urban town centers are considered part of filling or draining portions of waterfront areas
protected areas a. Infilling
a. Settlement areas b. Urban renewal/development
b. Infrastructure areas c. Densification
c. Production areas d. Reclamation
d. Entertainment areas 13 A land supply management strategy that involves increasing density of buildings
5 The Philippine ecological solid waste management act (PESWMA) of 2000 per land surface area as indicated by the floor-area ratio (FAR)
a. RA 9003 a. Infilling
b. RA 8749 b. Urban redevelopment
c. RA 7586 c. Densification
d. RA 9275 d. Agricultural land conversion
6 In the four policy areas of the CLUP, croplands are considered part of 14 The long-term guide for the physical development of the local areas, the
framework for the management and co-management of the local territory.
a. Protected areas
b. Settlement areas a. ELA
c. Infrastructure areas b. CLUP
d. Production areas c. CDP
d. CLPD
7 The national integrated protected areas system (NIPAS) act of 1992
a. RA 9003
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15 A polynuceated metropolitan area that includes a number of identifiable a. Landmark
municipalities that have merged. b. District
a. Conurbation c. Edges
b. Urban sprawl d. Path
c. Segregation 23 Component of the urban form that connect spaces and places. They are defined
d. Decentralization by their physical dimension and character as well as the size and scale of the
16 An urban design concept that refers to the need to maintain a balance between building that line along them
new development and the existing natural or man-made environment a. Street
a. Design fit b. Transportation
b. Design philosophy c. Landscape
c. Design concept d. Public open spaces
d. Design problem 24 Component of the urban form considered the green part of the city comprising
17 Street classified a CARDO or the north-south orientation and DECUMANOS or park, trees, plants, etc
the east-west street orientation a. Street
a. Roman street layout b. Transportation
b. Greek street layout c. Landscape
c. Egyptian street layout d. Public open spaces
d. West asia street layout 25 Element of urban aesthetics which may be man-made or natural. It is the focal
18 Which of the following is not an element of legibility in Kevin Lynch Image of the point or terminus that is strongly emphasized and is framed and balanced by minor
City? element forming masses to enclose it.
a. Nodes and landmarks a. Vista
b. Edges and paths b. Landmark
c. Districts c. Edge
d. City capital d. District
19 Element if urban form which are considered channels where observer 26 A development concept focusing on land regulation which promote large scale
customarily, occasionally or potentially moves. unified land development by means of mid-range, realistic program in case of
physically curable social and economic deficiencies in land and cityscapes
a. Landmark
b. District a. Planned unit development
c. Edges b. Urban renewal
d. Path c. Gentrification
d. On-site improvement
20 Are medium to large sections of the city, conceived of as having two dimensional
extent, which the observer mentally enters the “inside of” and which are 27 Urban development concept which is typically involved destruction of
recognizable as having some common identifying character. businesses, relocation of people use of eminent domain and renewal of residential
slums
a. Landmark
b. District a. Planned unit development
c. Edges b. Urban renewal
d. Path c. Gentrification
d. On-site improvement
21 Are points, strategic spots in the city into which the observer can enter, which
are the intensive foci to and from which he is travelling 28 A spatial concept consisting of a small residential area, considerable social
interaction between neighbors and some degree of homogeneity.
a. Landmark
b. District a. Neighborhood concept
c. Edges b. City concept
d. Path c. Regional concept
d. Metropolitan concept
22 These are point of references but in this case, the observer does not enter within
them, They are simply defined physical objects, buildings, stone and mountains

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29 The art of arranging structures on the land and shaping the spaces in between. d. Ordinance
An art linked to architecture, landscape architecture, and engineering and city 36 Which of the following is not needed for classification of soil in the site planning
planning. Site plans locate objects and activities in space and time. and landscape architecture?
a. Urban planning a. As a requirement for plant habitat
b. Landscape architecture b. Absorption for playing field, street and parking
c. Site planning c. Material for sculptural work
d. Community planning d. Recreation, dwelling, ponds and reservoir absorption of soil
30 It is an art and science of designing the outdoor space for biological and 37 Which of the following is not an information on hydrology?
psychological well-being of man. The outdoor space design is basically inspired by
the beauty of nature and supported by the science of engineering. a. Aquifer
b. Marshes
a. Urban planning c. Swampland
b. Landscape architecture d. Fish pond
c. Site planning
d. Community planning 38 Which of the following is not an information on traffic?
31 The public document showing information such as ownership of the land, a. Origin-destination
location, needed to start the activity of site planning b. Volume of traffic and people
c. Purpose of travel
a. Transfer certificate title d. Number of traffic enforcers
b. Deed of sale
c. Certificate of lease 39 Which of the following is not covered by zoning?
d. Real state certificate a. Height and bulk of buildings
32 Formulated as early as the first stage of the planning process and up to the b. Land use activities
analysis stage containing the vague, generalized statements on what to achieve at c. Setback
the end of the planning process. d. Building budget
a. Goal 40 Pertains to the information about age, gender, socio-economic status, income.
b. Objective a. Demographic profile
c. User program b. Land use
d. Site inventory c. Zoning
33 Formulated as early as the first stage of the planning process and up to the d. Vista
analysis stage containing doable, specific, achievable, prioritized activities on what 41 Reshaping of the ground of the site to achieve more suitable topography for
to achieve at the end of the process buildings, facilities, and other land uses; helps to control surface runoff, soil erosion,
a. Goal sedimentation during and after construction.
b. Objective a. Landscaping
c. User program b. Surveying
d. Site inventory c. Grading
34 A cultural information which is considered as a legal tool in implementing city d. Staking
plans 42 The type of grading done in golf courses
a. Zoning a. Geomorphic
b. Land use b. Naturalistic
c. Subdivision regulation c. Natural
d. Ordinance d. Architectonic
35 A legal tool which contains and regulates the development of real estates by 43 The shape of ground forming part of the architectural design of a structure
requiring developers to meet specific requirements and design standards that are a. Geomorphic
established so a plot can be recorded and lots be sold. b. Naturalistic
a. Zoning c. Natural
b. Land use d. Architectonic
c. Subdivision regulation 44 Explain gentrification.
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 a. Process of invasion wherein the rich and those who can afford occupy 51 Describe the
substandard housing or industrial environment characteristic of the ancient Greek cities
b. A social economic change within an area focusing on poor population a. The layout of the street was straight with intersections at more or less 90
move into standard housing or industrial neighborhood degrees known as Hippodamian layout
c. People and activities concentrate in one area b. The layout of streets was radial since all major streets were radiating
d. Grouping of people with the same economic status, ethnicity, economic towards the center which is the Agora
activities c. The layout of the street was curvillinear since Greece is mountanious,
45 Which of the following is not a description of garden city concept? street followed the contour of the terrain
a. Compact development with greenbelt encircling it d. The streets were linear becaues of Greek coastal towns
b. 58,000 population for the main city and 30,000 for the satellite cities 52 Describe the behavious of people having ‘sense of place’ in urban design
c. Self-sustained community where ever citizen is given one acre of land for a. Allows people to orient themselves to a unique area
agriculture b. Helps people to identify with other people
d. A green community where the primary industry is vegetable and cut-flower c. Helps people to establish friendship with the place
industry hence got its name d. Separates people from place
46 Determine, from the following statements, the characteristic which is not a 53 In the study of kevin lynch, the image of the city (1960), he used the LEGIBILITY
description of the British new town movement? as is a a term used to describe
a. Inspired by the garden city concept of Howard a. The ease with which people can understand the layout of a place
b. Planned town with houses, employment, shopping, recreation, workplace, b. The economic status of people as consideration for their position of space
and other facilities c. The political status of people as a consideration for their position of space
c. Neoclassical styles of civic buildings aligned the boulevard d. Ecological condition of the space as occupancy determinant for people
d. Neighborhood concept
54 Which of the following is not a description of variety as an element for the
47 Which of the following does not fit the description of a Planned Unit responsive environment?
Development
a. Mixed-use shopping, housing, business, commercial area
a. Comprehensive planning as whole b. Compatible activities and services
b. Compact, clustering of structures to preserve usable open spaces c. Human experieneces present in a given space
c. Mixture of housing types and residential units d. People and activities are segregated according to certain criteria and
d. Segregation of residential znoes according to income, commercial areas, standard
and open spaces at periphery
55 Describe the idea of Ian Bentley in ‘Responsive Environment’
48 Which of the following is not a description of city beautiful movement of the
Columbian exposition? a. The greater the number of alternative routes through an environment, the
greater the people’s freedom of movement and therefore the greater the
a. Buildings of neo-classical style along major routes responsiveness of the place
b. Presence of mixed use structures in neo-classical style b. The cheaper the transport fare, the greater the people’s freedom of
c. Presence of landscaped boulevards and plazas and parks movement and therefore the greater the responsiveness of the place
d. With water features and grand public spaces c. The more private cars, the greater the people’s freedom of movement and
49 The science of human settlement developed by constantinos doxiades, a greek therefore the greater the responsiveness of the place
architect and planner. This study emphasizes d. The more traffic enforces, the greater the people’s fre freedom of
a. The importance in which human beings function in all of their movement and therefore the greater the responsiveness of the place
environments to enable better planning to take place 56 Describe the most economical way of site grading is
b. The relationship of human beings or the biotic to the abiotic environment a. The cut is more than the fill
c. The relationship of human beings to their social environment b. The cut is more or less equal to the fill
d. The relationship of human beings to the economic environment c. The fill is more than the cut
50 Which of the following is not included in the Growth theory? d. No cut so that there is no fill
a. Generalization from studies of urban geography concering location theory 57 Explain the underlying principle in providing easement or the public spaces
b. City growth besides natural bodies
c. Land use patterns within cities and regions a. The community enjoys the benefit of the natural resource
d. Decline of cities

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 b. The barangay, city or municipality can use the easement for LGU projects d. To enhance
like barangay hall the concept of neighborliness, a strong emhpasis on the community
c. The community can use the space for extension of their domestic activites 65 Who among the following did not share the new communities movement to
like laundry urban design?
d. The space, since it is public, can be used for housing for the informal
settlers a. Metabolism group
b. Louis mumford
58 What will the urban designer specify the width of each sidewalk if the RROW is c. Clarence stein
10 meters or less? d. Henry wright
a. 1.50 m 66 Who among the following urban designers/landscape architects was not an
b. 2.00 m advovate of conservationist and park movement?
c. 1.20 m
d. 2.50 m a. George perkin march
b. Frederick law olmstead
59 In estimating the width of the planting strip for a street, the urban design must c. Daniel burnham
consider the requirements of the National building code that the width of the d. Soria y mata
planting strip is based on
67 What is common characteristic of these cities accd’g to functions: Mecca,
a. width of the carriageway vatican, jerusalem, medina?
b. width of the road right of way
c. species of the planting material a. Entertainment cities
d. volume of vehicles b. Production centers
c. Pilgrim cities
60 Describe a walkalble street? d. Production centers
a. Has active store front 68 Categorize the following factors: BP 220, PD957, R-1, R-2, NBC
b. Has 24 hour activity
c. Has weather protection and consideration a. Cultural factors
d. Has principal arterial road b. Aesthetic factors
c. Natural factors
61 Examine the grid layout of street applied by Hippodamus in Greece d. Environmental factors
a. The street layout did not consider the wind and sun orientation 69 In analyzing slope, the formula is
b. The street layout did not consider the terrain which resulted to streets
with steps a. Slope is the vertical distance divided by horiontal distance multiplied by
c. The street layout did not consider the cost of construction one hundred percent
d. The street layout did not consider the users of the area b. Slope is the horizontal distance divided by vertical distance multiplied by
one hundred percent
62 Compare mecca, medina, and medieval cities. All these represents c. Slope is the interval divided by one hundred percent multiplied by the
a. Linear layout of cities horizontal distance
b. Star shape layout of cities d. Slope is the run over rise multiplied by one hundred percent
c. Radiocentric layout of cities 70 Break down the process of coming up with a slope map
d. Constellation
a. Using contour map, compute slope using S=V/h x 100%
63 Select, from the statements below, the types of street layout/that does not fit b. Using the base map, compute the slope using S-V/h x 100%
the description during the medieval times? c. Using the ridge map, compute the slope using S-V/h x 100%
a. Radiating outside the center which was composed of the castle and d. Elevation map, compute slope usng S-V/h x 100%
cathedrals 71 Categorize the following: golf courses, chinese and japanese gardens are fine
b. Meandering confuse the enemies examples of what type of grading?
c. Grid layout for ease access of citizens form one place to another
d. Heavily vegetated a. Architectonic
b. Natural
64 Which of the following contradicts the principle of New Urbanism of 1993? c. Naturalistic
a. To create compact, mixed-use development d. Geomorphic
b. To promote walkable, transit-oriented developments in local communities
c. To promote the cycle of urban sprawl
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72 Which of the following imposed plaza as an important public space in the early c. Use loop
planning of cities in the Philippines? layout
a. Laws of garden cities d. Use grid layout
b. Laws of city beautiful movement 81 How will an urban design plan a street following the principle of less cross
c. Laws of park movement intersections
d. Laws of indies a. Incoroprate turn about in the street layout
73 Which of the following is not an activity in a plaza? b. Use cul-de-sac
a. Socializing c. Use loop layout
b. People watching d. Use grid layout
c. Viewing the world as time passes by 82 According to the NBC, what will be the distance of entry and exits of sites for
d. Playing basketball shopping centers located at major intersections?
74 Which of the following is not a description of a plaza? a. 50 m from intersection
a. More hardscaping than softscaping b. 100 m from intersection
b. More softscaping than hardscaping c. 50 ft from intersection
c. Street as boundaries/enclosures d. 100 ft from intersection
d. Buildings as boundaries/enclosures 83 Specify parking lot dimension for PWD according to BP 344
75 Determine below the statement that fits the description of parks and gardens a. 3.70m x 5.00m
a. Living room of the city b. 3.75m x 6.00m
b. Lungs of the city c. 2.50m x 5.00m
c. Production center of the city d. 2.50m x 6.00m
d. Disposal center of the city 84 Present the most effective location for the parking slot for the PWD?
76 Determine below the statement fits the description of plaza a. Parking slot should be near the security guard
a. Living room of the city b. Parking slot should be near the building entrances
b. Lungs of the city c. Parking slot should be near the site gates
c. Production center of the city d. Parking slot should be near the back door
d. Disposal center of the city 85 Specify the parking lot dimension for jeepney and shuttle
77 An urban designer plans an interesting street if the layout is a. 3.70m x 5.00m
a. Straight at 90 degrees intersection b. 3.90m x 9.00m
b. Meandering c. 3.0m x 9.00m
c. Zigzag d. 3.60m x 12.00m
d. Slightly curved 86 One approach in lessening the island heat effct in urban areas is
78 In making the streets efficient, plan the street with the minimum angle at a. green roof, green wall
a. 10 b. use of solar panel
b. 60 c. use of rainwater harvesting approach
c. 20 d. recycling, reuse and reduce
d. 0 87 The principle of aesthetics applied to landscape architecture where the
79 To prevent blind spots that resulted to accidents, site planner should shape site landscaping materials and elements sizes are related according to human body
with a. symmetry
a. setback b. repetition
b. chaflan c. scale
c. easement d. proportion
d. variance 88 The principe of aesthetics applied to landscape architecture where landscape
80 How will an urban design plan a street following the principle of no dead ends? materials and elements are specified in moderation
a. Incorporate turn about in the street layout a. symmetry
b. Use cul-de-sac b. variety

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 c. simplicity c. Hedge
d. balance d. Lawn
89 Landscape component involving the provision of facilities to adequately remove 97 Specify the planting material for carpet bedding
surface and sub-surface water a. Calachuchi
a. waterscape b. Sampaguita
b. landscape c. Boungainvilla
c. drainage d. Purple heart
d. irrigation 98 Specifiy shade tree for park
90 Landscape component involving the provision of facilites necessary to water all a. Aratilis
planned areas b. Coconut
a. waterscape c. Banana
b. landcape d. Mahogany
c. drainage 99 What will you specify as garden type for outdoor sports like croquet, football..
d. irrigation etc
91 Which of the following is not part of the hardscape in landscape architecture? a. Lawn
a. Fences b. Carpet bedding
b. Gates c. Meadow
c. Driveways d. Parterre
d. Benches 100 What will you specify for soil stabilization as a protective cover placed over the
92 Specify plant species is good for hedges soil, to retain moisturem reduce erosiom, supress weed growth.. etc
a. Narra a. Mulch
b. Santan b. Sandbag
c. Carabao grass c. Retaining wall
d. Acacia d. Piling
93 Specify plant species for an aroma therapy garden
a. Sampaguita
b. Santan
c. Gumamela
d. Calachuchi
94 What will you specify as, hardscape element, a structure to define outdoor living
activity?
a. Grotto
b. Lawn
c. Pergola
d. Meadow
95 Specify a garden element which uses plant material as medium for sculpural
work
a. Toplary
b. Grotto
c. Hedge
d. Carpet bedding
96 Specify a garden element as a bed or cover the ground and place the logo of the
company using the plant material
a. Carpet bedding
b. Maze

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 ANSWER KEY

1. B. 31. A 61. C 91. D

2. A. 32. A 62. C 92. B
3. D 33. B 63. D 93. A
4. A 34. A 64. C 94. C
5. A 35. C 65. D 95. C
6. D 36. C 66. D 96. A
7. C 37. D 67. C 97. D
8. A 38. D 68. A 98. D
9. C 39. C 69. A 99. A
10. D 40. A 70. A 100. A
11. C 41. C 71. C
12. D 42. B 72. B
13. C 43. A 73. D
14. B 44. A 74. B
15. B 45. D 75. B
16. A 46. C 76. A
17. A 47. C 77. D
18. D 48. B 78. B
19. D 49. A 79. B
20. B 50. D 80. B
21. C 51. A 81. A
22. A 52. B 82. B
23. A 53. A 83. A
24. C 54. D 84. B
25. A 55. A 85. C
26. A 56. B 86. A
27. B 57. A 87. C
28. A 58. C 88. C
29. C 59. B 89. C
30. B 60. D 90. D

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