Extra Problems Grade 6

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TO BUILD A HOUSE
Here on this plot
Our house will rise
Against the hill
Beneath blue skies
Ruler and tape

Measure the size
Of windows and cupboards
The floors inside
We add, subtract,
Multiply, divide
To build closets and stairs
The porch outside
Without numbers and measure

Would our house ever rise
Against the hill
Beneath blue skies?
Lillian M. Fisher
In this chapter you will:

Explore one trillion
Use exponents to understand place value
Compare and order decimals
Compute with whole numbers and decimals
Write and evaluate expressions
Solve problems by writing and solving
an equation
Critical Thinking/Finding Together

Find Robert’s house number if it is the
seventh number in this sequence: 4119
4008 4037 3926 Chapter 1 33
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1-1 Place Value

The digits and the position of each digit in a
number determine the value of a number.
To read the number 7,800,000,000,000, A set of three digits

you need to know the place of each digit. separated by a comma
The place-value chart below will help you. is called a period.
Trillions Billions Millions Thousands Ones

The 7 is in the Period Period Period Period Period
trillions place. Its ten reds
ten reds
ten reds
ten reds
ten reds
value is 7 trillions, or
7,000,000,000,000.
es
es
es
es
es
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
s
s
on
on
on
on
on
hu
hu
hu
hu
hu
Place
The 8 is in the
hundred billions 7,8 0 0, 0 0 0,0 0 0, 0 0 0
place. Its value is 8
hundred billions, or
800,000,000,000. Standard Form: 7,800,000,000,000
Word Name: seven trillion, eight hundred billion
Short Word Name: 7 trillion, 800 billion
To read a decimal, read the numbers and say

the place of the last digit to the right.
th dre ths
s
s
hs
th
th
hs
ten reds
nd
mi and
ten and
th redt
ou d
nt
sa
hu s
s
s
llio
nd
nd
th
es
ou
ou
s
n
ten
hu
on
hu
th
Word Name
0 0 0 0 4 four ten thousandths
0 0 6 0 5 4 six thousand fifty-four hundred thousandths
4 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 forty and two hundred one millionths
The decimal point is read as “and.”
Standard
Word Name Short Word Name
Form
0.0004 four ten thousandths 4 ten thousandths
0.06054 six thousand fifty-four 6054 hundred thousandths
hundred thousandths
40.000201 forty and two hundred one millionths 40 and 201 millionths
34 Chapter 1
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Write the place of the underlined digit. Then write its value.
1. 131,241,920,057 2. 670,901,230,001,400 3. 80,270,310,000
4. 0.4297 5. 0.81523 6. 7.014325
7. 16.1876 8. 17.92743 9. 0.197608
Use the number 64,310,420,069,346.789125. Name the digit in the given place.
10. millions 11. ten trillions 12. hundred billions
13. trillions 14. millionths 15. hundredths
16. tenths 17. ten thousandths 18. hundred thousandths
Write the word name for each number.

19. 201,000,006,400 20. 20,030,010,000 21. 6,000,121,000,015
22. 0.004 23. 8.0408 24. 0.00062
25. 0.000079 26. 5.042019 27. 1.568970
Write each number in standard form.

28. thirteen million, five thousand 29. three hundred eight billion
30. one hundred twelve trillion 31. ninety-one billion, fifty
32. eleven millionths 33. two thousand ten hundred thousandths
34. 750 trillion 35. 42 ten thousandths
Ellen wrote three statements about the decimals in the

16.07965
box. Tell whether each of her statements is true for 123.00938
(a) all of the numbers, (b) some of the numbers, or 3.789340
(c) none of the numbers. Explain your thinking.
36. My millionth digit is 5.
37. My thousandths digit is 9.
38. My ten thousandths digit is 3 more than my
millionths digit and the same as my ones digit.
39. What is another name for a thousand million?

For a million million?
Chapter 1 35
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1-2 Expanded Form

A number expressed in expanded form shows the sum of
the products of each digit and its place value.
To express a number in expanded form, multiply each digit

by its value. Then express the products as a sum.
Trillions Billions Millions Thousands Ones

Period Period Period Period Period
ten reds
ten reds
ten reds
ten reds
ten reds
es
es
es
es
es
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
s
s
on
on
on
on
on
hu
hu
hu
hu
hu
3 has a value of
three trillion or
3 ,0 0 7,0 0 0, 0 9 1, 8 0 6 (3 1,000,000,000,000).
Standard Form 3,007,000,091,806

You can write expanded form in two ways.
Expanded Form Places that hold a zero may be omitted
in expanded form.
(3 1,000,000,000,000) (7 1,000,000,000) (9 10,000) (1 1000)
(8 100) (6 1)
or
3,000,000,000,000 7,000,000,000 90,000 1,000 800 6
Decimal numbers can also be written in expanded form. For decimals,

the digits are multiplied by 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, and so on.
th ndre hs
s
s
hs
th
th
hs
hu and
nd
nd
ds
dt
ou d
nt
e
re
sa
sa
s
dr
llio
th
nd
ou
ou
s
n
e
ten
ten
ten
hu
mi
hu
on
th
th
6 0 5 4 0 0 2 8
Standard Form Expanded Form

60.540028 (6 10) (5 0.1) (4 0.01) (2 0.00001) (8 0.000001)
or
60 0.5 0.04 0.00002 0.000008
36 Chapter 1
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Complete each expanded form.

1. 38,500,000,700,000 (3 ? ) (8 ? ) (5 ? ) (7 ? )
2. 4.0008 ( ? 1) ( ? 0.0001) 3. 0.000009 ( ? 0.000001)
Write each expanded form in two ways.

4. 5,042,102 5. 201,407,090,000 6. 15,000,087,000
7. 0.045678 8. 3.050904 9. 78.5009
Write each expanded form in standard form.

10. (9 10,000,000,000,000) (3 100,000) (4 100)
11. (4 1,000,000,000,000) (5 10,000) (2 1000) (9 1)
12. 4 0.1 0.07 0.000009 13. 20 0.008 0.0001 0.00005
Write each number in standard form and in expanded form.

14. 95 trillion, 700 million 15. 8 trillion, twelve million, five
16. 13 billion, 7 hundred 17. 14 hundred thousandths
18. 80 and 13 ten thousandths 19. 907 millionths
Solve each problem.

20. In 2005, the population of the 21. In 2005, the population of the world
United States was approximately was approximately six billion, four
294,000,000. How is this number hundred forty million. How is this
written in expanded form? number written in standard form?
Choose the letter corresponding to the correct answer.

22. Which is 5.035 written 23. What is (4 0.01) (9 0.0001)
in expanded form? in standard form?
A 5035 F 0.0409
B (5 1) (3 0.1) (5 0.01) G 0.4009
C (5 1) (3 0.1) (5 0.001) H 0.490
D (5 1) (3 0.01) (5 0.001) J 4.0009
Chapter 1 37
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1-3 Place Value and Exponents

exponent
Another way to write 100 is 10 10, or 102. 102
base
An exponent tells how many times to use
the base as a factor.
102 10 10 103 10 10 10
2
Read 10 as “ten to the second power” Read 103 as “ten to the third power”
or “ten squared.” or “ten cubed.”
Positive powers of 10 are used to show whole number place value.
105 10 10 10 10 10 100,000
In positive powers of ten, the
104 10 10 10 10 10,000 exponent indicates the number
103 10 10 10 1,000 of zeros in the product.
102 10 10 100
101 10 1 10 Any number raised to the first power equals that number.
100 1 Any nonzero number raised to the zero power is equal to 1.
Negative powers of 10 are used In negative powers of ten, the exponent

to show decimal place value. indicates the number of decimal places.
101 0.1
Read 101 as “ten to the negative first power.”
102 0.01
103 0.001
s
hs
th
s
s
nd
nd
dt
d
re
re
sa
sa
You can write numbers in standard form

s
nd
th
nd
es
ou
ou
s
ten
in expanded form using exponents.

ten
hu
on
hu
th
th
103 102 101 100 10–1 10–2 10–3

Standard Form Expanded Form 8 0 4 0 6 7
804.067 (8 102) (4 100) (6 102) (7 103)
or
(8 100) (4 1) (6 0.01) (7 0.001)
38 Chapter 1
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Write each power of ten in standard form.

1. 108 2. 102 3. 102 4. 104
5. 101 6. 103 7. 100 8. 107
Write each as a power of ten.

9. 10 10 10 10. 10 10 10 10 10 11. 10
12. 0.0001 13. 0.1 14. 0.001
Write each number in expanded form using exponents.

15. 1005 16. 218 17. 52,905 18. 840,500
(1 103) (5 100)
19. 2.0006 20. 9.107 21. 77.04 22. 7.0034
Write each in standard form.

23. (5 107) (8 103) (3 101) 24. (1 106) (6 103) (2 100)
25. (6 102) (8 102) (2 104) 26. (9 102) (9 100) (9 102)
27. Evaluate 101, 102, 103, and 104. Find 28. The distance around Earth’s equator
the pattern in the products and predict is approximately 24,900 miles. How
what 109 would be. Explain how you is this number written in expanded
found your answer. form using powers of 10?
29. Erica has 103 stamps in her collection 30. The distance from the planet Pluto
and Jacob has 104 9000 stamps in to the sun is approximately
his collection. Who has more? Explain. 3,660,000,000 miles. How is this
number written in expanded form?
Use the place-value chart at the right.

th re ths
s
s
hs
th
ten ndth
hs
hu and
nd
dt
31. Copy and complete the place-value

ou d
nt
re
sa
a
s
s
us
chart to the right. Explain the pattern

llio
th
nd
nd
es
ou
o
ten
on
hu
mi
th
you find as you fill in the bases and the

th
exponents from left to right. 100 10–1 10–2 10–3

32. Write each in expanded form using exponents.
a. 3 millionths b. 6 hundredths
c. 9 thousandths d. 4 hundred thousandths
Chapter 1 39
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1-4 Compare and Order Decimals

You can compare decimals the same way you compare whole numbers.
Start at the left and compare the digits in the same places.
0.834 ? 0.8342 0.8340 ? 0.8342 Remember: You can add a zero

to the right of a decimal without
same 02 changing its value. 0.834 0.8340
0.834 0.8342
Check using a number line.

0.834 0.8342
Since 0.834 is to the left of 0.8342

on the number line, 0.834 0.8342.
0.
0. 35
0. 36
0. 37
0. 38
0. 39
0. 40
0. 41
0. 42
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
43
Order these decimals from greatest to least:

0.1285, 1.6993, 0.0668, 0.0914.
Use place value to compare and order decimals.

Line up the decimal points.
Compare the digits in each place, starting with the greatest place.
0.1285 0.1285 0.0668

1.6993 0.0668 0.0914
0.0668 0.0914
0.0914
1 0 0 0 and 1 0 6 9
1.6993 is greatest. 0.1285 is next greatest. 0.0668 is least.
1.6993 0.1285 0.0914 0.0668

In order from greatest to least, the decimals are:
1.6993, 0.1285, 0.0914, 0.0668.
From least to greatest, the decimals are:

0.0668, 0.0914, 0.1285, 1.6993.
40 Chapter 1 1.1
1.1
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Compare. Write ,, 5, or ..
1. 0.46 ? 0.39 2. 0.709 ? 0.921 3. 0.06 ? 0.60
4. 9.8 ? 9.80 5. 0.509 ? 0.510 6. 0.623 ? 0.627
7. 0.4286 ? 0.4190 8. 0.5691 ? 0.5690 9. 0.53 ? 0.536
10. 0.8 ? 0.78 11. 7.610 ? 7.61 12. 7.3 ? 7.301
13. 2.34 ? 2.3513 14. 91.42 ? 90.425 15. 0.059 ? 0.59
Write in order from greatest to least.

16. 0.75, 0.39, 0.2, 0.35 17. 0.484, 0.495, 0.523, 0.54
18. 8.63, 8.6, 8.65, 7.99 19. 9.21, 9.0, 9.2, 9.06
20. 0.5478, 0.546, 0.5462, 0.5593 21. 8.134, 8.215, 8.2152, 8.2052
Write in order from least to greatest.

22. 2.7054, 0.9832, 1.2396, 0.9276 23. 2.7993, 0.0803, 0.0779, 0.2396
24. 0.1211, 0.12, 0.121, 0.0911 25. 0.052387, 0.52386, 0.05023, 0.0523
Order the decimals in each table from greatest to least.

26. 27.
Masses of Five Objects
Batting Averages (kilograms)
Ira 0.278 A 0.206
Henry 0.302 B 2.7564
Sam 0.099 C 0.2
Steve 1.000 D 0.8384
Mario 0.525 E 2.76
Solve. Use mental math or paper and pencil.

28. I am a decimal. I am more than 2 tenths greater than
0.029. I am between 0.2 and 0.3. What number am I?
Chapter 1 41
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Update your skills. See page 2.
1-5 Round Whole Numbers and Decimals

The rules for rounding are the same for whole
numbers and decimals:
• Find the place you are rounding to.
• Look at the digit to its right. If the digit
is less than 5, round down. If the digit
is 5 or greater, round up.
Remember: Nearest cent

Round $0.2274 to the nearest cent. means the hundredths place.
$0.2274 75 1 cent $0.01
$0.23 Round up to $0.23. For decimals, drop all digits to

the right of the place you are rounding to.
$0.2274 rounded to the nearest cent is $0.23.
Round 0.362834 to the nearest ten thousandths place.

0.362834 35
0.3638 Round down to 0.3638. Drop all the digits to the right.
Think
Round 3,181,914,536,112 to its greatest place. The greatest place
is the trillions.
3,181,914,536,112 15
3,000,000,000,000 Round down to 3,000,000,000,000. For whole
numbers, replace each digit to the right of the place
you are rounding to with a zero.
Think
Round 0.96771 to its greatest place. The greatest place
0.96771 65 is the tenths.
1.0 Round up to 1.0.
When you round a 9 up,

it becomes a 10.
You must regroup.
42 Chapter 1
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Round to the nearest cent.

1. $4.368 2. $5.472 3. $35.476 4. $12.525
5. $.463 6. $.085 7. $1.5971 8. $99.9943
Round each number to the underlined place.

9. 94,329 10. 17,721 11. 0.19716 12. 3.14159
13. 2.71828 14. 100.5003 15. 99.59 16. 0.66666
Round each number in the table to its greatest place.
17. Ocean Average Depth (feet) 18. Continent Area in Square Miles
Pacific 12,925 Europe 3,800,000
Atlantic 11,730 Asia 17,200,000
Indian 12,598 Africa 11,700,000
Arctic 3,407 Australia 3,071,000
Round each number to the greatest nonzero place.

19. 2.814 20. 0.69 21. 0.073 22. 0.0394
23. 68.347 24. 44.8243 25. 0.008432 26. 0.00473
Place a decimal point in each numeral so that the sentence

seems reasonable. Then round the decimal to the nearest tenth.
27. Conrad rode his racing bicycle 28. Maria’s science test grades
1575 miles in an hour. averaged 8945 for the month.
29. A meter is approximately 39.37 30. Gasoline is priced at $2.499 per

inches long. To the nearest inch, gallon. What is the price per gallon
how long is one meter? rounded to the nearest cent?
31. The weight of a bag of marshmallows 32. The average distance from the sun
is labeled 6.5 ounces. This weight is to Earth rounded to the nearest
rounded to the nearest tenth of an million is about 93,000,000 miles.
ounce. What is the least that the What is the greatest whole number
actual weight could be? that the actual distance could be?
Chapter 1 43
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1-6 Estimate Decimal Sums and Differences

You can use front-end estimation or
rounding to estimate decimal sums.
Estimate: 1.82 0.29 0.36
To use front-end estimation:
Add the front digits. 1.82 1.82 about 1

0.29 0.29
Adjust the estimate by using 0.36 0.36
the remaining digits to make 1. 1
The estimated sum is 2. Adjusted estimate: 1 1 2
To use rounding to estimate:

1
Round each decimal to the greatest 1.82 1.8
nonzero place of the least number. 0.29 0.3
0.36 0.4
Add the rounded numbers. 2.5
Both 2 and 2.5 are reasonable estimates of the actual sum of 2.47.
Use the same two methods to estimate differences of decimals.
Front-end Estimation Rounding
Subtract the front digits. Round to the greatest nonzero

place of the lesser number.
Write zeros for the other digits in the Subtract the rounded numbers.
whole-number part of the number.
93.36 93.36 90
45.09 45.09 50
about 50.00 about 40
Both 50 and 40 are reasonable estimates of the actual difference of 48.27.
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Estimate the sum or difference. Use front-end estimation with adjustments.

1. 31.6 2. 68.7 3. 7.5 4. 9.1 5. 0.87
18.1 63.9 2.9 3.6 0.54
6. 0.74 7. 76.67 8. 16.34 9. 0.66 10. 0.84

0.15 23.89 44.59 0.7 0.59
69.47 39.07 0.19 0.8
Estimate the sum or difference by rounding.

11. 18.1534 12. 4.8359 13. 0.45601 14. 4371.5902
7.0901 0.7473 0.06428 0127.3246
15. 386,002,444 16. 2.361912 17. 952.0667 18. 7.30267

49,624,973 0.19008 232.608 45.37
351.03991 00.84652
Estimate by rounding each amount to the nearest dollar.

19. $78.34 20. $156.39 21. $89.96 22. $702.66
025.29 000045.48 00026.35 0055.45
0 09.87 012.59
23. Kathleen has covered 46.75 m in the special

race. About how much farther must she go to
complete the 50 m race?
24. During a tour of Europe, Alfredo flew 112.5 km,

41.8 km, and 109.5 km. Estimate the total
distance that Alfredo traveled.
25. Juan earned $15.63, $8.95, and $19.82 over a

3-day period. About how much did he earn?
26. About how much greater is the difference of 325.87 42.76

than the sum of 109.53 59.87? Explain how you could use
estimation to get your answer.
Chapter 1 45
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1-7 Addition of Whole Numbers and Decimals

Mr. Kopald’s class researched electric
Electric Power Usage
power usage in kilowatts. Three students
collected the data in the table. Each Appliance Kilowatts (kW)
calculated the total number of kilowatts
Microwave oven 1.45067
used by the three appliances in a
different way. Clothes dryer 4
Study their computations below and decide Clock 0.00328

which student has the correct answer.
Charles Anetta Liz
1 1 1 1 1
1.4 5 0 6 7 1.4 5 0 6 7 1.4 5 0 6 7
0.4 .0 0 3 2 8 4.0 0 0 0 0
0.0 0 3 2 8 .1 7 4 0.0 0 3 2 8
1.8 5 3 9 5 1.4 8 3 5 1 5.4 5 3 9 5
Answer: 1.85395 kW Answer: 1.48351 kW Answer: 5.45395 kW
Liz has the correct answer because she remembered to:
Align decimal points in the addends,

one underneath the other.
Place the decimal point in a whole number

to the right of the ones place and write zeros
as placeholders as needed.
Study these examples.
Add: 53,301,089 1,962,752 Add: 5.0953 3.0107

1 11 1 1
53,301,089 5.0953
1,962,752 3.0107
55,263,841 8.106 You may drop the final zero.
46 Chapter 1 2.0
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Estimate using rounding. Then find the sum.
1. 7.00 2. 6.4922 3. $11,873.52 4. 2,527,004,609

8.56 15.58 4,906.09 38,211,073
5. 3,465,892 6. 1.6902333 7. 526,381,485 8. 3,245,840,900

2,396,087 0.7197807 574,626,009 80,059,275
9. 3.905 4.96 10. 0.4791 1.085 11. 0.10907 0.092
12. 0.2613 0.45 0.852 13. 0.5441 9.3 0.4637
14. 567,074 96,132 8650 15. 9,732,785 13,820,465
Choose the correct addends for each sum. Use estimation to help you.
Explain in your Math Journal the method you used for each exercise.
Sum Addends
16. 6.0108 0.6 4.321 2.1408 3.27
17. 1.4868 0.814 0.143 0.6293 0.7145
18. 1.3861 1.2314 0.005 0.1497 1.147
19. 0.011 0.0009 0.009 0.0201 0.0011
20. A businesswoman has $1123.56 21. The odometer on Anna’s car

in her checking account. She
showed 224 5 6 • 8 . She drove
makes the following deposits:
$23.82, $507.88, $595, $678.20. 234.7 mi. What did the odometer
How much is in her account now? show then?
Add. Explain any shortcuts that you use.

14 14
22. 186 324 200 324 524 524 14 510
$.06 $.06
23. $1.94 $7.86 $2.00 $7.86 $9.86 $9.86 $.06 $9.80
24. 295 25 25. 1289 1514 26. $3.84 $1.98 $5.02
Chapter 1 47
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1-8 Subtraction of Whole Numbers and Decimals

The Panama Canal is 81.6 km long
and the Suez Canal is 175.5 km long.
How much longer than the Panama
Canal is the Suez Canal?
First estimate by rounding.

180 80 100
Then to find how much longer,

subtract: 175.5 81.6 ?
Line up the Subtract. Regroup Write the

decimal points. if necessary. decimal point.
0 17 4 15 0 17 4 15
1 7 5.5 1 7 5.5 1 7 5.5
0 8 1.6 0 8 1.6 0 8 1.6
0 9 3 9 0 9 3.9
“is approximately equal to”
So the Suez Canal is 93.9 km 93.9 100

longer than the Panama Canal. The answer is reasonable.

8,309,000 777,625 ? 3 0.7185 ?
12 9 9 9 9 9
7 2 10 8 10 10 10 2 10 10 10 10
8,3 0 9, 0 0 0 3.0 0 0 0 3 3.0000
8,7 7 7 , 6 2 5 8 0.7 1 8 5
7,5 3 1, 3 7 5 2.2 8 1 5
Add to check: Add to check:

7,531,375 777,625 8,309,000 2.2815 0.7185 3.0
The answer is reasonable. The answer is reasonable.
48 Chapter 1 2.0
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Estimate by rounding. Then find the difference.

1. 0.586 2. 2.3004 3. $856,079 4. 5,034,012
0.492 0.1544 622,003 316,948
5. 23,594,550 6. 12.80765 7. 596,081,009 8. 403.0078

7,008,142 9.6153 574,116,025 86.25
Align and estimate by rounding. Then find the difference.

9. 0.91 0.745 10. 0.9158 0.7444 11. 8 2.04735
12. 7,106,009 248,310 13. 20,700.675 700.775 14. 1 0.3856
15. $1,012,481.37 926,399.76 16. 5,391,602,140 4,387,899,000
The table shows online sales totals for 2004 and 2005.
Use the table to answer exercises 17–19.
17. What is the difference in sporting
Total Online Sales: 2004 vs. 2005
goods sales from 2004 to 2005?
Merchandise 2004 2005
18. Which type of merchandise had a Books and $1,961,000 $2,143,000
greater sales difference between Magazines
2004 and 2005?
Music and $1,598,000 $1,733,000
Videos
19. Which year had greater total
sales, 2004 or 2005? Explain Sporting $1,031,000 $1,155,000
how you know. Goods
Toys and $1,321,000 $1,638,000
Games
Compute mentally.
20. 1286 1000 21. 0.98 0.08 22. 0.98 0.9
23. 14,500 1500 24. 7 0.5 25. 15.75 4.25
26. 0.525 0.5 27. 262,000 42,000 28. 242 0.75
Chapter 1 49
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1-9 Addition and Subtraction of Decimals

A recent survey shows the amount
Liquid Consumed Yearly
of liquid that the average person
consumes per year: 43.7 gal of juice, 50
Amount (gal)
37.3 gal of water, 27.3 gal of coffee, 40
21.1 gal of milk, and 8.1 gal of soda. 30
How many more gallons of juice, 20
water, and milk were consumed than 10
coffee and soda? 0
Juice Water Coffee Milk Soda
To find how many more gallons, Liquid
first add, then subtract.
First, find the amount of juice, water, and Next, find the amount of coffee and soda.
milk. Add: 43.7 37.3 21.1 ? Add: 27.3 8.1 ?
11 1
43.7 27.3
37.3 8.1
21.1 35.4
102.1
Then find how many more gallons of juice, water, and 9 11

milk were consumed than coffee and soda. 0 10 1 11
Subtract: 102.1 35.4 ? 1 0 2.1
3 5.4
So 66.7 more gallons of juice, water, and milk were 6 6.7
consumed than coffee and soda.
52.9045 63 0.7386 5.92 ? 0.067 0.0095 ?

12 11 16
052.9045 5 6 10
063.0000 0.0 6 7 0
000.7386 0.0 0 9 5
005.9200 0.0 5 7 5
122.5631
Check. Change the order of the addends.
Add: 5.92 0.7386 63 52.9045 122.5631
50 Chapter 1 2.0
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Find the sum.

1. 3.12 2. 0.51 3. 0.008 4. 497.386 5. 390.809
9.94 0.0029 0.11 556.22 905.5
0.0018 0.5 8.87064
0.993 330.008
Find the difference.

6. $100 7. 0.1 8. 412.009 9. 1.2 10. $50
$55.99 0.0001 228.4 0.772 23.75
Align and add.

11. 0.67 39 7.5 58.22 12. 4,509.88 430.618 777.1
13. 0.49 0.006 0.213 0.1 14. 8.02029 28.98 617.7
15. 629.55 401.39201 16. 4,040 3,049.89 2057.52
Align and subtract.

17. 30 28.735 18. 9,002 4,887.56 19. 30.801 17.91
20. 497.1 437.805 21. 3,108.77 2,974.557 22. 1,001.1 802.22
23. 12 0.0009 ? 12 0.00009 24. 412.089 34.71 ? 498 52.075
25. 0.501 0.3 0.44993 ? 1.2593 26. 55.01 5.501 ? 50.001 0.99
27. Dean bought a birthday card for 28. Wendy bought shoes for $39.99
$2.95. There was an additional $0.18 and sneakers for $29.99. The tax
tax. Dean paid for his purchase on her purchase was $4.90. If
using a $10 bill. How much change Wendy paid using a $100 bill,
should Dean receive? what was her change?
29. Hans wants to buy 10 lb of 30. Ellie gets her car’s oil changed
hamburger meat for a barbecue. every 4,500 miles. Her last oil
He picks out three packages at change was done at 33,798.7
the supermarket. Their weights miles. What will the odometer
are labeled 2.73 lb, 3.2 lb, and read when Ellie needs to get her
2.29 lb. How much more meat next oil change?
does Hans need?
Chapter 1 51
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1-10 Addition and Subtraction Expressions

Andie works 4.5 hours on Thursdays and 5.25 hours on Fridays.
To represent the total hours she works on Thursdays and
Fridays, Andie writes a numerical expression:
4.5 5.25 numerical expression
A numerical expression is a mathematical phrase

that has only numbers and operation symbols.
Each of the following is a numerical expression:
1
60.75 4 2
14 (14 7) 10 32 8
Suppose Andie decides to work on Saturdays as well, but does

not know how many hours she will work. She could use a variable
to represent the unknown number of hours worked on Saturdays.
A variable is a symbol used to represent an unknown quantity.
To represent the total hours worked on Thursdays, Fridays, and

Saturdays, Andie writes an algebraic expression:
4.5 5.25 x algebraic expression
An expression that includes a variable is called an

algebraic expression. Here are some examples:
20 a x 5.2 z 10 w Any letter can be used

as a variable.
Word Phrase Expression Word Phrase Expression

sum of 1.2 and 2 1.2 2 difference of 8 and 0.9 8 0.9
sum of a number and 7 n7 difference of m and 88 m 88
5 increased by 20 5 20 0.5 decreased by 0.1 0.5 0.1
x increased by 5 x5 75 decreased by d 75 d
9 more than 12 12 9 18 less than 30 30 18
10 more than a number c 10 2 less than a number s2
8 added to 6.5 6.5 8 5.5 subtracted from 10 10 5.5
a number added to 4 4e 7 subtracted from t t7
3.2 plus a number 3.2 b 7.2 minus a number 7.2 w
52 Chapter 1
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Write each word expression as a numerical expression.

1. the sum of two and seven 2. 14 less than 100
3. ten decreased by 0.5 4. 70 more than 350
Write each word expression as an algebraic expression. Use x as your variable.

5. the sum of a number and 45 6. 12 more than a number
7. the difference of 1 and a number 8. 13 subtracted from a number
9. a number decreased by five 10. eleven less than a number
11. a number added to sixteen 12. a number increased by fifty
13. eight more than a number 14. 45 decreased by a number
Write each mathematical expression as a word expression.

15. 100 5 16. 10 x 17. u 7.99
18. 95 y 19. m 65 20. 35 18.3
21. 7 8 22. a 1 23. $16.02 c
Write a numerical expression or an algebraic expression

to show how you would solve the problem.
24. A baby gained 0.8 pounds since 25. A tree grew 3.75 feet since its height
its last visit to the doctor. The baby was last measured. At the last
weighed 24.5 pounds at its last visit. measurement, the height of the tree
How much does the baby weigh was h feet. How many feet tall is
now, in pounds? the tree now?
26. A man weighs m pounds. The two 27. William earns $8.25 per hour,
packages he is carrying weigh 10 Suzyn earns $9.00 per hour, and
pounds and d pounds. What is the Davy earns $7.50 per hour. How
total weight, in pounds, of the two much more does William earn than
packages? Davy?
28. A student makes a mistake and adds 140,235.97 instead of subtracting it.
The incorrect answer is 3,629,817.4. What is the correct answer? Explain
how you got your answer.
Chapter 1 53
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1-11 Evaluate Addition and

Subtraction Expressions
Taylor is bowling. He knocks down some of the 10 pins.
How many pins are left standing?
This algebraic expression represents
10 x
the number of pins left standing.
What if Taylor knocks down 8 pins?
To determine how many pins are left standing,
evaluate the expression.
To evaluate an algebraic expression:

Replace the variable with a given number.
Compute to find the value of the expression.
Evaluate 10 x, when x 8.
10 x Replace x with 8.
10 8 Subtract.
2 value of expression
So the value of the expression 10 x, when x 8, is 2.
When 8 pins are knocked down, there are 2 pins left standing.

Evaluate each expression for the given number.
w $3.50, when w $100 8 m p, when m 3.54 and p 18
w $3.50 Replace w with $100. 8 m p Replace m with 3.54
$100 $3.50 Subtract. and p with 18.
8 3.54 18 Add.
$96.50 value of expression

29.54 value of expression
Evaluate each expression.

1. 30.6 8.7 2. 18,204 3619 3. 16.8 7.5 30.04
4. j 42, when j 98 5. 300 f, when f 250 6. r 9.3, when r 1.5
54 Chapter 1 1.1
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Find the value of each algebraic expression when c 0.75 and d 2.06.
Remember to work from left to right.
7. 8 c d 8. c d 5.5
9. 35 c d 10. 10 c d
11. c 5.37 d 12. d 12.8 c
13. 5 c d 14. 14.9 c d
15. d 0.02 c 16. 34.09 c d
Write and evaluate an expression for each situation.

17. Miguel had x dollars. He spent 18. Alex scored 5 points fewer than
$16.25 of that amount. What Devon. Devon scored 14 points.
expression represents the amount What expression shows the
of money he has left? Evaluate number of points Alex scored?
the expression when x $34.10. Evaluate the expression.
19. Let y represent the number of 20. Elizabeth collected 38 more cans
home runs Maddy hit last season. to be recycled than Evan. If Evan
Brianna hit 6 more home runs than collected m cans, what expression
Maddy. What expression shows shows how many cans Elizabeth
how many home runs Brianna hit? collected? Evaluate the expression
How many did she hit when y when m equals 87.
equals 8?
Complete the sentences. Use the terms in the box.

21. An ? tells how many times you use the base
as a factor.
22. (3 1000) (8 100) (2 1) is the ? of 3802.

base
23. A symbol used to represent an unknown number expanded form
is a ? . exponent
round
24. To find the nearest value of a number based on standard
a given place, you ? . variable
25. In 103, 10 is called the ? .
26. The number 7.023 is expressed in ? form.
Chapter 1 55
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1-12 Problem-Solving Strategy:

Write an Equation
On Friday, 52,200 tickets were sold for a baseball
game. On Saturday, 58,400 tickets were sold. If
165,100 tickets were sold on Friday, Saturday, and
Sunday in total, how many tickets were sold on Sunday?
Visualize yourself in the problem above as you

reread it. List the facts and the question.
Facts: tickets sold on Friday 52,200

tickets sold on Saturday 58,400
total tickets sold all 3 days 165,100
Question: How many tickets were sold on Sunday?
Use the information to write an equation.

Tickets Tickets Tickets Total
sold sold sold number sold
Friday Saturday Sunday all 3 days
52,200 58,400 n 165,100
110,600 n 165,100 equation
You can solve the equation using the Guess
and Test strategy or by using a related equation.
110,600 n 165,100 110,600 n 165,100

Try 55,000. 110,600 55,000 165,600 n 165,100 110,600
Try 54,000. 110,600 54,000 164,600 n 54,500
Try 54,500. 110,600 54,500 165,100
There were 54,500 tickets sold on Sunday.
Substitute 54,500 for the n in the equation

to test whether the equation is true.
110,600 n 165,100
110,600 54,500 154,100 The answer checks.
56 Chapter 1
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Write an equation to solve each problem.

01. Burrows farm uses 450.75 acres for corn. The remaining
acres are used for potatoes. If the farm has 825 acres,
how many acres are used for potatoes? Burrows Farm
Visualize yourself in the problem

above as you reread it. List the Corn Potatoes
facts and the question. 450.75 acres ?
Facts: 450.75 acres for corn

remaining acres for potatoes 825 acres
Question: How many acres are used for potatoes?
Use the information to write a number sentence.

Acres used Acres used total acres on
for corn for potatoes the farm
450.74 p 825
To find how many acres are used for potatoes, subtract:
825 450.75 p number of acres for potatoes
02. Bernice has a collection of 90 stamps from Europe and

Africa. Sixty stamps are from Europe. How many stamps
does she have from Africa?
03. On Monday, Ginger packed 426 boxes, Tuesday 573, and

Wednesday 685. How many boxes did she pack in 3 days?
04. Frank paid $40 for a pair of shoes, $78 for a jacket, and
$6.75 for a pair of socks. He chose not to buy a $32.95 shirt.
After purchasing these articles he had $20.50 left.
How much money did Frank have at first?
05. Carol read 120 pages of a book on Saturday. She read 45

pages on Sunday. On Monday she read the same number
of pages that she read on Sunday and finished the book.
How many pages does the book contain?
06. Marco earned $240 baby-sitting and put the money into
his savings account. He now has $1041.17 in his account.
How much was in his account to begin with?
Chapter 1 57
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1-13 Problem-Solving Applications: Mixed Review

Solve each problem and explain the method you used.
01. Moki and Meg set up a model railroad. The
engine of the train is 10.205 cm long. Write
10.205 in expanded form.
02. The caboose is 9.826 cm long. How long is

it to the nearest hundredth of a centimeter?
to the nearest tenth of a centimeter?
03. Fred connects three freight cars. The red car is

12.64 cm long, the blue car is 12.4 cm long, and the
steel-colored car is 12.6 cm long. Write the lengths in
order from longest to shortest.
04. Marva puts together three sections of railroad

track that are 20.5 cm, 22 cm, and 9.75 cm long.
How long is the section of track that Marva creates?
05. A coal car is 3.87 cm tall. A refrigerator car is

5.02 cm tall. Which car is taller? by how much?
06. Bud buys two miniature buildings for his train set.
A railroad station costs $15.95 and a gas station costs
$1.19 less. How much does the gas station cost?
07. Loretta buys a set of miniature trees that costs $8.59.

How much change does she receive from a $20 bill?
Use the table for problems 8–10.

08. Jackson bought a freight car and Original Sale
a coal car at the sale. How much Item
Price Price
money did he save?
Engine $11.95 $9.50
09. On which type of car do buyers save Freight Car $ 8.95 $7.69
the most money during this sale? Passenger Car $ 9.50 $8.55
Coal Car $ 7.75 $6.99
10. Lea buys a caboose, a passenger Caboose $10.29 $8.09
car, and an engine on sale. Does
she spend more than $26.00?
58 Chapter 1
8206-2_059 11/4/05 6:47 PM Page 59
Use a strategy from the list or another

strategy you know to solve each problem.
11. A train set has 40 six-inch-long pieces of track
and 8 nine-inch-long pieces. What is the
longest track you can build with this set? Use These Strategies
Write an Equation
12. Pam’s train can travel one fourth of the Use More Than One Step
Use a Graph
track in 25.48 seconds. If the train continues
Guess and Test
at the same rate of speed, how long will it
take to travel the entire track?
13. Daryll spends $6.08 for three signs for the
train set. None of the signs costs the same
amount, but each sign costs more than $2.
What is the price of each sign?
14. Train A travels 1387.5 cm uphill at a rate of 55.5
cm per second. Train B travels 1372.5 cm
downhill at a rate of 54.9 cm per second.
Which train arrives at its destination first?
15. Mai builds a mountain for her train set. She uses 2.4 yd
of green cloth as grass, 1.75 yd of white cloth as snow,
and 0.8 yd of brown cloth as dirt roads. Does Mai use
more than 4.5 yd of cloth?
Use the graph for problems 16–19.

Average Train Travel Time
16. About how many minutes of travel 300
time is the State Capital Tour?
250
17. About how many minutes of travel 200
Minutes
time should Kim allow if she is

taking the Rush Hour Express and 150
then going on the Park Nature Tour? 100
18. About how many more minutes of 50

travel time will Theresa spend on
0
the River Valley Tour than Bob will River State Rush Park Beach
spend on the Beach Getaway? Valley Capital Hour Nature Getaway
Tour Tour Express Tour
Trains
19. Make up a problem using the bar graph data.

Have a classmate solve it.
Chapter 1 59
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Lessons 1–13
Write each number in standard form. (See pp. 34–35)
1. three ten thousandths
2. nine trillion, four hundred thousand, twenty
3. sixty-seven and sixty-eight millionths
Write each number in expanded form using exponents. (See pp. 36–39)
4. four and eighty-three thousandths 5. 200,070,040,333
6. 734 7. 329,050 8. 24,082,006
Write in order from greatest to least. (See pp. 40–41)
9. 0.3014; 3.014; 0.0314; 0.314 10. 0.031289; 3.001289; 33.1289
Round each number to its underlined place. (See pp. 42–43)
11. 6,745,199 12. 399.97022 13. 11,542,391.956
Estimate. Use front-end estimation with adjustments. Then use rounding. (See pp. 44–45)
14. 3.45 6 1.02 15. 39.28 46.91 12.24 16. 98 – 44.01
Add or subtract. (See pp. 46–51)
17. 0.97 – 0.426 18. $500.58 $3.79 19. 99.0152 400 3.9848
Write each as an algebraic expression. Use n as your variable. (See pp. 52–53)
20. 8 more than a number 21. a number decreased by 200
Evaluate each expression. (See pp. 54–55)
22. y – 52, for y 96 23. 17.96 m, for m 50.42
(See pp. 56–59)
24. Dana worked for 7 hours on Thursday, 25. Yousif paid $38.55 for cable and
8 hours on Friday, and 4 hours on $62.37 for electricity. He also wrote a
Saturday. She is scheduled to work check to the phone company. If he
20 hours next week. How many hours paid a total of $157.41, how much
did she work this week? did he pay to the phone company?
60 Chapter 1 (See Still More Practice, p. 521.)

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Roman Numerals
The ancient Romans used the symbols given below
to represent numerals.
Symbol I V X L C D M
Value 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000
All other numerals are represented through

combinations of these seven different symbols.
Rules for Forming Roman Numerals
No symbol, except for M, is repeated more than

three times in a row.
When a symbol is followed by a symbol with an

equal or lesser value, add the values of the symbols.
XX 10 10 20 CCC 100 100 100 300
DC 500 100 600 MD 1000 500 1500
When a symbol is followed by a symbol with a

greater value, subtract the lesser value from the
greater value.
IX 10 1 9 XL 50 10 40
XC 100 10 90 CM 1000 100 900
Only subtract powers of ten (I, X, or C, but not V or L). Think

For the numeral 95, do NOT write VC (100 5). Roman numerals I,
Do write XCV (XC V or 90 5). X, and C are
powers of ten.
Sometimes you must add and subtract. I 100 X 101
MCMIV 1000 (1000 100) (5 1) 1904 C 102
CMLX (1000 100) (50 10) 960
Write each as a standard numeral.

1. CL 2. XXXIX 3. MM 4. CDIX
5. CMXC 6. LXVI 7. MCMXCV 8. MCLV
Write the Roman numeral for each.

09. 127 10. 1914 11. 4300 12. 6320
Chapter 1 61
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Write each number in expanded form two ways.

1. 46,000,000 2. eight thousand, eighty and eighty-three millionths
Write each number in standard form.

3. 105 4. (2 103) (5 102) (4 100) (9 102)

5. 0.7968; 0.7000; 0.7909 6. 1.058; 1.0058; 10.0058
Round each number to its greatest place.

7. 3,429,099 8. 0.96153301 9. 954,313.8701
Estimate using front-end estimation with adjustments.

Then find the sum or difference.
10. 1229.13 756 3890.88 11. 1,007,291 2,364.065
Write each as an algebraic expression. Use y as your variable.

12. 24 more than a number 13. a number decreased by 7000

14. y 14, when y 32 15. 3851.26 m, when m 5257.74
Use a strategy or strategies you 17. On Thursday, 30,861 people attended

have learned. the baseball game. On Friday, 60,192
people attended. On Saturday 30,100
16. Abbey scores 9.985, 8.895, 9.110, and
more people attended the game than
9.65 in four gymnastics events. A perfect
on Thursday. On which day did more
score is 40.00. How many more points
people attend the baseball game:
would Abbey have needed to receive a
Friday or Saturday? Explain.
perfect score?
Tell which estimation strategy produces an estimate

closer to the actual answer. Explain why.
18. 9.585 36.42 7.75 19. 6,207,198 4,582,311
62 Chapter 1
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Test Preparation Chapter 1

Choose the best answer.
1. In 136,299,426.10758 which digit is in the 7. Add.

ten thousandths place?
13,492,488.068 306 247.00195
a. 6,879,268.3068
b. 13,491,935.05
a. 1 b. 5 c. 13,493,041.06995
c. 7 d. 8 d. 13,517,188.569
2. Which is ordered from least to greatest? 8. Choose the standard form.

105
a. 2.47280; 0.204728; 0.024728 a. 10,000
b. 0.024728; 0.204728; 2.47280 b. 100,000
c. 0.024728; 2.47280; 0.204728 c. 1,000,000
d. none of these d. 10,000,000
3. Estimate. Round to the greatest place. 9. Name the place of the underlined digit.
492,488 3,821.003046
241,630 a. 900,000 a. hundred thousandths
352,701 b. 1,000,000 b. ten thousandths
c. 1,100,000 c. ten thousands
d. 1,200,000 d. hundred thousands
4. Choose the algebraic expression. 10. Choose the standard form.

A number plus 4 (3 104) (7 101) (5 100)
a. m 4 b. 4 m a. 370 b. 375
c. m 4 d. none of these c. 30,705 d. 30,075
5. Choose the standard form. 11. Choose the correct value for the
evaluated expression.
thirty-two billion, seven million, forty-five
thousand, six 10 p, when p 4.9
a. 32,007,045,006 a. 4.9
b. 320,007,045,006 b. 5
c. 32,000,007,045,006 c. 5.1
d. 32,007,000,045,006 d. 14.9
6. Subtract. 12. Choose the standard form.

7,204,819 834,605 (8 108) (4 105) (7 104)
(2 102) (9 101) (8 102)
a. 6,360,214 b. 6,370,214 a. 800,470,290.8 b. 800,470,290.08

c. 7,470,214 d. 8,039,424 c. 80,470,290.8 d. 80,470,290.08
Chapter 1 63
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13. Which is ordered from greatest to least? 19. Choose the algebraic expression.
15 less than a number
a. 3.068; 0.3068; 36.068; 0.0368
b. 0.0368; 36.068; 0.3068; 3.068
c. 36.068; 0.0368; 0.3068; 3.068 a. 15 m b. 15 m
d. 36.068; 3.068; 0.3068; 0.0368 c. m 15 d. none of these
14. Choose correct value for the evaluated 20. Estimate. Use front-end estimation with
expression. adjustments.
482 r, when r 64 8.035
2.862
a. 418 b. 546 4.311 a. 13 b. 14
c. 560 d. none of these c. 15 d. 16
15. Choose the standard form. 21. Round 0.874 to its greatest place.
(5 10 ) (4 10 )
5 0
a. 5004 b. 50,004 a. 1.0 b. 0.9

c. 50,040 d. 500,004 c. 0.8 d. 0.7
16. Which is the correct expanded form? 22. Name the place of the underlined digit.
300.7005 9,021,488,107,035
a. (3 10) (7 1) (5 1000) a. hundred billions
b. (3 10) (7 0.1) (5 0.001) b. hundred millions
c. (3 100) (7 10) (5 0.005) c. ten billions
d. (3 100) (7 0.1) (5 0.0001) d. ten millions
17. Add. 23. Choose the word form.

$3.35 $0.86 $7.00 40.044
a. forty and forty-four millionths
b. forty and forty-four hundredths
a. $4.28 b. $10.11 c. forty and forty-four thousandths
c. $11.20 d. $11.21 d. four hundred forty-four
18. Which statement is true? 24. What is the value of 9 in 2,192,435,471?
a. 1.025 10.25 b. 10.205 10.025 a. 9,000,000,000 b. 900,000,000

c. 10.25 10.250 d. 10.205 10.025 c. 90,000,000 d. 9,000,000
Explain how you solved each problem. Show all of your work.
25. Argentina has an area of 1,068,296 square 26. Hillside Golf Club used 37,628 golf balls last
miles. Brazil has an area of 8,511,965 square summer. Indian Springs Golf Club only used
kilometers. India has an area of 1,296,338 13,629 golf balls. About how many did both
square miles. How much greater is the area clubs use?
of India than the area of Argentina?
64 Chapter 1
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The Old Math. One.

If a train leaves Union Station,
in Chicago, at eight in the morning
carrying three thousand dozen gross
of dark almond bark and travels
the average speed of fifty-seven miles
per hour for one day, then c o l l i d e s
with a train that left San Francisco one day
earlier full of fifteen hundred dozen
bite-sized chocolate puppies, how many
days will the residents of Left Foothills,
Colorado, have to spend in the
high school gym while the
National Guard, the Environmental
Protection Agency, and the local
sheriff’s department remove
the worst bite-sized
bark bits (or the worst
bark-sized bite bits) and
return the area to its former
habitable condition?
Arnold Adoff

Discover patterns in multiplication
Estimate products
Learn about exponents,
scientific notation, and square roots
Solve problems by using simpler numbers

Our product is less than 1125 and our
sum is 64. What two 2-digit numbers
are we?
Chapter 2 65
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2-1 Multiplication Patterns

You can use patterns to multiply by powers and
multiples of 10.
Power of 10:
To multiply a whole number by a power or 101 10
multiple of 10: 102 100
103 1000, and so on.
• Multiply the nonzero digits in the factors.
• Write one zero to the right of the product Multiple of 10:
for each zero in the factor or factors. 10 1 10
10 2 20
nonzero digits 10 3 30, and so on.
1 34 34 35 2 70 6 5 30
10 34 340 35 20 700 60 50 3000
100 34 3400 35 200 7000 600 500 300,000
1000 34 34,000 35 2000 70,000 6000 5000 30,000,000
To multiply a decimal by 10, 100, or 1000:

Count the number of zeros in the
0.07 multiplicand
multiplier.
1000 multiplier with 3 zeros
Move the decimal point in the multiplicand 0.070. 3 places to the right
to the right one place for each zero. Write 1 zero.
Write as many zeros in the product as needed
to place the decimal point correctly.

1 0 0.5 6 5.6 1 zero: Move 1 place to the right.
1 0 0 0.0 0 4 0.4 2 zeros: Move 2 places to the right.
1 0 0 0 2.0 0 3 2 0 0 3 3 zeros: Move 3 places to the right.
1 0 0 0.8 0 8 0 2 zeros: Move 2 places to the right.

Write 1 zero as a placeholder.
1 0 0 0 1 5.8 0 0 1 5,8 0 0 3 zeros: Move 3 places to the right.

Write 2 zeros as placeholders.
2.3
66 Chapter 2
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Multiply.
1. 10 77 2. 30 40 3. 10 0.5 4. 10 0.0049
5. 100 13 6. 400 125 7. 100 0.7 8. 100 0.1003
9. 20 51 10. 5000 30 11. 10,000 0.02 12. 20,000 0.02
13. 3000 50.123 14. 4000 22 15. 100 19.41 16. 1000 12.0006
Find the products. Then write them in order from least to greatest.
17. a. 10 94 b. 100 930 c. 1000 92
18. a. 100 0.05 b. 10 0.7 c. 1000 0.94
19. a. 1000 0.0062 b. 100 0.005 c. 10 0.042
20. a. 100 0.61 b. 100 0.70 c. 1000 0.0010
Find the missing factor.

21. b 45 900 22. y 96 9600 23. 300 a 5100
24. n 2.06 206 25. 1000 y 8.77 26. 10 m 0.02
27. 48.21 t 48,210 28. 200 p 70,000 29. g 40 20,000
30. Hesperoyucca whipplei is a plant 31. The largest tomato ever grown had a
that can grow 0.857 ft in one day. mass of 1.9 kg. The largest cabbage
At that rate, how much taller is it had a mass of 51.8 kg. Which mass
after 100 days than after 10 days? is greater: 100 of those tomatoes or
10 of those cabbages?
32. Explain in your Math Journal.

a. What happens to a whole number such as 2300 when it
is multiplied by 10, 100, and 1000?
b. What happens to a decimal such as 0.42 when it is
multiplied by 10, 100, and 1000?
Chapter 2 67
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2-2 Estimate Products

A long time ago, the land an ox could plow
in a day was called an “acre.” Today, an acre
is defined as 4840 square yards. Andy says
that an ox could plow 1,766,600 square yards
in a year. Is Andy’s statement reasonable?
Use estimation to find an approximate

answer or to determine if an exact answer
is reasonable.
To estimate a product by rounding:

Round each factor to its greatest place.
Multiply the rounded factors.
Estimate: 365 4840
400 5000 2,000,000 square yards
2,000,000 is close to 1,766,600. Andy’s statement is reasonable.

Estimate: 47 18 Estimate: 3.42 53 Estimate: 10.25 0.87
50 20 1000 3 50 150 10 0.9 9
47 18 1000 3.42 53 150 10.25 0.87 9
Both factors are rounded Both factors are rounded One factor is rounded
up. The actual product down. The actual product down and the other is
is less than 1000. is greater than 150. rounded up. The actual
product is close to 10.
Estimate each product by rounding. Tell whether the actual product

is greater than, is less than, or is close to the estimated product.
1. 95 2. 491 3. 4.45 4. 9.42
67 52 62 74
68 Chapter 2
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Estimate the product.

5. 335 6. 824 7. 925 8. 5847 9. 7932
129 617 376 219 324
10. $44.25 11. $53.38 12. $847.69 13. $795.20

142 319 0293 0498
14. 10.6 23 15. 5.52 1.78 16. 0.9 13.6 17. 137 2.85
18. 6235 3.7 19. 2.8 31.89 20. 3.2 14.79 21. 0.7 103.95
22. 10.7 2.9 28.04 23. 1.5 2.8 12.1 24. 4.3 18.07 1.79
25. 3.54 13.9 428 26. 19.45 24 2.3 27. 7.81 67.19 112
Estimate to compare. Write ,, 5, or ..

28. 679 325 ? 679 425 29. 7976 853 ? 7976 753
30. 225 1125 ? 425 1300 31. 9651 438 ? 438 9651
32. 31 239 ? 327 24 33. 3618 2431 ? 3299 2514
34. Volunteers set up two sections of 35. Two numbers, each rounded to the
seating for a concert. The first section nearest ten, have a product of 800.
has 44 rows of 16 seats. The second What are two possible numbers?
section has 25 rows of 14 seats. About
how many seats are set up altogether?
Estimate by rounding one factor to the nearest 10, 100, or 1000.
36. 9.7 0.672 37. 10.2 5.6 38. 100.8 0.8 39. 96 1.235
40. 122 4.125 41. 10.3 17.7 42. 96 0.837 43. 997 14.5
Chapter 2 69
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2-3 Multiply Whole Numbers

When multiplying by a number with a zero, you
may save a step by omitting a partial product.
Multiply: 620 372 n
First estimate by rounding: 600 400 240,000

Then multiply 620 372.
Long Way Short Way
0 0 0,3 7 2 0 0 0,3 7 2
0 0, 6 2 0 0 0, 6 2 0
0 0 0,0 0 0 0 372 Omit this 0 0 7,4 4 0 Align partial
0 0 7,4 4 0 20 372 partial 2 2 3,2 products by
2 2 3,2 0 0 600 372 product. 2 3 0,6 4 0 place value.
2 3 0,6 4 0
Think
The product is 230,640. 230,640 is close to the estimate of 240,000.
Change the order of the factors 6 2 0

to check your answer. 3 7 2
1 2 4 0
4 3 4 0 0
1 8 6 0 0 0
2 3 0,6 4 0
You may use the Distributive Property to
help find products of larger numbers.
902 41,736 (900 2) 41,736 Remember: You

do not need to
(900 41,736) (2 41,736) multiply by 0 tens.
37,562,400 83,472
37,645,872
Estimate the product by rounding. Then multiply.

1. 237 2. 593 3. 817 4. 385 5. 2365 6. 6549
380 506 609 806 580 302
2.3
70 Chapter 2
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Estimate by rounding. Then find each product.

7. 403 585 8. 209 791 9. 601 482
10. 830 793 11. 740 5565 12. 310 1893
13. 240 3548 14. 902 6071 15. 4003 4203
Use the Distributive Property to compute.

16. 506 831 17. 780 311 18. 470 1211
19. 209 4921 20. 640 39,215 21. 640 390,215
22. In exercise 17, were you able to multiply

780 by 311 mentally? Explain how you
can use the Distributive Property and
mental math to find the product.
23. There are 375 audience tickets available

for each taping of the Win It All game
show. If 204 shows are taped each year,
how many tickets are there in all?
24. The producers of Win It All hand out 150

contestant applications for 204 shows. Did the
producers hand out more or less than 30,000
applications?
25. Lydia has displayed her entire stamp collection in two

100-page books. She has filled each page of the books
with 25 stamps. How many stamps does she have in her
collection?
A 250 B 500 C 2500 D 5000
Chapter 2 71
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2-4 Multiply with Decimals

Mariko exchanged American dollars for British pounds.
If she had $48, and the exchange rate was 0.68 pounds
for each dollar, how many pounds did she receive?
To find the number of pounds, n, multiply: 48 0.68 n.
First estimate by rounding: 48 0.68.
50 0.7 35
Then multiply.
To multiply a decimal by a whole number or

another decimal:
Multiply as you would with whole numbers.
Count the number of decimal places in both factors.
Mark off the same number of decimal places in the product.
Multiply as with Write the decimal point

whole numbers. in the product.
0.6 8 0.6 8
0.4 8 0.4 8
5 4 4 5.4 4 2 decimal places
2 7 2 2 7.2
3 2 6 4 3 2.6 4
Think
Mariko received 32.64 pounds. 32.64 is close to the estimate of 35.
0.3 2 9 3 decimal places $ 7 2.2 5 2 decimal places
0.0 0.0 2 2 decimal places 0.7 5 2 decimal places

3 6 1 2 5
0.0 0 6 5 8 5 decimal places 5 0 5 7 5
Write 2 zeros. $ 5 4 .1 8 7 5 4 decimal places
$54.1875 rounded to the nearest cent is $54.19.
72 Chapter 2 2.0
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Write the decimal point in each product.

1. 5.9 2. 0.2 3 5 3. 9.2 7 4. 0.4 6 3 5. 1 2 . 9 2
3 7 1.5 0.2 2 6 0.7
1 7.7 1 6 4 5 13 9 0 5 0 1 0.4 6 3 8 9 0 4 4
Multiply. Round to the nearest cent when necessary.

6. 0.9 7. 0.7 8. 0.59 9. 0.47 10. 0.32
.22 .79 0.43 0.21 0.73
11. 0.43 0 12. 0.61 013. 0.163 014. 0.911 15. 0.414
0.19 0.93 0.03 9.11 0.72
16. 13.5 0 17. 0.20 018. $8.05 019. $9.20 20. $10.50
9.2 9.1 1.9 4.5 8
21. $59.50 2.4 22. 8.5 0.6 23. 4.12 1.8 24. 8.74 3.15
25. 9 $56.95 26. 1.5 8.00 27. 6.2 9.5 28. 4.75 $85
29. 2.3 0.2 5.1 30. 12.3 0.9 0.8 31. 2.7 19.5 0.5
Use estimation to check the products. Correct unreasonable products.

? ? ?
32. 0.8 0.817 65.36 33. 4.7 2.6 12.22 34. 6.4 0.8 51.2
? ? ?
35. 4.8 15.94 7.6512 36. 6.6 48.3 31.878 37. 0.94 5.8 5.452
38. Which costs more, 7 lb of beef at 39. Sadie hiked 37.6 km. Sam hiked 0.4 as
$3.25 per pound or 12 lb of chicken at far. How much farther than Sam did
$1.79 per pound? How much more? Sadie hike?
Find the missing factor.

40. 500 n 50,000 41. 9000 s 900,000 42. 10 r 30,000
43. w 0.004 0.4 44. t 0.21 210 45. 100 h 5
Chapter 2 73
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2-5 Exponents
An exponent is used to express a
Remember: An exponent
number that is a product of tells how many times to use
factors that are the same. the base as a factor.
20 1
exponent
21 2
22 2 2 4 26 2 2 2 2 2 2
23 2 2 2 8 base
24 2 2 2 2 16
25 2 2 2 2 2 32 Read 26 as:
26 2 2 2 2 2 2 64 “two to the sixth power,” or
“the sixth power of two.”
27 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 128
28 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 256
42 4 4 53 5 5 5
42 16 53 125
exponential form standard form exponential form standard form
Read 42 as: Read 53 as:

“four squared,” “five cubed,”
“four to the second power,” or “five to the third power,” or
“the second power of four.” “the third power of five.”
Write each product in exponential form.

1. 7 7 7 7 2. 3 3 3 3 3 3. 9 9 9
4. 11 11 5. 15 15 15 15 6. 100 100 100
7. 8 8 8 8 8 8 8. 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
9. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 10. 5 5 5 5 5
74 Chapter 2 2.0
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Write the standard form for each.

11. 31 12. 27 13. 73 14. 65 15. 94
16. 82 17. 105 18. 44 19. 50 20. 132
21. 62 22. 43 23. 17 24. 251 25. 70
26. 35 27. 54 28. 122 29. 15 30. 93
31. 2 to the 6th power 32. the square of 21 33. 19 cubed 34. the 5th power of 3
Write the missing exponents.

35. 7n 49 36. 3x 27 37. 9d 81 38. 11w 121 39. 5t 125
40. 2y 32 41. 10n 1000 42. 4n 64 43. 6a 36 44. 8x 1
45. 63 ? 34 46. 91 ? 32 47. 103 ? 55 48. 24 ? 42
49. 44 ? 102 50. 82 ? 43 51. 83 ? 162 52. 170 ? 21
53. 14 ? 1 1 1 1 54. 52 ? 5 5 5 5 5
55. Cole puts pennies in a jar for 9 days. 56. The librarian puts away 63 books on
He puts in 21 pennies the first day, 22 shelves. He divides the books evenly
pennies the second day, 23 pennies among 23 shelves. How many books
the third day, and so on. If he does the librarian put away? On to how
continues this pattern, how many many shelves does he put them?
more pennies would Cole put in on
the ninth day than on the fifth day?
Find the missing exponent.

57. 92 3z 58. 161 4m 59. 13 256t 60. 5c 252
61. 30 27r 62. 3a 91 63. 9x 38 64. 2k 44
Chapter 2 75
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2-6 Scientific Notation

Scientists use scientific notation as a
more compact and useful way to write
very large or very small numbers.
The Sun is about 93,000,000 miles

from Earth.
To write a number in scientific notation,

express it as a product of two factors:
One factor is a number greater than
or equal to 1, but less than 10.
The other factor is a power of 10,
such as 102, 103, and so on.
Write 93,000,000 in scientific notation.

Move the decimal point to the left 9 . 3 0 0 0 0 0 0.
to get a number greater than or equal
to 1, but less than 10.
Count the number of places the decimal 7 places moved.

point is moved. This is the power of ten. The power of 10 is 107.
Drop the zeros to the right of the 9.3 107 power of 10

decimal. Express the number as
a product of the factors. number 1, but 10
In scientific notation, 93,000,000 9.3 107.

“greater than or equal to”

1 8 5,0 0 0 1 . 8 5 0 0 0 . 1.85 105
number 1, but 10 power of 10
4,0 6 4,0 0 0 4 . 0 6 4 0 0 0. 4.064 106
76 Chapter 2 2.0
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Write in scientific notation.

1. 350,000 2. 475,000 3. 2,500,000 4. 1,360,000
5. 87,000 6. 82,000,000 7. 25,500,000 8. 477,000,000
9. 205,000 10. 7,050,000 11. 100,000,000 12. 9,000,000,000
Scientific Notation to Standard Form

Scientific Standard
Notation Form
3.60 103 3.6000 3600 To multiply by 103, move the decimal point
3 places to the right.
9.07 104 9.0700 90,700 To multiply by 104, move the decimal point
4 places to the right.
Write in standard form.

13. 3 102 14. 8 103 15. 3.5 103 16. 3.8 104
17. 4.04 105 18. 1.77 106 19. 4.015 105 20. 6 108
21. 2.65 104 22. 2.165 106 23. 4.323 105 24. 8.743 108
Complete each sentence. Use the terms in the box.

25. In 46, 4 is called the ? .
algebraic expression
26. The symbol means ? . approximately equal to
base
27. To ? an algebraic expression, replace evaluate
the variable with a given number, then
compute. exponent
numerical expression
28. An expression that includes a variable is
called a(n) ? .
Chapter 2 77
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Use Simpler Numbers
A scientist conducted a series of experiments
with a liter of polluted water. At the beginning of
the experiment, the pollutants reached a volume 2.08 cm3 1.19 cm3
of 13.17 cubic centimeters (cm3). Over the next decrease increase
two weeks there was a decrease of 2.08 cm3 13.17 cm3
and then an increase of 1.19 cm3. What was
the volume of pollutants after two weeks?
Visualize yourself in the problem above as you reread it.

List the facts and the question.
Facts: 13.17 cm3 at the beginning
2.08 cm3 decrease
1.19 cm3 increase
Question: What was the volume of pollutants after two weeks?
Substitute simpler numbers to help you choose the operation(s) to use.

13.17 cm3 13 2.08 cm3 2 1.19 cm3 1
Start with 13. Subtract the amount of the decrease, 2.
Then add the amount of the increase, 1.
13 2 11 cm3 11 1 12 cm3
Now solve the problem using the actual numbers.

13.17 cm3 11.09 cm3
02.08 cm3 01.19 cm3
11.09 cm3 12.28 cm3
After two weeks the volume of pollutants was 12.28 cm3.
Work backward to check the answer.

amount increased original amount
(12.28 cm3 1.19 cm) 2.08 cm3 13.17 cm3
amount after 2 weeks amount decreased
The answer checks.
78 Chapter 2
8206-2_078-079 11/4/05 7:02 PM Page 79
Solve. Use simpler numbers to help you decide what to do.

Tow nville
Savings
T BAL
01. Eva had $164.37 in her bank account on September 1. DATE
WITHDRA
WAL DE
POSI
164.37
She has since made four withdrawals of $18.50 and 01 Sept

06 Sept
18.50
18.50
09 Sept 76.18
two withdrawals of $14.25. She has also deposited a 12 Sept 18.50
18 Sept 14.25
check for $76.18. How much is in her account now? 22 Sept
24 Sept
18.50
14.25
28 Sept

Facts: in her account — $164.37

withdrawals — 4 $18.50; 2 $14.25
deposits — $76.18
Question: How much is in her account now?
Substitute simpler numbers.
$164.37 $160 $18.50 $20
$14.25 $10 $76.18 $80
(4 $20) (2 $10) $80 $20 $100 amount withdrawn

$160 $100 $60 balance after withdrawals
$60 $80 $140 balance plus the deposit
So there is about $140 in Eva’s account now.

Now solve the problem using the actual numbers.
02. A manufacturer makes a certain machine part that measures

26.4 cm in length. A part will pass inspection if it is no more
than 0.04 cm shorter than 26.4 cm or no more than 0.04 cm
longer than 26.4 cm. What is the shortest measure that can
pass inspection?
03. Andy owed Lynn $35.50. He paid back $20.75 but borrowed
$5 more. Then he borrowed $8.50. When he was paid, he
gave her $25. How much money does Andy still owe Lynn?
04. Ryan earned $122.75 baby-sitting. Vinnie earned $37.15 more

than that. Sharon earned $70.95 less than Vinnie. How much
money did Sharon earn?
05. Craig is on the school track team. He practices seven days a

week. On each of the first five days he runs 4.7 km. On the next
day he runs 6.1 km, and on the last day he runs 3.4 km. How
far does Craig run in one week?
Chapter 2 79
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01. A pound of apples costs $.79. How much would ten
pounds cost? a hundred pounds? a thousand pounds?
02. Marco plans to return empty soda cans to the

market and collect the deposit money. If he
receives $0.10 for each can he returns, how
much money will he get for 136 cans?
03. Cashews cost $3.98 a pound. Jake’s bag

weighed 2.7 pounds. Use estimation to find
the cost of the cashews.
04. Ming earned $2 working at the grocery store on

Monday, $4 on Tuesday, and $8 on Wednesday.
If this pattern continues, how much would he
earn on Sunday? How can you use exponents
to solve the problem?
05. Dried apricots cost $.29 per ounce. Mr. Carlson’s bag of dried
apricots weighs 18.8 ounces. How much will his bag of apricots cost?
06. Ted buys 100 packages of artificial sweetener. Each pack holds
0.035 oz of sweetener. How many ounces of sweetener does Ted buy?
07. How many ounces of cereal are in a package that includes this
information on the nutrition label?
serving size............................1.25 oz (1 cup)
servings per package ............8.2
08. Andy found that he could buy individual teabags for $0.30 each or
a package of 20 teabags for $4.79. If he plans to buy 20 teabags,
which is the better buy: individual bags or the package?
09. The grocery store sold about 9.6 106 lb of coffee this year and
1.1 107 lb last year. Which year did the grocery store sell more
coffee? How much more was sold?
10. Ms. Lee plans to buy 1.8 lb of pasta at $2.95 per pound; 2 lb of ground
beef at $4.29 per pound; and 2.5 lb of tomatoes at $3.98 per pound.
She has a $20 bill. Is this enough for the purchase?
80 Chapter 2
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Choose a strategy from the list or use another

11. Fine Foods sells a 2-lb wheel of cheese for $9.28.
Stacey’s Snacks sells the same cheese for $0.27
Use These Strategies
per ounce. Which store has the better price? Use More Than One Step
Use Simpler Numbers
12. Raphael bought 3 pounds of red apples at $2.39 Write an Equation
per pound. Kim bought 2.5 pounds of green apples Guess and Test
at $2.99 per pound. The green apples are larger
than the red apples. Who paid more?
13. A box of macaroni and cheese contains 2.4 servings.
Each serving is 3.5 oz. How many ounces does the container hold?
14. Fine Foods sells raisins in bulk for $0.32 per ounce. A 7-oz box of raisins
sells for $2.39. If Shannon wants to purchase 14 oz of raisins, which would
be a better option: buying the raisins in bulk or buying 2 boxes of raisins?
15. A shop began the day with $437 in the cash register. Three purchases
were made for $7.12, five for $5.68, and two for $11.35. The shop owner
took $300 from the register at noon. How much was left in the register?
16. Lily uses the $25.00 she earns each week from her part-time job
to pay for lunches and snacks. She spends $30.00 more
each week on lunches than she does on snacks. How much does
Lily spend on lunches each week?

17. What is the price of the larger bottle Product Size Unit Price
of oregano?
0.25 oz 0$.48/oz
18. How many more ounces does the large bag Oregano
00.5 oz 0$.42/oz
of wild rice contain than the small bag?
00.1 lb 0$.09/oz
White Rice
19. A restaurant needs 9 pounds of white rice. 00.5 lb 0$.07/oz
Will it be less expensive to buy one 5-lb bag 00.5 lb 0$.37/oz
and four 1-lb bags or two 5-lb bags? Wild Rice
3.25 lb 0$.25/oz
20. Cindy buys 3 small boxes of raisins. .500 g $5.48/kg
How much less would she have had Raisins
01.2 kg $5.20/kg
to spend to buy one large box instead?
21. Use the table to write a problem modeled on problem 19 above.

Chapter 2 81
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Lessons 1–8
Multiply. Look for patterns. (See pp. 66–67.)
1. 10 45 2. 25 2 3. 10 0.3
100 45 25 20 100 0.3
1000 45 25 200 1000 0.3
25 2000 10,000 0.3
Use rounding to estimate the product. (See pp. 68–69.)
4. 62 19 5. 874 26 6. 54.2 1.78
7. 431 156 8. 5.49 62.83 9. 177.08 2684
Round to estimate. Then find each product. (See pp. 68–73.)
10. 709 333 11. 0.26 9.3 12. 382 1101
13. $58.79 209 14. 8009 3206 15. $13.50 42
Write the standard form for each. (See pp. 74–75.)
16. 24 17. 34 18. 91 19. 53 20. 302
Write in scientific notation. (See pp. 76–77.)
21. 46,000 22. 309,000 23. 85,000,000 24. 9,020,000,000

25. 9 102 26. 6.1 104 27. 3.88 105 28. 5.167 106
(See pp. 78–81.)
29. Tim had $672 in his bank account on 30. Anna plans to buy 2.75 lb of cheese
October 1. He has since made three at $2.96 per pound. She also wants
withdrawals of $44.50 each, and one 3 lb of potato salad that sells for
of $128.95. He has also made two $3.45 per pound. She has $25 in
deposits of $83.20. How much does her wallet. Is this enough for the
he have in his account now? cheese and the potato salad?
82 Chapter 2 (See Still More Practice, pp. 521–522.)

8206-2_083 10/12/07 6:42 PM Page 83
Square Roots
A square is the product of a number and itself.
4 4 16 Remember: You can also

express 4 4 as 42.
two equal factors square
A square root is one of two equal factors of a given number.

For the number 16, 4 is a square root because 4 4 16.
The symbol for a positive square root is .
16
4
You can read 16

as “the square root of 16.”
For some numbers you can use multiplication facts

to determine the square root of a number.
The 49 is 7 since 7 7, or 72 49.
22 4 4
2 42 16 16
4
32 9 9
3 52 25 25
5
You can also use a calculator to find square roots.
To find the square root of 361, or 361

:
Press these keys
19. Display
So, the 361

19.
Find the square root of each number using

multiplication facts or a calculator.

1. 64 2. 36
3. 100
4. 81
5. 49

6. 121
7. 144
8. 900
9. 256
10. 400

2.0 Chapter 2 83
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Multiply. Look for patterns.

1. 18 10 2. 40 5 3. 10 3.46
18 100 40 50 100 3.46
18 1000 40 500 1000 3.46
18 10,000 40 5000 10,000 3.46
Use rounding to estimate the product.

4. 37 88 5. 521 64 6. 23.2 9.18
Round to estimate. Then find each product.

7. 88 567 8. 3.05 2.3 9. 513 1901
10. $45.19 140 11. 6070 2820 12. 97.45 220

13. 52 14. 43 15. 60 16. 16 17. 25

18. 17,000 19. 421,000 20. 20,800,000 21. 503,300,000

22. 2 102 23. 3.6 104 24. 9.01 105 25. 3.026 106
Use a strategy or strategies you 27. Jack plans to buy 2.25 lb of

have learned. coleslaw at $2.80 per pound. He
also wants 2 lb of macaroni salad
26. Leah had $312 in her bank account
that sells for $3.15 per pound. Jack
on August 1. She has made two
has a $10 bill in his wallet. Is this
withdrawals of $29.75 each, and one
enough for the coleslaw and the
of $165.95. She also made two
macaroni salad? Explain.
deposits of $94.20. How much does
Leah have in her account now?
How many zeros will be in the product? Explain your answer.

28. 300 300 29. 10,000 1000 30. 200 35,000
84 Chapter 2
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Test Preparation Chapters 1–2

1. Estimate by rounding. 7. Multiply.

43.09 361 4302 145
a. 1200 a. 43,120
b. 1600 b. 236,610
c. 12,000 c. 623,790
d. 16,000 d. 645,000
2. Which is ordered from least to greatest? 8. Choose the standard form.

a. 3.47260; 0.304726; 0.034726 104 a. 10,000
b. 0.015708; 0.105708; 1.572 b. 100,000
c. 0.094768; 9.47680; 0.904768 c. 1,000,000
d. none of these d. 10,000,000
3. Estimate. Use front-end estimation. 9. Name the place of the underlined digit.
34,929 3,821.003046
16,815
a. 60,000 a. thousandths
49,320
b. 70,000 b. ten thousandths
c. 90,000 c. hundred thousandths
d. 100,000 d. millionths
4. Choose the standard form. 10. Choose the standard form.

43
(5 102) (2 101) (3 102)
a. 12 a. 502.03
b. 16 b. 502.3
c. 32 c. 520.03
d. 64 d. 520.3
5. Choose the correct value for the evaluated 11. Choose the correct standard form.
expression.
29.8 p, when p 3.6 6.24 105
a. 26 a. 6240
b. 26.2 b. 62,400
c. 26.4 c. 624,000
d. 33.4 d. none of these
6. Subtract. 12. Choose the standard form.

5,003,208 611,019 (4 107) (9 105) (7 102)
a. 5,614,227 a. 4,900,700
b. 5,492,299 b. 40,900,700
c. 4,492,289 c. 400,900,700
d. 4,392,189 d. none of these
Chapter 2 85
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13. Add. 18. Which statement is true?

$16.25 $220.86 $3
a. $236.04 a. 100 48 10 480
b. $237.14 b. 315 10 3.15 1000
c. $239.01 c. 56 10 560 100
d. $240.11 d. 800 40 8 400
14. Choose the related algebraic expression. 19. Round 9.602 to its greatest place.
67 less than a number
a. 67 m a. 9.0
b. 67 m b. 9.6
c. m 67 c. 10.0
d. none of these d. 10.6
15. Choose the correct standard form. 20. Choose the correct value for the
two trillion, fifty million, three hundred one evaluated expression.
8.06 c, when c 0.052
a. 2,000,050,000,301 a. 0.754
b. 2,050,000,301 b. 0.854
c. 2,000,050,301 c. 8.008
d. none of these d. 8.112
16. Multiply. 21. Estimate. Use front-end estimation with

adjustments.
500 8000
a. 40,000 2.111 a. 13
b. 400,000 2.652 b. 14
c. 4,000,000 9.370 c. 15
d. 40,000,000 d. 16
17. Which has an estimated product 22. Which correctly expresses the number below
of 36,000? in scientific notation?
4,070,000
a. 87 42 a. 4.7 107
b. 856 399 b. 4.07 106
c. 917 481 c. 4.07 105
d. 873 39 d. 4.07 104
Explain how you solved each problem. Show all of your work.
23. José purchased a shirt for $37.85, a coat 24. Mary Ann borrowed $62.45 from Karen. She
for $84.99, and a pair of pants for $39.75. paid back $40.00, but borrowed $16.00 more.
He also bought two packages of socks for When she was paid, she gave Karen $35.00.
$3.87 each. How much did he spend in all? How much does Mary Ann still owe?
86 Chapter 2
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Learn about short division
Discover patterns in division
Estimate and find quotients
Evaluate multiplication and division expressions
Solve problems by interpreting the remainder

The tenth term in a sequence is
1004.58. If the pattern rule is
100, 10, ...,
what is the first term?
A Dividend Opinion
Said the Aliquant to the Aliquot,
“You’re all used up, and I am not.”
“Used up?” said the Aliquot. “Not a bit.
I happen to be a perfect fit.
You’re a raveled thread. A wrong number.
You’re about as useful as scrap lumber.
I slip into place like a mitered joint.
You hang out over your decimal point
Like a monkey asquat in a cuckoo’s nest
With your tail adangle, self-impressed
By the way you twitch the thing about.
Stuck up about nothing but sticking out,
If I’m used up, you will discover
You’re no fresh start. You’re just left over
From nothing anyone would want,”
Said the Aliquot to the Aliquant.
John Ciardi Chapter 3 87
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3-1 Short Division

Leilani’s sister saved the same amount
of money each month for 9 months for a
vacation. The vacation cost $1908.
How much did she save each month?
To find the amount she saved each

month, n, divide: $1908 9 n.
You can use short division to divide

mentally by a one-digit divisor.
Division Steps
0$ 2 0$ 2 1 0$ 2 1 2 1. Estimate.

9$ 1
91
0
8
9$ 1
9 0
1 1
8
9$ 1
9 0
1 1
8 2. Divide.
3. Multiply.
02 .9. 18 01 .9. 9 02 .9. 18 4. Subtract and
19 18 1 10 .9. 1 18 18 0 compare.
5. Bring down
and repeat.
Leilani’s sister saved $212 each month.
Remember:
A number is divisible by:
To predict if a quotient has • 2 if it is an even number.
a remainder, you can use • 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
divisibility rules. • 5 if its last digit is a 0 or a 5.
153,278 2 59,679 5 69,123 3
153,278 is an 59,679 does not 69,123

even number. have 0 or 5 as 6 9 1 2 3 21;
no remainder its last digit. 21 3 7
has a remainder no remainder
7 6, 6 3 9 1 1, 9 3 5 R4 2 3, 0 4 1
5
21 3
1
,
1
7
2 8
1
9
55 7
,4 6 19
2
9
36 2
,1 1
3

88 Chapter 3 2.0
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Divide using short division.
1
1. 38,9
93
4
2. 68,1
74
9
3. 540
,1
35
1
4. 735
,7
14

5. 688,932 4 6. 912,848 8 7. 2,496,598 2 8. 6,975,687 3
Predict if the quotient has a remainder. Explain why

or why not. Then divide to check your prediction.
0
9. 559
,8
45
8
10. 36,7
34
4
11. 219
,5
68
1
12. 370
,6
25

Find each quotient by short division. Use R to write remainders.

Check by multiplying the divisor and the quotient
and then adding the remainder.
3
13. 417
,9
73
3
14. 986
,1
38
3
15. 519
,8
64
8
16. 710
,5
23

17. $8157.75 5 18. $644.68 4 19. 36,570 7 20. 19,580 6
Write the divisor. Use divisibility rules to help you.

2891 1966 7,489 R3 7,915 R7
7
21. ?58
2
8
22. ?5
98 7
23. ?6,4
04
3
24. ?6,3
27

25. A manufacturer has 368,536 bottles 26. Air Ways shipped 20,799 radios. The
to pack into 8-bottle cartons. Will radios were packed 9 to a box. Will
46,065 cartons be enough to pack 2311 boxes be enough to pack all
all the bottles? Explain. the radios? Explain.
You can divide by powers and by multiples of 10 mentally.

27. Copy and complete the division patterns below.
Write a rule that tells how to divide by a power of 10
and a rule that tells how to divide by a multiple of 10.
34,000 1 34,000 40,000 5 8,000

34,000 10 ? 40,000 50 800
34,000 100 ? 40,000 500 ?
34,000 1000 34 40,000 5000 ?
Chapter 3 89
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3-2 Estimate Quotients

There are 1895 students and teachers in the
district going by bus to the science fair. The
district is renting buses that hold 48 people each.
About how many buses are needed?
To find about how many buses are needed,

estimate: 1895 48.
One way to estimate the quotient of two numbers

is to use compatible numbers.
Write the nearest compatible whole

Two numbers are
numbers for the dividend and the divisor.
compatible numbers
when one number divides
Divide.
the other evenly.
1895 48 2000 50 40
about about 2000 and 50 are compatible numbers.

2000 50 They are easy to divide mentally.
About 40 buses are needed.
To make compatible To make compatible

numbers, you can change numbers, you can
both the dividend and the change just the dividend
divisor. (or just the divisor).
30 $ 1,000
7
8932,0
56
7
9002,0
00 4
420$1
5
,7
86
4
420$2
0
,0
00

7
8932,0
56
30 4
420$1
5
,7
86
$1000
“is approximately equal to”
90 Chapter 3
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Estimate the quotient. Use compatible numbers.

1. 2164 43 2. 5838 28 3. 7842 37
4. 3984 19 5. 82,461 41 6. $51,206 53
7. 13,642 206 8. 85,136 409 9. $485,725 520
10. 672,385 710 11. 879,500 425 12. $972,360 325
Choose the best estimate.

9
13. 3224
0
? a. 1 b. 10 c. 100 d. 1000
2
14. 1964
8
? a. 3 b. 30 c. 300 d. 3000
8
15. 21030
,4
93
? a. 2 b. 20 c. 200 d. 2000
9
16. 38972
,4
32
? a. 2 b. 20 c. 200 d. 2000
17. A truck driver drove 5845 miles in 19 days.

Did he average more than 250 miles a day?
How do you know?
18. Sheila’s company mails 3580 advertising flyers

in 25 days. Do the mailings average more than
200 flyers per day? How do you know?
19. The mileage on Michael’s new car is 686 miles.

The mileage on his sister’s car is 45,650. About
how many times greater is the mileage on her car?
Estimate by rounding. Then find the product.

20. 54 426 21. 76 549 22. 65 5305 23. 48 4017
24. 630 4454 25. 801 7182 26. 420 $17.82 27. 350 $24.37
Chapter 3 91
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Update your skills. See pages 10–11.
3-3 Divide Whole Numbers

Alaska has 33,904 miles of shoreline.
Connecticut has 618 miles of shoreline.
How many times the length of Connecticut’s
shoreline is Alaska’s?
To find how many times the length, n,

divide: 33,904 618 n.
First estimate by using compatible numbers:

30,000 600 50.
Then divide.
Think
Decide where 3
6183,9
04
618 339 Not enough hundreds
to begin the
quotient. 3
6183,9
04
618 3390 Enough tens
The quotient begins in the tens place.
Divide the tens. Divide the ones. Check.
5 5 4 R532 0 0,6 1 8
,9
6 1 8 3 304 6 1 8 3
,9
304 0 0 0,5 4
3 0,9 0 3 0,9 0 0 2,4 7 2
0 3,0 0 0 3,0 0 4 3 0,9 0
0 2,4 7 2 3 3,3 7 2
0 0,5 3 2 0 0,5 3 2
3 3,9 0 4
Think
Alaska’s shoreline is about 55 times 54 R532 is close to
the length of Connecticut’s shoreline. the estimate of 50.
Sometimes you need to write one or more zeros in the quotient.
0 0 2 0 R13 0 3,0 0 1 R5

5 3 1 073 3 3 9
,0
9 38
1 0 6 Write zero in 9 9 Write two zeros
0 0 1 3 the quotient. 0 0,0 3 8 in the quotient.
0 0,0 3 3
53 13 0 0,0 0 5
92 Chapter 3 2.0
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Estimate by using compatible numbers. Then find each quotient.
6
1. 5263
8
7
2. 3457
7
6
3. 1513
4
0
4. 4026
0

5. 36,389 82 6. 30,139 93 7. 25,297 84 8. 72,072 72
9. 86,129 43 10. 36,408 912 11. 2710 759 12. 88,408 514
Find the value of the variable.

13. n 28,671 57 14. d 14,558 29 15. 504,144 36 m
16. 696,024 24 a 17. c 400,458 186 18. b 681,042 223
Use the table to find the number of carats in each gem. (1 carat 20 centigrams)
19. Cut diamond Gem Mass (in centigrams)
20. Ruby Cut diamond 10 600
Ruby 170 000
21. Emerald
Emerald (single crystal) 140 500
22. Sapphire Sapphire (carved) 46 040
23. Opal Opal 527 000
24. Arizona’s land area is 113,642 square 25. Kansas’s land area is 81,823 square
miles and its water area is 364 square miles and its water area is 459 square
miles. How many times greater is the miles. How many times greater is the
land area than the water area? land area than the water area?
26. On planet NO-LEAP, each year has exactly 365 days.

EU-2’s father is 14,977 days old. How many days ago
was his birthday? (Hint: 14,977 365 ? years ? days)
Use each statement and the numbers in the box 133, 1, 0, 133, 4056
to write number sentences. Tell whether the
statement is always, sometimes, or never true
for all the given numbers.
27. The sum is zero. 28. The quotient is zero.
29. The difference is zero. 30. The sum is greater than or equal to 0.
Chapter 3 93
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3-4 Divide Decimals by 10, 100, and 1000

Eddie divided six decimals by 10, 100, and 1000 and discovered
some patterns.
637.4 0010 63.74 53.8 0010 5.38 8.7 0010 0.87
637.4 0100 06.374 53.8 0100 0.538 8.7 0100 0.087
637.4 1000 00.6374 53.8 1000 0.0538 8.7 1000 0.0087
21.76 0010 2.176 6.15 0010 0.615 0.47 0010 0.047

21.76 0100 0.2176 6.15 0100 0.0615 0.47 0100 0.0047
21.76 1000 0.02176 6.15 1000 0.00615 0.47 1000 0.00047
He used these patterns to help him divide by 10, 100, and 1000.
To divide a decimal by 10, 100, or 1000:

Count the number of zeros in the divisor.
Move the decimal point to the left one place

in the dividend for each zero in the divisor.
Write zeros in the quotient as needed.

6 8.4 1 0 6.8 4 1 zero: Move 1 place to the left.
2 6 8.7 1 0 0 2.6 8 7 2 zeros: Move 2 places to the left.
0 3 2.5 1 0 0 0 0.0 3 2 5 3 zeros: Move 3 places to the left.

Write 1 zero as a placeholder.
3 zeros: Move 3 places to the left.

0 0 1.8 2 1 0 0 0 0.0 0 1 8 2
Write 2 zeros as placeholders.
Find the quotients. Use the patterns.

1. 8329 10 2. 724.8 10 3. 56.39 10 4. 2.8 10
8329 100 724.8 100 56.39 100 2.8 100
8329 1000 724.8 1000 56.39 1000 2.8 1000
5. 4.27 10 6. 8.1 10 7. 0.6 10 8. 0.18 10

4.27 100 8.1 100 0.6 100 0.18 100
4.27 1000 8.1 1000 0.6 1000 0.18 1000
94 Chapter 3 2.0
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Divide.
9. 0.02 100 10. 0.105 10 11. 30.8 100 12. 9.9 10
13. 849 1000 14. 3.9 100 15. 0.63 10 16. 0.17 100
17. 0.245 100 18. 5.628 1000 19. 9 1000 20. 19.95 10

21. 4.07 n 0.0407 22. 0.18 m 0.018 23. 22.8 x 0.0228
24. a 100 56.7 25. d 10 0.07 26. y 1000 0.05
Scientific Notation of Decimals Between 0 and 1

Scientific notation can be used to rename The scientific notation of a
decimals that are between 0 and 1. Negative number is a product of two
exponents are used for the powers of 10. factors:
6.4 1 • One factor is greater than or
0.00064 6.4 6.4 104 equal to 1, but less than 10.
10,000 10,000 • The other factor is a power
of 10 in exponent form.
4 zeros
Write 0.00064 in scientific notation.

To write a decimal between 0 and 1 in scientific notation:
• Write the first factor by placing the decimal 0.00064 6.4
point to the right of the first nonzero digit.
• Count the number of places the decimal point 0 . 0 0 0 6 . 4 6.4 104
was moved to the right and use this number
as the negative exponent of the power of 10.
4 places
In scientific notation, 0.00064 6.4 104.

27. 0.015 28. 0.0000086 29. 0.00000079 30. 0.000124
31. 0.0069 32. 0.0000000147 33. 0.000000009 34. 0.0000716
35. Mike divided 815.6 m of fencing 36. A wasp has a mass of 0.005 mg.
into 100 equal sections. How long Rename this mass in kilograms using
is each section? scientific notation.
Chapter 3 95
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3-5 Divide Decimals by Whole Numbers

Elena and five of her friends went out
for pizza. The total bill was $18.66.
They shared the bill equally. How much
did each person pay?
To find the amount each person paid, n,

divide: $18.66 6 n.
First estimate by using compatible numbers,

$18 6 $3. Then divide.
To divide a decimal by a whole number:
Write the decimal point in the Divide as you

quotient directly above the would with whole
decimal point in the dividend. numbers. Check.
. $ 3.1 1 0 $ 3.1 1

6 $ 1.6
8 6 6 $
1.6
8 6 6
1 8 $ 1 8.6 6
0 0 6
0 0 6
0 0 0 6 Write the
0 0 0 6 dollar sign
0 0 0 0 in the quotient.
Think
Each person paid $3.11. $3.11 is close to the estimate of $3.

2.1 9 .. 0.3 7 Short Division
4 8
.76
2 6 9 .6
2
8 6 6 . 7 8 6 0.4 8.
3 1
.4
2
0 7 6 . 1 8 2 4
4 6 . 1 8 2
3 6 . 0
3 6 .
0 .
96 Chapter 3 2.0
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Divide and check.

1. 67.2 6 2. 7.5 3 3. 49.32 9 4. 0.95 5
5. 21.60 15 6. 13.2 22 7. 0.784 7 8. 8.792 4
9. 62.1 3 10. 9.520 7 11. $77.20 8 12. 0.732 6
9
13. 59.5
3
14. 615
.6
1
15. 7$7
.8
5 1
16. 84.5
2
3
17. 12$4
.8
0 4
18. 4239
.4
4 .8
19. 4064
4
.8
20. 5032
5

.9
21. 2031
4
5
22. 5$0
.2
5 .7
23. 3032
2
24. 4$4
.1
2
4
25. 61.1
0 .1
26. 3007
7
.0
27. 8016
.8
28. 6736

Compare. Write , , or .
29. 0.57 30 ? 0.57 3 30. 92.4 6 ? 9.24 6
8
31. 44 ? 44
.8
.0
32. 5015
? 50
.1
5
33. If 6 packages weigh 0.936 lb, 34. Mary spent $.96 for 8 m
what does 1 package weigh? of ribbon. What does 1 m
What do 12 packages weigh? of ribbon cost?
35. Irma wants to divide a bill of 36. Mr. Clark traveled 456.4 km in 14 days.
$48.24 equally among 8 people. If he traveled the same distance each
How much should each person pay? day, how far did he travel each day?
37. Ray has 1.92 m of copper tubing 38. A large carton of books weighs 34.5 lb
that he cuts into 4 equal pieces. How and is three times the weight of a
long is each piece? smaller carton. How much does the
smaller carton weigh?
Find the mean (average) of each set of numbers.

39. 6.8, 4.9, 5.5, 7.2 40. $35.92, $37.16, $39, $33.95, $40.02
41. 0.099, 0.2, 0.089, 0.12, 0.092, 0.108 42. 4.8, 5, 4.5, 5.1, 4.75, 4.6, 5.25, 4.2, 4.1
Chapter 3 97
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3-6 Patterns with Tenths, Hundredths,

Thousandths
Mario used these patterns for dividing numbers
by 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001 to find the number of
tenths, hundredths, and thousandths in a
whole number or decimal.
34 000.1 340 631.8 000.1 6318

34 00.01 3400 631.8 00.01 63,180
34 0.001 34,000 631.8 0.001 631,800
To divide by 0.1, 0.01, or 0.001:

Count the number of decimal places in the divisor.
Move the decimal point to the right one place in

the dividend for each decimal place in the divisor.
Write zeros in the quotient as needed.

4.3 6 0 . 1 4 3.6 1 decimal place in the divisor
Move 1 place to the right.
4.3 6 0 . 0 1 4 3 6 2 decimal places in the divisor

Move 2 places to the right.
4.3 6 0 0 . 0 0 1 4 3 6 0 3 decimal places in the divisor

Move 3 places to the right.
Write 1 zero.
When you divide by 0.1, 0.01, or 0.001, the quotient increases

as the divisor decreases.
Find the quotients. Use the patterns.

1. 16 0.1 2. 329 0.1 3. 5.8 0.1 4. 27.6 0.1
16 0.01 329 0.01 5.8 0.01 27.6 0.01
16 0.001 329 0.001 5.8 0.001 27.6 0.001
98 Chapter 3 2.0
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Divide.
5. 237 0.1 6. 157.5 0.1 7. 42.23 0.1 8. 27.16 0.01
9. 82.06 0.01 10. 784.19 0.01 11. 2.5 0.001 12. 0.8 0.001
13. 0.72 0.1 14. 0.9 0.01 15. 188 0.001 16. 427.01 0.01
17. 56.56 0.01 18. 0.88 0.1 19. 1.56 0.01 20. 1 0.001
21. 12.9 0.01 ? 12.9 0.001 22. 15.4 0.01 ? 15.4 0.1
23. 5.9 0.01 ? 59 0.01 24. 6.2 0.01 ? 62 0.1
25. How many dimes are in $18.60? 26. How many pennies are in $56?
27. Compare the patterns in the first two columns below. Then
compare the patterns in the last two columns. Summarize your
findings in your Math Journal.
0.63 1000 630 0.63 1000 0.00063 0.63 3000 0.00021

0.63 100 63 0.63 100 0.0063 0.63 300 0.0021
0.63 10 6.3 0.63 10 0.063 0.63 30 0.021
0.63 1 0.63 0.63 1 0.63 0.63 3 0.21
0.63 0.1 0.063 0.63 0.1 6.3 0.63 0.3 2.1
0.63 0.01 0.0063 0.63 0.01 63 0.63 0.03 21
0.63 0.001 0.00063 0.63 0.001 630 0.63 0.003 210
28. Find the value of each variable. Use the patterns in exercise 27 to help you.
a. 0.6 a 0.006 b. 44 m 4400 c. 7.6 c 3800
d. 5.42 t 542 e. 3.16 n 0.316 f. 2.05 w 41
g. 1.14 b 0.00114 h. 0.216 r 0.00216 i. 10.2 s 0.34
Chapter 3 99
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3-7 Estimate Decimal Quotients

The fabric Hannah needs costs $4.65 per yard.
She has $23.50. About how many yards of
fabric can she buy?
To find about how many yards Hannah

can buy, estimate: $23.50 $4.65.
Use compatible numbers to estimate the quotient

of two decimals (or two money amounts):
Write the nearest compatible whole $23.50 $24

numbers for the dividend and the divisor. 0$4.65 0$4
Divide. $24 $4 6
She can buy about 6 yards of fabric.
Compare the dividend and the divisor to help

estimate a quotient if it is greater than or less than 1.
Dividend Divisor Quotient 1

Think
8 0.16 8 0.16 8 0.16 1
Dividend Divisor Quotient 1

Think
0.16 8 0.16 8 0.16 8 1
Estimate to place the decimal point in the quotient.

1. 29.52 7.2 41 2. 18.7 5.5 34 3. 49.6 8 62
4. 38.13 15.5 246 5. 40.18 19.6 205 6. 225.15 7.5 3002
7. 396.5 12.2 325 8. 9.21 7.5 1228 9. $37.75 5 $755
100 Chapter 3
8206-2_101 11/4/05 7:18 PM Page 101
Estimate each quotient. Use compatible numbers.

10. 41.9 8.6 11. 54.3 9.3 12. 47.17 6.88
13. 358.8 5.99 14. 225.741 6.8 15. 182.827 3.5
16. 505.905 52.7 17. 798.238 68.4 18. 328 15.9
19. 885 30.9 20. $63.28 4.4 21. $596.78 $9.50
Compare. Write ,, , or . .
22. 8 9 ? 1 23. 27.6 7.4 ? 1 24. 14.9 8.7 ? 1
25. 6.8 18.9 ? 1 26. 1 ? 0.7 5.88 27. 1 ? 41.1 0.999
28. 1 ? 1.28 3.01 29. 1 ? 12.1 0.894 30. 1 0.1 ? 1
Three Ways to Estimate Quotients

Front End Compatible Numbers Rounding
35.5 3.6 35.5 3.6 35.5 3.6
30 3 10 40 4 10 36 4 9
Estimate each quotient to complete the table.
Compatible
Front End Rounding
Numbers
31. $225.50 15.8 ? ? ?
32. 152.8 6.7 ? ? ?
33. 60 5.8 ? ? ?
34. Which method seems to give the most accurate estimate

in each of exercises 31–33?
35. The closest estimate of 36. The closest estimate of

36.142 8.95 is ? . $464.36 $9.25 is ? .
A4 B 0.4 C 0.04 D 0.004 A 0.5 B 5 C 50 D 500
Chapter 3 101
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3-8 Decimal Divisors

Mrs. Martinez is shingling the roof of
her house. Each shingle is 0.2 m wide.
If the roof is 8.46 m wide, how many
shingles can she put in each row?
To find the number of shingles, n,

divide: 8.46 0.2 n.
First estimate by using front-end estimation:

8 0.2 40.
Then divide.
To divide by a decimal:
Move the decimal point in the divisor 0.2 8
.4
6
to form a whole-number divisor. Then
move the decimal point in the dividend
to the right the same number of places.
4 2.3
Place the decimal point in the quotient .6
2 8 4
and then divide.
Check by multiplying. 4 2.3

4 0.2
8.4 6
Think
Each row will have 42.3 shingles. 42.3 is close to the estimate of 40.
Study these examples. Remember: The divisor must always

be a whole number.
2 2 2 0.5 3 1 6 6

2.4 1 .2
72 2 4 1
.7
22 0.0 2 7 0
.1
62 2 7 1
6
2
1 2 0 1 6 2
2 2 7 2 6 6 0
Move the decimal 2 2 7 2 Move the decimal
points one place 2 2 7 0 points three places
to the right. to the right.
102 Chapter 3 2.0

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Move the decimal points in the divisor and in the dividend.

Then write the decimal point in the quotient.
0 2 8 1 0 0 0 0 9 2 0 0 003 1 1

1. 2.3 6 .4
63 2. 0.1 9 0
.1
74
8 3. 0.9 2 2
.8
61
2
0 6 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2

4. 0.8 4 .8
24 5. 0.0 1 1 0
.0
93
5 6. 0.0 1 2 0
.0
01
44
0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6

7. 1.5 0 .0
045 8. 0.1 8 0
.0
36 9. 0.0 2 4 0
.0
01
44
Divide and check.

.5
10. 0.575 .6
11. 0.696 .7
12. 0.406 .6
13. 0.781
14. 92.4 0.4 15. 6.3 0.3 16. 257.2 0.4 17. 0.96 0.8
18. 2.214 0.9 19. 0.084 0.3 20. 555.6 0.6 21. 391.2 0.4
.3
22. 0.28496
.7
23. 0.75072
5
.5
24. 0.07302
8
.9
25. 0.08121
6

26. 6.9 2.3 27. 8.93 4.7 28. 0.78 0.26 29. 0.014 0.07
30. Mike is tiling a floor. If each tile is 31. Carlos cut a 25.8-ft length of
0.3 m wide and the floor is 5.4 m wide, rope into 0.6-ft segments.
how many tiles will fit in each row? How many segments did he cut?
32. The perimeter of a square 33. Yvette grew 13.68 in. in 12 months.
floor is 48.8 ft. How long On the average, how many
is each side? inches did she grow per month?
Complete the pattern to find each quotient.

Think
24 3 8 34. 24 0.3 ? 24 0.03 ? 24 0.003 ? .
Think
42 6 7 35. 42 0.6 ? 42 0.06 ? 42 0.006 ? .
Chapter 3 103
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3-9 Zeros in Division

Erin used 8.75 gal of gasoline to drive her car
210 mi. How many miles per gallon of gasoline
did her car get?
To find the miles per gallon, n,

divide: 210 8.75 n.
First estimate by using front-end estimation,

200 8 25. Then divide.
It is sometimes necessary to write one or more zeros

as placeholders in the dividend to complete the division.
0 0 0 2 4
8.7 5 21.
0 8.7 5 2
1.0
0 0 8 7 5 2
1
000
0 1 7 5 0
0 0 3 5 0 0
Place a decimal Move decimal points 0 0 3 5 0 0
point after 210. 2 places to the right. 0 0 0 0 0 0
Write 2 zeros as
placeholders.
Think
Erin’s car got 24 miles per gallon. 24 is close to the estimate of 25.
If needed, write one or more zeros in the quotient

to show the correct place value.
00.0.0 3 0.0 0 3

4.7 0 .1
41 Write 1 zero 5 9 0
.1
77 Write 2 zeros
in the quotient. 1 7 7 in the quotient.
1 4 1
0 0 0 0 0
0
Study this example.

0.0 4 8 Write a zero.

0.5 0 .0
24
50 .2
40 Write a zero. Check.
2 0 Multiply:
0 4 0 0.5 0.048 0.024
0 4 0
0 0 0
104 Chapter 3 2.0

8206-2_104-105 11/4/05 7:21 PM Page 105
Divide. When needed, write zeros as placeholders in the dividend.
.2
1. 0.40 .7
2. 0.50 .5
3. 0.80 .3
4. 1.50

5. 0.81
6. 0.49
7. 2.56
8. 1.23
.7
9. 0.050 .4
10. 0.320 .7
11. 0.080 6
12. 0.081

13. 63
14. 84 .0
15. 0.203 .6
16. 2.40
17. 0.7 1.4 18. 0.3 2 19. 0.03 0.025 20. 0.8 0.032
Divide. Write zeros in the quotient as needed.
.1
21. 505 .3
22. 406 .1
23. 8068
.8
24. 800
.8
25. 2.1061
.3
26. 6.2072
.0
27. 2.1063
.0
28. 0.6036

.0
29. 7035
.4
30. 9014
.8
31. 2102
.0
32. 9099

.0
33. 9.8019
6
.0
34. 0.8032
8
.0
35. 3.1027
9
.0
36. 0.71014
2

37. 0.405 0.5 38. 0.352 0.4 39. 0.00092 0.4 40. 0.00042 0.4
41. 0.702 9 42. 0.0096 3 43. 4.32 6 44. 2.62 8
45. Forty laps around a track equal 46. A wheel makes 1 turn in 0.7 second.
2.5 km. How far is 1 lap around What part of a turn can it make in
the track? 0.35 second?
47. Melons cost $.56 per pound. 48. A can of juice costs $.48.
How many pounds can be bought How many cans can be
with $5.60? bought with $12?
49. A greyhound runs at a speed of 50. A baseball card is 0.65 mm

39.35 miles per hour. How far thick. What is the thickness
will the greyhound run in of 20 baseball cards?
0.25 hour? of 100 baseball cards?
51. Melinda bought 3.2 lb of cherries for $2.88. Cody paid

$3.78 for 4.5 lb of cherries. Who paid more per pound?
How much more?
Chapter 3 105
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3-10 Multiplication and Division Expressions

Linda washes dogs to earn extra money on weekends.
She spends 30 minutes on each dog. If she washes
5 dogs on Saturday, write an expression for the total
number of minutes she spends washing the dogs.
30 5 30 • 5 30(5)
multiplication expression
Write an expression for the total number of minutes

Linda spends washing d dogs on Sunday.
Algebraic expressions involving
30 d 30 • d 30(d ) 30d multiplication commonly omit
the multiplication sign.
multiplication expression 30 d 30d
Each of the expressions above can be read as:

30 times d d multiplied by 30
the product of 30 and d
Linda will spend 280 minutes washing dogs 280 20 280

next weekend. If she spends 20 minutes 20
per dog, write an expression for the number
of dogs she will wash.
division expression
Write an expression for the number of dogs 280 m 280

Linda will wash if she spends m minutes m
per dog.
division expression
Each of the expressions above can be read as:
280 divided by m the quotient of 280 and m

the result of dividing 280 by m
106 Chapter 3
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Write each word phrase as a numerical expression.

1. eight times four 2. the product of two and 15
3. 27 divided by three 4. the quotient of 81 and nine
Write each word phrase as an algebraic expression. Use x as a variable.

5. the product of 37 and a number 6. a number divided by 12
7. six times a number 8. a number multiplied by 29
9. a number divided by ten 10. 30.5 divided by a number
11. the quotient of 621 and a number 12. a number times 45
Write each mathematical expression as a word phrase.

13. 98 45 14. 62.5 25 15. 45 • h
35
16. 7 17. m 65 18. 35 18.3
69
19. 81f 20. s 21. 8.92(y)
Write an expression for each situation.

22. Steve has 8 CD cases. He puts 23. Jane buys packages of 8 hot dogs for
12 CDs in each case. How many a cookout. She buys p packages in
CDs in all does Steve have? all. How many hot dogs does she buy?
24. Eric buys 20 pounds of dog food. He 25. Sela ran 13.5 miles in d days. She ran
places an equal amount of food into the same distance each day. How far
each of 5 containers. How many pounds did she run each day?
of dog food are in each container?
The table shows the number of rows of Number of Rows

strawberries that Osvaldo can pick per hour. Hours Picked
26. Let t stand for the number of hours worked. 1 2
Write an expression for the number of rows picked. 2 4
27. Let r stand for the number of rows picked. 3 6
Write an expression for the number of hours worked. 4 8
28. Explain in your Math Journal how
the expressions you wrote are related.
Chapter 3 107
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3-11 Evaluate Multiplication and

Division Expressions
A train travels at an average rate of 130
miles per hour. After a number of hours,
the train reaches its destination. How many
miles does the train travel in 2.5 hours?
To find how many miles, write the
expression:
Let h represent the number
130h
of hours traveled.
Then evaluate 130h, when h 2.5 hours. Evaluate means find the value.
To evaluate an algebraic expression:

• Substitute the given number
for the variable. 130h 130 • 2.5
• Simplify to find the value 325 value of the expression
of the expression.
The train travels 325 miles in 2.5 hours at 130 miles per hour.

Evaluate each expression for the value given.
w 20, when w $500 8a n, when a 1.5 and n 4
w 20 Replace w with $500. 8a n Replace a with 1.5 and n with 4.
$500 20 Divide. 8 1.5 4 Multiply.
$25 48

1. 26 • 2010 2. 0.25 8 30.4 3. 4.2n, for n 20
4. 33t, for t 1.3 5. 0.5r, for r 6000 6. 345 f, for f 15

x
7. 7568 8. 8.4 , for q 1.2 9. 0.07 , for x 2.94
16 q
10. n 160, for n 2992 11. 2 • y • 6, for y 0.1 12. a(2.1 • 0.02), for a 40
108 Chapter 3 1.1

8206-2_108-109 11/4/05 7:24 PM Page 109
Evaluate each algebraic expression for c 5 0.4 and d 5 200.

Remember to work from left to right.
13. d 6 30 14. d c 200 15. 36 c d
16. 35 c 500 17. 10 c d 18. d 1500 c
19. d 20 c 20. cd 12 21. cd 8
22. (d 4) c 23. 8d 100c 24. 300c d

25. Lois spent x dollars on 12 books. 26. Leah spent three times the amount
Each book cost the same amount. Damean spent on CDs. Damean
How much did Lois spend on each spent $33.87. How much did
book, if she spent a total of $143.88? Leah spend on CDs?
27. Let y represent the number of 28. Kristy found the total weight
miles Mandi jogged each of some packages to be 1.926
week. Brittany jogged double kilograms. Each package weighed
the amount Mandi jogged. the same amount. If there were 6
How many miles did Brittany packages, what did each weigh?
jog, if Mandi jogged 6.8 miles?
29. Nina meets her friends for lunch. The bill was $40.24 and
they left an $8 tip. How much did each of the eight friends
pay if they shared the bill equally?
Evaluate each algebraic expression for

c 1000, d 2000, g 0.001, and h 0.009.
30. c times d 31. d divided by c 32. h divided by g
33. the product of d and g 34. d minus c 35. h added to g
36. h multiplied by d 37. h divided by c 38. g times h
39. d more than c 40. g less than h 41. the quotient of d and g
Chapter 3 109
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3-12 Round Quotients

Mei bought 6 containers of apple juice
for $1.90. To the nearest cent, what
is the cost of each container of juice?
To find the cost of each container, n,

divide: $1.90 6 n.
First estimate by using compatible numbers:

$1.80 6 $.30. Then divide.
Rules for Rounding:
• Look at the digit to the
Sometimes the division results in a remainder, right of the place to which
no matter how many zeros are written in the you are rounding.
dividend. You can round these quotients. In this
• If the digit is less than 5,
case, the quotient is rounded to the nearest
round down. If the digit
cent (hundredths place). is 5 or greater, round up.
$ .3 1 6 Divide to the thousandths $.316

.9
6 $ 1 00 place. Write 1 zero.
1 8 $.32
0 1 0 Think
0 06 $ .316666... 65
0 0 4 0 1
6$.9
00
0
0
0
Round up to $.32
0 0 3 6
0 0 0 4
To the nearest cent, each container of juice costs $.32.
Round to the nearest tenth: Round to the nearest thousandth:

7 3. 0.42 0.19.
2.3 3 Divide to hundredths. 0 0 0 0 2.2 1 0 5 Divide to

3 7 .0
0 Write 2 zeros. 0.1 9 0
.4
20000 ten thousandths.
Write 4 zeros.
3 5 Round down. 7 3 2.3 5 5 Round up. 0.42 0.19 2.211
110 Chapter 3 2.0

8206-2_110-111 11/4/05 7:25 PM Page 111
Divide. Round to the nearest tenth.

1. 68
2. 176 0
3. 9.22 5
4. 6.51
.4
5. 2.30 .1
6. 0.92 .5
7. 3.16 .8
8. 0.30
.8
9. 0.405 .2
10. 0.413 .1
11. 0.0301 .6
12. 0.0901
Divide. Round to the nearest hundredth or nearest cent.

13. 65 2
14. 32 .2
15. 79 .5
16. 41
.5
17. 1.14 .4
18. 1.50 .1
19. 3.38 .5
20. 0.74
.1
21. 0.067 .3
22. 0.079 .5
23. 0.708 .7
24. 0.301
1
25. 8$.2
4 8
26. 6$.2
3 1
27. 2$.1
1 5
28. 3$.1
9
Divide. Round to the nearest thousandth.
.4
29. 60 .7
30. 823 .0
31. 3755
.5
32. 27078

.6
33. 0.301 8
34. 9.510
8
3
35. 2.327
.4
36. 0.070
37. A 32-oz box of cereal sells for $1.89. To the nearest cent,
what is the price per ounce?
38. Juan can climb 3.7 km in 4 hours. To the nearest hundredth

of a kilometer, how far can he climb in an hour?
39. Edna can run 5.5 km in 26 minutes. To the nearest tenth of a

kilometer, what is her speed in kilometers per minute?
40. Mr. Shapiro used 14.7 gallons of gasoline to drive 392.7 miles. To the
nearest tenth, what was his average number of miles per gallon?
41. Explain in your Math Journal how to find the price per ounce
as in problem 37.
Chapter 3 111
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Interpret the Remainder
To celebrate Somerville’s 200th anniversary,
2000 people are invited to a formal dinner.
If 12 people are seated at each table, how
many tables will be needed?
Visualize yourself in the problem above as

you reread it. List the facts and the question.
Facts: 2000 people invited to a dinner
each table seats 12 people
Question: How many tables will be needed?
Since each table seats 12 people, divide 2000 by 12 to find

how many tables, n, will be needed.
2000 12 n.
1 1 1 6 6 R8

1 2 2 0
00
1 1 2 There is a remainder of 8 people,
1 18 0 so 1 more table will be needed.
1 1 7 2
1 1 18 0
1 1 1 7 2
1 1 1 18
Somerville will need 167 tables to seat 2000 people.
Multiply and add to check your answer.

1 1 6 6
1 1 1 2
1 3 3 2
1 6 6 Remember: Check by multiplying the quotient
and the divisor. Then add the remainder.
1 9 9 2
1 1 1 8
2 0 0 0 The answer checks.
112 Chapter 3
8206-2_112-113 11/4/05 7:26 PM Page 113
Solve. Interpret the remainder.
01. A radio station is planning a 12.5 km walk

for a fundraiser. The goal is to raise $98,003.
If the pledge is $1.50 per km, how many
people will need to walk 12.5 km to reach
or surpass the goal?

above as you reread it. List the
facts and the question.
Facts: fundraiser walk—12.5 km
pledge per km—$1.50
goal—$98,003
Question: How many people will need to walk 12.5 km
to reach or go beyond the goal?
First, find how much a person will raise, a, if he or she

walks 12.5 km. Multiply: $1.50 12.5 a.
Think
Then, to find the number of people needed to raise What will a
$98,003, n, divide: $98,003.00 a n. remainder mean?
02. Each touring van will accommodate 22 people. If one group

has 170 people, how many touring vans will the group need?
03. Two hundred twenty-five dignitaries are invited to a parade.

There are three reviewing stands that each seat 70 people.
How many extra chairs will be needed to seat all the dignitaries?
04. There are 17 floats in the parade. Each float is decorated

with 1026 carnations. If 500 carnations cost $189.50, how
much will it cost to decorate all 17 floats?
05. Festival organizers plan to have 170 fireworks set off at night.
1
The show will last 2 hour. If the same number of firecrackers
are to go off each minute, how many should that be?
06. Local vendors plan to sell hot dogs during the festival. Their goal
is to sell 5000 hot dogs. If hot dogs are packed 48 to a box,
how many boxes should the vendors order?
Chapter 3 113
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01. Rachel’s craft group is building a collection of model
ships. Rachel cuts 9 masts out of a 75-in. balsa
wood dowel. How long is each mast?
02. A local lumber supplier sells 1000 balsa wood

dowels for $990.00. How much would a hundred
dowels cost? a dozen dowels? 1 dowel?
03. Ramon needs 50 wooden planks to build decks

for 11 ships. If 50 planks cost $99.50, how much
is Ramon spending per ship?
04. Jared uses twine for the ropes on a model ship.

A 35-yd ball of twine costs $2.99. What is the cost
per yard?
05. Miniature brass ship decorations sell for $.29 per ounce.
If Talia pays $7.50 for a bag of decorations, how many
ounces does the bag weigh? Round to the nearest ounce.
06. Ted sends Rachel 100 model sails that he has made.
The total weight of the package is 13.75 oz. If the
packaging weighs 0.25 oz, how much does one sail weigh?
07. The content weight of a box of models is 81 lb. If there

are 9 each of 5 different models in the box, what is the
average weight of an individual model?
08. A collection of model ships has a mass of 8064 g. The mass

of each ship is 448 g. How many ships are in the collection?
09. Models built by four craft groups will be exhibited together.

Each display case will hold 6 model ships. There will be
117 model ships in the exhibit. How many display cases
will be needed?
114 Chapter 3
8206-2_114-115 11/4/05 7:28 PM Page 115
Solve. Use a strategy from the list or another

strategy you know to do each problem.
10. The History Museum displays a variety of models.
A model fort is built entirely from miniature bricks.
Use These Strategies
Each brick has a mass of 115 g. The model fort
has a mass of 143,175 g. How many bricks are Write an Equation
used in this model? Guess and Test
Use Simpler Numbers
11. Another historical model shows a Civil War battlefield. Use More Than One Step
Use a Graph
There are twice as many Confederate soldiers as
Union soldiers in the model. There are 639 soldiers in
the display. How many Confederate soldiers are there?
12. A model of the Monitor requires 2350 bolts. The

bolts are produced in sets of 15. How many sets
of bolts must be ordered to make this model?
13. Joe’s handmade wooden toy train car weighs 4.923 oz.
A 15-car wooden train set at a local toy store weighs
65.64 oz. How much lighter or heavier is Joe’s train car
than the average for the store’s train cars?
14. A craft club wants to buy model paint kits to raffle off at
their next meeting. The kits come in three sizes: small,
24 oz of paint for $5.19; medium, 32 oz of paint for $6.19;
and large, 48 oz of paint for $7.19. Which is the best buy?
15. The model builder of the Spirit of St. Louis took

45 seconds to place each toothpick. If 4781
toothpicks were used, how many minutes
did it take her to build the entire model?
Use the bar graph for problems 16 and 17. Model Kits Sold
400
16. How many more kits for model aircraft were
350
sold than for model buildings?
Number Sold
300
250
17. Model car kits cost $8.95 each. How much
money was spent on model car kits? 200
150
100
50
0
18. Write a problem modeled on problem 12 Ships Aircraft Cars Buildings
Type of Kit
above. Have a classmate solve it.
Chapter 3 115
8206-2_116 11/4/05 7:29 PM Page 116
Lessons 1–14
Divide using short division. (See pp. 88–89.)
8
1. 669
,3
47
6
2. 935
,4
31
0
3. 575
,8
30
,4
4. 2831
,0
96

Estimate by using compatible numbers. Then find each quotient. (See pp. 90–93.)
6
5. 4379
5
6. 3537
9
5
7. 43291
0
2
8. 389$7
8
9
.1
3
Write in scientific notation. (See pp. 94–95.)
9. 0.000021 10. 0.00543 11. 0.00065 12. 0.00000175
Divide. (See pp. 94–105.)
13. 0.79 100 2

14. 0.011.9
5
15. 2620
.9
2
16. 35$6
2
.1
5
17. 0.084 0.4 .0

18. 0.618 .5
19. 4.8244
2
20. 0.515

Write each word expression as an algebraic expression.

Use x as the variable. (See pp. 106–107.)
21. the product of 95 and a number 22. a number divided by 25
23. eight times a number 24. the quotient of a number and 49
Evaluate each expression. (See pp. 108–109.)
25. 7.8n, for n 30 26. 45t, for t 1.5 27. 0.7r, for r 9000
8.4
28. 275 f, for f 25 29. q
, for q 2.4 30. n 120, for n 578.4
Divide. Round to the nearest hundredth or nearest cent. (See pp. 110–111.)
31. 16 6 .9
32. 0.115 1
33. 8$.7
7 5
34. 9$7
.5
9
(See pp. 112–116.)
35. The sixth and seventh grades have 36. Rhode Island has an area of 1545
362 students taking buses for a field square miles and Texas has an area
trip. Each bus holds 46 people. What of 268,601 square miles. How many
is the fewest number of buses needed times greater is the area of Texas
for the trip? than that of Rhode Island?

8206-2_117 11/4/05 7:29 PM Page 117
Logic: Open and Closed Statements

In logic, a statement is a sentence that states a
fact. A statement is true or false, but not both.
A closed statement can be judged true or false.
All animals have wings. False

A triangle has exactly 3 sides. True
Ten is an odd number. False
An open statement contains an unknown.

If you replace the unknown, the statement
becomes closed. It can then be judged
true or false.
All squares have exactly n sides.
n is an unknown.
All squares have exactly 3 sides. False
10 x 5
10 5 5 True
Tell whether each statement is closed or open.

If the statement is closed, write True or False.
01. Alabama is a continent. 02. A horse has 4 legs.
03. 7 a 5 04. 15 5 155
05. Twenty-one is an even number. 06. Six ten thousandths 0.006
07. 0.45 ? 9 08. 16 0.75 15.25
Find a number or numbers that make each

open statement true.
09. A pentagon has exactly n sides. 10. 0.456 rounded to nearest tenth is n.
11. 30 f 270 12. 48 m 12 13. 2 n 2 16
14. 0.52 0.6 3 n 15. 0.24 0.34 n
Chapter 3 117
8206-2_118 11/4/05 7:30 PM Page 118
Estimate each quotient. Use compatible numbers.

1. 3041 82 2. 300,864 66 3. 736 4.2 4. 37.26 7.1

5. 0.000056 6. 0.00158 7. 0.00012 8. 0.00000235
Find the quotient.

9. 0.83 1000 8
10. 919
,5
67
1
11. 4$4
.2
4 .9
12. 0.771
13. 0.558 6.2 .2

14. 0.032088
7
15. 4.261,6
15
.1
.6
16. 0.25725

Write each mathematical expression as a word phrase.

17. 98m 18. 62.5 q 19. 45 • 25
Find the value of each algebraic expression for c 0.3 and d 2340.
20. d 6 30 21. c d 1000 22. 36 c d
Use a strategy you have learned. 24. Fred spent $10.69 on 9 used books.
23. If art paper comes in packs of 48 Fran spent $8.29 on 7 used books.
sheets, how many packs will Sam Who spent less per book? Explain.
need to get 889 sheets?
Tell how many digits could be in the quotient.

Give an example to support your answer.
25. 5-digit number 2-digit number 26. 6-digit number 3-digit number
Find each quotient to complete each table.

Describe any patterns you see.
27. n n 0.5 28. x x 0.2
2.5 ? 0.08 ?
3.0 ? 0.06 ?
3.5 ? 0.04 ?
118 Chapter 3
8206-2_119-120 11/4/05 7:31 PM Page 119

1. Choose the standard form of 7. Choose the scientific notation

65 billion, 18 thousand and for 294 billion.
7 ten thousandths.
a. 65,000,018.0007 a. 29.4 1011
b. 65,018.0007 b. 2.94 1011
c. 65,000,018,000.0007 c. 294.1010
d. not given d. 2.94 109
2. Choose the short word name for the number 8. Round 97,491,608,123 to the
(9 106) (7 104) (6 102) (8 1). nearest hundred million.
a. 9768 a. 97,490,000,000
b. 9 million, 70 thousand, 608 b. 97,000,000,000
c. 9 million, 7 thousand, 610 c. 97,492,000,000
d. not given d. 97,500,000,000
3. Which numbers are in order from 9. Estimate the quotient.

greatest to least?
402,252 218
a. 5.4534; 5.0435; 5.3403 a. 20
b. 5.4304; 5.4122; 5.041 b. 200
c. 5.4305; 5.42; 5.433 c. 2000
d. 5.0415; 5.42; 5.4305 d. 20,000
4. Subtract 2,665,050 10. Choose the product.

from 30,880,200.
3 0.4 0.8
a. 28,215,150 a. 0.096
b. 28,225,150 b. 0.96
c. 33,542,250 c. 9.6
d. not given d. not given
5. Which numbers are divisible by 3? 11. 8.932 89.32 809.2 3.924

A. 369,720 B. 307,111 C. 34,563
a. A and B only a. 65.780
b. A and C only b. 908.4344
c. B and C only c. 947.276
d. A, B, and C d. not given
6. Choose the standard form. 12. Choose the product.

5.76 105 0.703 0.04
a. 5,670,000 a. 0.002802
b. 576,000 b. 0.02812
c. 0.00576 c. 0.2812
Chapter 3 119
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13. Name the place of the underlined digit. 18. Estimate. Use front-end estimation
with adjustments.
72,951.009846
3.681 9.54 0.87
a. hundred thousandths a. 12
b. ten thousandths b. 14
c. ten thousands c. 16
d. hundred thousands d. not given
14. Find the value of n. 19. Find the quotient to the

nearest hundredth.
n 13,024 32
.4
0.4250
8

a. 40 R7 a. 6.12
b. 407 b. 6.13
c. 407 R25 c. 6.127
15. 9.21 104 in standard form is: 20. Which number is divisible
by both 2 and 4?
a. 0.000921 a. 903,612
b. 0.00921 b. 142,214
c. 0.0921 c. 46,106
d. not given d. 40,182
16. Which expression has a value 21. Choose the product.

of 10 when n 10?
9.009 0.9
a. 20n a. 810.81
b. 20 n b. 81.081
c. 20 n c. 8.1081
20
d. n d. 0.81901
17. The water in a tank weighs 728.45 lb. 22. Which number is 105 more than
One cubic foot of water weighs 62.5 lb. (4 104) (3 103) (2 102) (1 10)?
About how many cubic feet of water
does the tank hold?
a. 42,000 cu ft a. 43,260
b. 1200 cu ft b. 53,210
c. 100 cu ft c. 143,210
d. 12 cu ft d. 1,432,100
Explain how you solved each problem. Show all your work.
23. Each letter in the statements below represents one
number in the box. What is the value of each letter? 5 4.58 0.1764 4.7564 0.42
CAD A2 E BAC
120 Chapter 3
8206-2_121 1/9/06 6:33 PM Page 121
Symmetry
A pair of golden orioles sings in the green willows,
A line of white egrets flies across the blue sky.
Through my west window, snows of a thousand autumns cap the mountains.
Beyond my east door, boats from ten thousand miles away dot the river.
Du Fu
n + 9 = 14
3 b = 27
5 x – 3 = 22 Learn about expressions, equations,
inequalities, and formulas
Solve addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division equations
Explore order of operations with a calculator
Solve problems by using more than one step

Explain with models how symmetry in
nature is similar to the balance that occurs
in an equation such as n + 9 = 14.
Chapter 4 121
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4-1 Order of Operations

Frances has 215 apples in each of two crates.
Three other crates have 150 apples each. How
many apples does Frances have in all?
To find how many in all, compute:

2 215 3 150.
Frances computes as follows:
Number of apples 2 215 3 150
430 450
880
Frances has 880 apples in all.
Compute: (42 7) 3 4 2 102
Grouping symbols include:

When a mathematical expression parentheses 12 (6 2) 4
contains more than one operation,
mathematicians have agreed to follow brackets [7 2] 3 3
16 4 2 14
these order of operations rules: fraction bars
2
2 7
First compute operations within (42 7) 3 4 2 102

grouping symbols.
Next simplify numbers with exponents. 6 3 4 2 102
Then multiply or divide from left to right. 6 3 4 2 100
Last add or subtract from left to right. 18 2 100
16 100
116
48 (3 1)3 52 1.4
0.4 103 4
0.4 1000 48 23 25 1.4

4
400 48 8 23.6
4
5.9
40
122 Chapter 4
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Tell which operation is to be done first. Then compute.

1. 3 9 8 2. 16 4 2 3. 15 6 3
7 11
4. 3 5. 21 9 11 6. 27 9 3
9 10 54
7. (14 2) 62 8. 22 [15 3] 9. 64 (8 8)
Use the order of operations to compute. Justify each step in the process.
10. 4 8 3 2 11. 18 6 3 1
12. 9 3 2 42 13. 12 3 1 23
14. (40 4) 5 3 [0.6 40] 15. 5 (34 2) 8 (1.7 2)
16. 10 3 (48 6)2 0.4 17. (50 10)3 2 6 0.6

73
18. 22 1 [5 5 2] 19. (24 12 73 6) 52
3 2
Insert parentheses to make each number sentence true.

20. 48 32 1 7 13 21. 5 102 41 42 20
22. 62 8 2 2 22 35 23. 3.2 4.3 1.5 23 40
24. 8 0.5 6.7 1.2 14 25. 18 52 10 4.5 20
Write the mathematical expression to solve

each problem. Then evaluate.
26. Catherine works after school at a job 27. Leon packs 30 business envelopes
for which she is paid $25 a day. She in each of 25 boxes and 30 regular
makes tips of $15 a day. How much envelopes in each of 20 boxes. How
money does she receive in 5 days? many envelopes does he pack?
28. (42 7) 3 4 2 1 29. 52 [33 2] 9 4

76
A 0 B 2 F 14 G 589
C 8 D 17 H 638 J 51
Chapter 4 123
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4-2 Translate Expressions

Kari orders 5 CDs to give as gifts. Each CD
costs $15. Shipping and handling is $5 per
order. What is the total cost of her CD order?
To find the total cost of her CD order, write

a numerical expression and then compute.
cost of CDs plus shipping and handling fee
(5 $15) $5 A mathematical expression

or 5 $15 $5 $80 may contain more than
one operation.
The total cost of Kari’s order is $80.
Kari orders some books for the library. Each book costs
$9. Shipping and handling is $8 per order. How much is
the total cost of her order?
The number of books Kari orders is unknown.

To find the total cost of her book order, write an
algebraic expression.
$9b $8 Let b represent the number of books.
Word phrases can be written as numerical or algebraic expressions.
Word Phrase Expression

two plus 3, times 4 (2 3) 4
7 plus 5, divided by the sum of 3 and 1 (7 5) (3 1)
a number tripled, plus 2 3n 2
1
one half of y squared, minus 14 2 y 2 14
twice the difference of a number minus 10 2 (m 10)
Write as a numerical expression. Then compute.

1. eight divided by four, plus 11 2. nine minus six, multiplied by seven
3. 27 times 11, minus 35 4. 20 subtracted from 68, divided by 12
5. 19 added to 21, times the sum of 7 and 2 6. 27 times the sum of 3.5 and 0.11
124 Chapter 4
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Write as an algebraic expression. Use n as the variable.

7. six times the cost of a card, 8. one fourth of a number, increased
decreased by $.05 by 17
9. 100 less than a number tripled 10. 8 added to a number, multiplied by 2
11. 98 times the sum of a number 12. the quotient of a number squared and
and 1.3 the difference of 5.9 and 7
Write as a word phrase.

y
13. 56 4.1 2.5 14. 3n 8 15. 6 10
16. a 2 (b c) 17. 6.5ab 18. 98 4.5x
Write an expression for each. Then compute if possible.

19. Aaron buys 8 videotapes. The 20. Laura orders 9 balls of yarn. Each
tapes cost $7 each. He buys a ball of yarn costs $3. She pays $6
carrying case for $12. How much for shipping. How much does Laura
does Aaron pay in all? spend in all?
21. Ed has 30 toy trucks. He puts an 22. Mac collects 135 golf balls. He throws
equal number of trucks on 6 shelves. away 10 of them. He divides the rest of
He does the same with his 42 toy the golf balls equally among some buckets
cars. How many toys are on in his cart. What is the number of golf
each shelf? balls Mac puts in each bucket?
23. Dee buys 12 cans of cat food at 24. Sue pays for herself and 4 friends to go to
$1.50 each. She gets a discount. the fair. Admission is $6 per person plus a
What is the total amount Dee pays? group fee. How much does Sue pay in all?
Multiply. Round to the nearest cent when necessary.

25. 4.3 26. 0.45 27. 5.02 28. $7.49 29. $49.95
.0.9 .0.14 . 7.3 . 6 . 9
30. 6.21 31. 0.127 32. 95.6 33. $7.46 34. $8.93
06.7 00.33 .8.05 03.25 001.7
Chapter 4 125
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4-3 Evaluate Algebraic Expressions

Some students are visiting a science
museum. They pay $7 per student and
a group fee of $25. Write an algebraic
expression for the total cost of the trip.
Let s represent the number of students.
total students’ group
cost plus fee
$7s $25
If there are 124 students going on the trip,
what is the total cost they will pay for the trip?
To find the total cost, evaluate the Remember:
expression $7s $25, when s 124. To evaluate an expression
is to find its value.
$7s $25
$7 • 124 $25 Replace s with 124.
$868 $25 Simplify using the order of operations.
$893
The students will pay a total cost of $893.
Study these examples. Evaluate each expression for the values given.
12 a 2
7 3x 3 y, when x 2 bc , when a 4, b 0.3,
and y 4 and c 0.2
7 3 • 23 4 Replace x with 2 and y with 4.
73 84
• Simplify using the order 12 42 Replace a with 4, b with 0.3,
0.3 0.2 and c with 0.2.
7 24 4 of operations.
28 Simplify using the order
31 4 of operations.
0.1
27 280

1. 56 p(q r), when p 3, q 4.2, 2. (x 1)2 y z, when x 3,
and r 5.1 y 8.8, and z 4
3. 15 cj 3, when c 6 and j 5 4. (d e 9)2 14f, when d 8,

e 45, and f 2
126 Chapter 4
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Combine Like Terms

Before evaluating some algebraic expressions, you can simplify them
by combining like terms.
The parts of an algebraic expression that are separated by an
addition or subtraction sign are called terms. Terms that have
exactly the same variable parts are called like terms.
1
7a 10a 19 2 x 2 15x 4x 2
like terms like terms
Simplify by combining like terms. Then evaluate the expression

for the given value of the variable.
12w 5w 30, when w 1.5 8c 2 6c 3c 2, when c 4
(12w 5w) 30 Associative Property 8c 2 3c 2 6c Commutative Property
(12 5)w 30 Distributive Property (8 3)c 2 6c Distributive Property
7w 30 Simplify. 11c 2 6c Simplify.
7 • 1.5 30 Replace w with 1.5. 11 • 42 6 • 4 Replace c with 4.
40.5 value of the expression 152 value of the expression
Simplify by combining like terms. Then evaluate the

expression for the given value of the variable.
5. 20n 6n 3, when n 2.5 6. 6x 7x 14, when x 0.34
7. 378 15y 2y, when y 3.1 8. 7m 2 3m 2 2, when m 3

9. 9z 2 5z 3z 2, when z 10 10. 13b 6b 19 14c, when b 15
and c 0.4
Write and evaluate an algebraic expression.

11. Juan buys some T-shirts for $12.95 12. Lucy orders books from an online
each and pays a sales tax of $2.33. bookstore. She pays $12 per book and
If he buys 3 T-shirts, how much does $8.95 for shipping and handling. How
Juan pay in all? much does she pay in all for 13 books?
13. Stanley packs some paperback books in each of 5 boxes and

some hardcover books in each of 4 boxes. If he packs 15 paperback
books in each box and 11 hardcover books in each box, how many
books in all does he pack?
Chapter 4 127
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4-4 Equations and Inequalities

Leslie and Clark each write a word sentence as an equation.
An equation is a statement that shows that two mathematical expressions are equal.
Leslie’s equation is: Clark’s equation is:
Twice nine decreased by three is fifteen. Five times a number n, minus two equals eight.
2•9 3 15 5n 2 8
Leslie’s equation is a closed Clark’s equation is an open sentence
sentence because it contains no because it contains a variable. An open
variables. A closed sentence is sentence is neither true nor false.
either true or false.
To determine whether a value is a
To determine whether an solution of an equation:
equation is true or false:
Replace the variable with the given
Simplify each side of the value.
equation using the order of Simplify using the order of operations
operations. and determine the value of the variable
Compare the sides to that makes a true statement.
determine if they make a
5n 2 8, when n 3 and n 2
true statement.
5(3) 2 8 and 5(2) 2 8
2 • 9 3 15 ? ?
? 15 2 8 and 10 2 8
18 3 15
13 8 false and 8 8 true
15 15 true
2 is the solution of the equation.
The equation, 2 9 3 15, is a
It makes a true statement.
true statement.
Write as an equation. Then label each equation as open or closed.

If the equation is closed, write whether it is true or false.
1. A number divided by 3.85 is equal 2. Six less than three times ten is equal
to one. to twenty.
3. Two more than twice a number is three. 4. Half of eight is three less than seven.
Determine if the given value of the variable is the solution

of the equation. Write yes or no.
5. 9x 8 35, when x 3 6. 19 2p 6, when p 7
k
7. 3 4.9 8.5, when k 12.3 8. 18 (8 m) 17, when m 7
128 Chapter 4
1.1
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Inequalities
A word sentence can also represent an inequality. Symbol Read As
An inequality is a statement that uses any of the
symbols in the table at the right. is less than
is greater than
Eight plus twice two is greater than ten.
is less than or
equal to
8 2(2) 10 closed sentence is greater than or
12 10 true equal to
is not equal to
Five less than a number is less than twenty-five.
An inequality that includes
n5 25 open sentence a variable, or is open, can
20 5 25 for n 20 have more than one
15 25 true solution. For n 5 25,
n can be any number less
n 15 is one solution of the inequality. than 30.
Write as an inequality. Then label each inequality open or closed.

If the inequality is closed, write whether it is true or false.
9. One more than twice a number is 10. Forty-seven is less than or equal
greater than three. to five times three, added to nine.
11. Nineteen is not equal to the sum of 12. One sixth of thirty-six hundredths is
one and one tenth of one hundred. less than two-tenths less than four.
13. The quotient of a number divided by 14. Eight is not equal to three times
seven is greater than or equal to ten. a number.
Determine if the given value of the variable is a solution

of the inequality. Write yes or no.
15. 50x 12.5 55, when x 0.5 16. 7n 6 n 12, when n 2.1
q
17. 4 2.4 6.5, when q 16.4 18. 25 (5 r) 19, when m 2.3
Equations and inequalities can have more than one variable.

Find a value for each variable that will make each statement true.
12.6x
19. 5.5x 1.5y 3.5x 20. 8.4x 2.4x 3.6y 21. 6
2y 0.4y
Chapter 4 129
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4-5 Addition Equations

The seating capacity for football games at a sports
stadium is 4117 more than the seating capacity for
baseball games. If the seating capacity is 63,000
for football games, what is the seating capacity for
baseball games?
To find the seating capacity for baseball games,

write and solve an equation.
Let x represent the seating capacity for

baseball games.
seating capacity seating capacity
for baseball plus 4117 equals for football
x 4117 63,000 addition equation
To solve an addition equation, use Subtraction Property of Equality

When you subtract the same
the Subtraction Property of Equality. number from both sides of an
equation, you get a true
x 4117 63,000 Subtract 4117
statement.
from both sides
x 4117 4117 63,000 4117
to isolate the
x 58,883 variable.
Remember: Addition and
Check: x 4117 63,000 subtraction are inverse
? operations.
58,883 4117 63,000
63,000 63,000 True
The seating capacity for baseball games is 58,883.
Study this example.

Solve: 27.5 y 3.3 1.7
27.5 y 3.3 1.7 Simplify by adding the numbers on one side.

27.5 y 5.0
27.5 5.0 y 5.0 5.0 Subtract 5.0 from both sides to isolate the variable.
22.5 y
Check: 27.5 22.5 3.3 1.7

?
27.5 22.5 5.0
27.5 27.5 True
130 Chapter 4
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Solve and check.

1. x 2597 6233 2. y 13.84 20.29 3. 0.793 n 0.65
4. 119 246 f 893 5. 1.1 1.83 g 6.25 6. 0 m 2.3
7. 4.263 4.263 k 8. 0.52 0.13 0.15 r 9. 3.415 1.626 s
10. z $3.95 $9.20 11. $8.31 $3.22 w 12. $75.40 $25.40 b
13. p 1.93 1.17 9 14. 5 r 1.435 8.435 15. 4 s 0.367 2.033
16. 9.25 x 1.5 12 17. a 286 123 459 18. 798 m 89.5 943
Write and solve an equation.

19. A number y increased by 3.7 is 20. The sum of a number w and 85 is
equal to 9.372. equal to one hundred eight.
21. Twenty-three hundredths more than 22. When 245 is added to the sum of 130
a number x is equal to six tenths. and a number y, the result is 506.
Write an addition equation for each. Then solve.

23. Some cats and 29 dogs are in the 24. There are 28 bicycles and some
kennels at the vet. There are 45 tricycles on sale at Bert’s. There are a
animals altogether. How many total of 50 bicycles and tricycles on sale.
cats are in the kennels? How many tricycles are on sale?
25. There are 35 students in Mr. Wohl’s 26. Chen has 57 tropical fish. This is 15
class. Some students are girls and more than Tad has. How many tropical
19 students are boys. How many fish does Tad have?
girls are in Mr. Wohl’s class?
27. A total of 762 people, consisting of parents, students, and teachers,

attended the Community Fair. If 212 parents and 386 students were
at the event, how many teachers attended?
28. Explain the steps you would use to compare the values
of g and h, when 35 17 g and h 24 42.
Chapter 4 131
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4-6 Subtraction Equations

John caught a 5.2-lb fish. This was 3.9 lb less than the
fish Sarah caught. How much did Sarah’s fish weigh?
To find how much Sarah’s fish weighed,

write and solve an equation.
Let f represent the weight of Sarah’s fish.

weight of Sarah’s fish minus 3.9 equals weight of John’s fish
f 3.9 5.2 subtraction equation
To solve a subtraction equation, Addition Property of Equality

use the Addition Property of Equality. When you add the same number to both sides
of an equation, you get a true statement.
f 3.9 5.2
Add 3.9 to both sides
f 3.9 3.9 5.2 3.9 to isolate the variable.
f 9.1
Check: f 3.9 5.2
?
9.1 3.9 5.2
5.2 5.2 True
Sarah’s fish weighed 9.1 lb.
Solve: 3125 y 1527 Solve: a (29 3.1) 5.3

When the subtrahend is the unknown, a (29 3.1) 5.3
use a related fact to find its value. a 32.1 5.3
Related Subtraction Facts: a 32.1 32.1 5.3 32.1
a b c and a c b a 37.4
Check: a (29 3.1) 5.3
3125 y 1527 37.4 (29 3.1) 5.3
Write the
3125 1527 y related fact.
?
37.4 32.1 5.3
1598 y Simplify. 5.3 5.3 True
Check: 3125 y 1527
?
3125 1598 1527
1527 1527 True
132 Chapter 4
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Solve and check.

1. x 1456 234 2. t 13.27 6.041 3. c $3.48 $0.23
4. $57.69 z $28.35 5. 17.82 b 17.82 6. 3317 f 52,000
7. n (451 513) 630 8. p (183 8462) 135
9. s (9.2 9.8) 2.5 10. 8.7 e (107 14.3)
11. 446 q (235 925) 12. 27.2 d (6.5 4.15)

13. If Kerry decreases a number 14. The difference between a number w
y by 9.2, the result is 7.239. and 87 is equal to three hundred one.
15. Thirty-four hundredths less than a 16. If Li subtracts the sum of 279 and 38
number x is equal to nine tenths. from a number y, the result is 126.
Write a subtraction equation for each. Then solve.

17. At the first stop, 17 people got off 18. Mrs. Lee has a balance of $125.37 in
the bus. Now there are 35 people her checking account. What was her
on the bus. How many were on the balance before she wrote checks for
bus to begin with? $43.06 and $27.25?
19. A sports club needs to raise $250 20. Bill weighs 127 lb. His weight is 12 lb
for supplies. If it already has $65.55, less than Sam. What is the weight
how much more money is needed? of Sam?
21. If the Washington Monument were 250 ft shorter, it would

be as tall as the Statue of Liberty. The Statue of Liberty is
305 ft tall. How tall is the Washington Monument?
Match each definition with a term in the box.

22. one of two or more numbers that are multiplied exponent
to form a product factor
variable
23. a symbol used to represent a number multiple
24. a number that tells how many times another

number is to be used as a factor
Chapter 4 133
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4-7 Multiplication and Division Equations

An object on Jupiter weighs about 2.6 times its
weight on Earth. If a spacecraft weighs 4914 lb
on Jupiter, what is its weight on Earth?
To find its weight on Earth, write and solve

an equation.
Let y represent the spacecraft’s weight on Earth.

2.6 times object’s weight on Earth is object’s weight on Jupiter
2.6y 4914 multiplication equation
To solve a multiplication equation, Division Property of Equality

use the Division Property of Equality. When you divide both sides of an
equation by the same number,
2.6y 4914 Divide both
you get a true statement.
sides by 2.6
2.6y 2.6 4914 2.6
to isolate the
y 1890 variable. Remember:
Multiplication and division
Check: 2.6y 4914 are inverse operations.
?
2.6 1890 4914
•
4914 4914 True
The spacecraft weighs 1890 lb on Earth.
To solve a division equation, use the Multiplication Property of Equality

Multiplication Property of Equality. When you multiply both sides of an
x equation by the same number, you
Solve: 14 192 division equation get a true statement.
x
14
• 14 192 • 14 Multiply both
sides by 14
x 2688 to isolate the
x variable.
Check: 14 192
2688 ?
14 192
192 192 True
134 Chapter 4
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Solve and check.

1. 38x 760 2. 1.7c 25.5 3. 8b 0.2416
4. z 13 650 5. d 7.5 18.4 6. f 22.3 6.6

p
7. 200 80n 8. 1.13 0.09 9. 1.8769 1.37w
d
10. 10.5 e 4.3 11. 44,664 16q 12. 274.2 0.6
b $128
13. 15 $120 14. n $8 15. n • $100 $25

16. A number y divided by 5.5 is 17. The product of a number w and 3.6
equal to 86. is equal to one hundred twenty-six.
18. Three tenths multiplied by a number 19. The quotient of a number y and 49
x is equal to one and eight tenths. is three hundred two.
20. Divide a number c by fourteen. 21. The factors are five and x. The
The quotient is six. product is fifty-six and one tenth.
Write an equation for each. Then solve.

22. A piece of wood was cut into 23. A pair of designer jeans cost 7.2 times
15 equal pieces. The wood was as much as an ordinary pair of jeans. If
originally 165 cm long. How long the designer jeans cost $93.24, what is
was each piece of wood? the price of the ordinary pair of jeans?
24. Ms. Kelley divided the workbooks 25. Tim’s horses eat 1000 lb of hay a
into 7 equal stacks. Each stack had week. This is one third of what Ben’s
32 workbooks. How many workbooks horses eat. How much hay do Ben’s
were there in all? horses eat?
Solve and check each equation.

n
26. 9n 63 27. n 5 8 28. 3 7 29. 8n 24
n
30. 11 2 31. 6n 12 32. 4n 48 33. n 7 6
Chapter 4 135
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4-8 Use Formulas

A formula is a rule that describes a mathematical
relationship involving two or more quantities. It gives
a simplified way of solving a particular problem.
Each variable in the formula represents a part of
the problem.
A car travels 55 miles per hour. If the distance

between two cities is 330 miles, how long does
it take the car to travel this distance?
To find how long the car travels, use the Distance formula:
Distance formula. distance rate time
d r t
To solve a problem using a formula:
Write the formula that will solve the problem. drt
Substitute the numbers given in the problem. 330 mi 55 mph t
330 55t
Solve for the unknown variable.
55
55
6 t
It takes the car 6 hours to travel 330 miles. t 6h

Volume formula: Perimeter formula:
Volume length width height Perimeter twice the sum of length and width
V w h P 2( w)
Solve for height, h, when V 12 m3, Solve for Perimeter, P, when 8 in.
4 m, and w 1.5 m. and w 6 in.
V w h P 2( w)
12 4 1.5 h P 2(8 6)
12 6h P 2(14)
2 h h2m P 28 P 28 in.
Use the Distance formula, d 5 rt, to complete.

1. d ? mi 2. d 11.7 mi 3. d 227.5 km
r 55 mph r 3.9 mph r ? kph
t5h t ? h t 3.5 h
136 Chapter 4
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Use the Volume formula, V w h, to find each missing dimension.

4. V 75 m3, 5 m, 5. V 1504 ft3, ? ft,
w 5 m, h ? m w 4 ft, h 8 ft
6. V 2304 cm3, 32 cm, 7. V 2912 in.3, 32 in.,

w ? cm, h 8 cm w 13 in., h ? in.
Describe the formula and solve for the missing dimension.

Use the table on page 547.
1
8. A 2 bh, when A 200 ft2 9. P 2( w), when 7 yd
and h 10 ft and w 4 yd
10. P 4s, when P 36 cm 11. V e3, when e 6 in.
12. A bh, when A 150 m2 13. a b c 180°, when a 57°

and h 25 m and c 39°
Write the formula that you would use to solve the problem. Then solve it.
14. A triangle has an area of 20 cm2 and a 15. The perimeter of a square tile is 28 m.
height of 5 cm. How long is the base? What is its area?
16. The length and width of a rectangle 17. A plane travels 2750 miles. If it flies
are doubled. Write a formula for the at a rate of 500 miles per hour, how
new area. How is the area changed? many hours does the plane fly?
18. Write a formula that expresses the 19. Compare your formula in exercise 18
following relationship: Savings (s) are with that of a classmate. Then find s
what is left after subtracting taxes (t) when w $950.50, t $266.14, and
and expenses (e) from wages (w). e $499.
Write a new formula for finding the indicated variable.

(Hint: Write a related sentence.)
20. Selling Price Cost Profit, or 21. Circumference length of
S C P. Find C. diameter, or C d. Find d.
1 1
22. Interest principal rate time, or 23. Area 2 base height, or A 2 bh.
I prt. Find r. Find h.
Chapter 4 137
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4-9 Explore Order of Operations

with a Calculator
You can use a calculator to check your
computation when using the order of operations.
Evaluate the expression:
n 3 (5 2) 4, when n 6
Compute using paper and pencil:

Substitute the value of n 3 (5 2) 4
the variable. 63 (5 2) 4
Compute using the 63 (5 2) 4 1st – parentheses
order of operations. 63 7 4 2nd – exponents
216 7 4 3rd – multiply
216 28 188 4th – subtract
Check your computation using a calculator.

Most scientific calculators automatically
follow the correct order of operations.
display
Input from left to right by pressing these keys:
188.
For calculators that do not follow the correct order
of operations, check your calculations for each step.
1st – Add the numbers in parentheses.
7.
2nd – Compute the exponent.

216.
3rd – Multiply.
28.
4th – Subtract.
188.
The value of n 3 (5 2) 4, when n 6, is 188.
138 Chapter 4
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List the calculator keys you would press to

evaluate each expression.
1. 12 7 92 2. 6 (7 4)2 13 3. 14 (6 79) 7
4. 194 100 (85 4 2) 5. 156 3 7 3 19 6. (19 6)4 214 2
Evaluate. Use a calculator to check your work.

7. 12 7 9 2 8. 6 (7 4)3 13 9. 104 (6 78) 7
10. 192 100 (85 4 2) 11. 156 3 7 2 19 12. (20 6)2 214 2
13. (4 7 5)2 11 1 14. 87 54 12 53 15. 33 (15 19 10) 9
16. (92 19) 42 6 23 17. 51 52 31 182 9 7
Compare. Write <, , or >.

18. 162 5 90 ? 90 5 162 19. (64 192) 82 ? 64 192 82
20. 195 5 • 92 ? 195 (5 • 9)2 21. 17(3)2 • (18 3) ? 17 • 32 • (18 3)
Choose the correct expression to solve each problem.

Then evaluate.
22. Jill drove 8 miles to her mother’s a. 8 (2 5) 2 7
house, and then drove home again. b. 8 2 5 2 7
Then she drove 5 miles to school, c. 8 (2 5 2 7)
2 miles to the library, and 7 miles
home. How far did Jill drive?
23. Hunter had a $50 bill. He bought a. $50 (3 $7 2 $3 3 $0.79)

3 notebooks at $7 each, 2 packs b. $(50 3) $7 2 $3 3 $0.79
of pens at $3 each, and 3 folders c. $50 3 $7 2 $3 3 $0.79
at $0.79 each. How much change
should Hunter get back?
24. Ann buys one piece of fabric that a. 62 2 24 4

is 62 sq ft and 2 pieces that are b. (62 2) 24 4
each 24 sq ft. She uses 4 sq ft to c. 62 2 (24 4)
make a pillow. How many sq ft of
fabric does Ann have left?
Chapter 4 139
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Use More Than One Step
Eva has read 300 pages of a 652-page book.
If she reads 22 pages each day from now on,
in how many days will she finish the book?
Visualize yourself in the problem above

as you reread it. List the facts and the
question.
Facts: 652-page book
She has read 300 pages.
She now reads 22 pages each day.
Question: How many days will it take her to finish?
To find how long it will take to finish the book, you must use
more than one step. For each step, write an equation.
Step 1: To find the number of pages remaining, p,
to be read, subtract:
652 300 p
Step 2: To find the number of days, n, it will take
to complete the book, divide:
p 22 n
16
Number of Days
652 300 352 5
2232

220
132
Pages Remaining
132
It will take her 16 days to finish the book.
Use inverse operations to check each step.

16 352
22 300
32 652
32
352
The answers check.
140 Chapter 4
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Solve each problem by using more than one step.

Use variables to represent the unknown.
01. Mrs. Lopez bought 2 lb of apples at $1.09 a pound,
3 lb of oranges at $.89 a pound, and 3 lb of bananas
at $.39 a pound. How much did the fruit cost her?

Facts: 2 lb apples at $1.09 a pound

3 lb oranges at $.89 a pound
3 lb bananas at $.39 a pound
Question: How much did the fruit cost

Mrs. Lopez?
To find the total cost you must use more than one step.
Step 1: To find the total cost for each fruit, multiply:
2 $1.09 a
3 $.89 b
3 $.39 c
Step 2: To find the total cost of all the fruit, add the products.
02. Dry cat food comes in regular and jumbo sizes.

The 8-oz regular size costs $.96. The 12-oz
jumbo size costs $1.35. Which is the better buy?
03. Judy’s school has a 0.5-km track. One day at practice

she ran around the track 9 times and then ran
another 1 km in sprints. How far did she run that day?
04. An airplane travels 2044 mi in 3.5 h. Another

travels 3146 mi in 5.2 h. Which airplane is faster?
by how much?
05. Natural Apple Sauce comes in 8-oz, 10-oz, and 16-oz jars.
The 8-oz jar sells for $.54, the 10-oz jar for $.62, and the
16-oz jar for $1.00. Which size jar is most expensive
per ounce?
06. Kim’s mother is 3.5 times her age. Her father is 5 years
older than her mother. Kim is 7 years older than her
brother, who is 3. How old is Kim’s father?
Chapter 4 141
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1. Regina buys a bag of oranges for $2.88. The average
cost of an orange is $0.12. If n represents the number
of oranges in the bag, write and solve an equation
that can be used to find n.
2. Sarah bought 3 tacos for $0.59 each and 4 burritos

for $0.89 each. Write and evaluate an expression
that tells how much change Sarah would receive
from a $10 bill.
3. A dozen plums cost $2.40, which is $0.60 less than

a dozen peaches cost. If p represents the cost of a
dozen peaches, write and solve an equation that
can be used to find p.
4. Figs cost $2.96 a pound. Kathy bought 3.2 pounds.

Write an expression to estimate the cost of the figs.
5. Ms. Lake buys some bags of pretzels for the sixth-

grade class picnic. Each bag holds 10.5 oz of
pretzels and all the bags hold about 787.5 oz. of
pretzels. If m represents the total number of bags
of pretzels Ms. Lake buys, write and solve an
equation that can be used to find m.
6. The sale price (SP) is what you pay after deducting

the discount (d) from the regular price (RP). Write
and evaluate a formula to find the sale price of a
1
jar of peanuts with a off discount from the regular
3
price of $3.75
7. Anna shows this series of equations:

a
0.5 → ax 7.2 → x y 5 → z y 1.3.
8
Solve for the value of z.
142 Chapter 4
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Use a strategy from the list or another strategy you

know to solve each problem.
8. There are 19 boxes of cherries in the stockroom.
This is 5 less than twice the number of boxes of
kiwis. How many boxes of kiwis are in the Use These Strategies
stockroom?
Make a Table
9. At Sandwiches to Go, you can buy 1 sandwich at Use Simpler Numbers
half price for every 1 you buy at regular price. Write an Equation
Sandwiches are regularly $3.98 each. If Lisa and her Guess and Test
friends buy 8 sandwiches, how much do they spend?
10. One box of apples weighs 3 lb less than twice another. If the
heavier box weighs 29 lb, how much does the lighter box weigh?
1
11. Each day the price of a cookbook will be reduced by
10
of the sale price until all the cookbooks have been sold.
The original price of each cookbook is $10. What is the
price on the 5th day of the sale?
12. On Monday, Martin packed 927 pieces of fruit for shipping. If he

packed 250 apples and 302 oranges, how many pears did he pack?
Use the table for problems 13–16. Cheese Quantity Price

13. Tara has $7.50. Can she buy American 1 lb, sliced $3.59
two 20-oz blocks of Monterey 1
lb, block $1.89
2
Jack cheese?
Cheddar 8 oz, sliced $2.29
14. How much will Lindsey pay per 24 oz, block $4.19
1
ounce for sliced Swiss cheese? Swiss 1 2 lb, sliced $7.29
Round to the nearest cent. 16 oz, block $5.39
1
Monterey Jack 2 lb, sliced $2.49
15. A quiche recipe calls for 10 oz
of cheese. Which block cheese 20 oz, block $3.99
would be the least expensive to
use in the quiche: American,
cheddar, or Monterey Jack?
16. Use the table to write a problem modeled on

exercise 15 above. Have a classmate solve it.
Chapter 4 143
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Lessons 1–11
Compute. Use a calculator to check your work. (See pp. 121–122, 138–139.)
1. 63 (22 3) 7 2. 21 (0.8 6.4) 1.2 3. (3.2 4.3) 2.5 33
Write as an expression, equation, or inequality. (See pp. 124–125, 128–129.)

Use a variable when necessary.
4. Six less than a number is 3. 5. 25 more than 7 times a number
6. the sum of a number and 41.5 7. A number doubled is greater than 484.
8. Half of ten is three less than eight. 9. Forty is the product of x and five.
10. 5z decreased by 3 11. The sum of z and 35 is less than 98.
Evaluate each expression. (See pp. 126–127.)
12. (x 2)2 y z, when x 1, 13. r(q 24) w 2, when r 3,

y 1.2, and z 4 q 30, and w 9
Solve and check. (See pp. 130–135.)
14. a 12.5 35.93 15. 2495 n 209 16. 13.5c 202.5
17. d 1.9 2.05 18. 378 75 x 19. r 2.5 1.3 7.9
20. h (3.01 2.3) 5 21. 185 y 123.9 22. 6953 17m
Solve for the missing dimension in each formula. (See pp. 136–137.)
1
23. A 2 bh, when A 350 ft2 24. P 2( w), when 12 yd
and h 20 ft and w 5 yd
25. P 4s, when P 48.12 cm 26. V e 2, when e 5 in.
(See pp. 140–143.)
Write an equation for each. Then solve.

27. Sally is permitted 1000 calories 28. Two hundred twenty students
a day on her diet. At lunch she competed in basketball. Teams
consumed 279 and at breakfast of 5 players each were formed.
344. How many calories may she How many teams were formed?
consume at dinner?
8206-2_145 10/12/07 6:43 PM Page 145
Patterns: Sequences
A sequence is a set of numbers in a certain order, usually by a pattern.
Each number is called a term. A term can be found by using a pattern rule.
What is the rule for the sequence?

What is the next term in the sequence?
This is an arithmetic sequence
1, 5, 9, 13, 17, . . . because each new term is found
4 4 4 4 by adding or subtracting a fixed
number to the previous term.
Rule: Start with 1 and add 4 repeatedly.
Next term: 17 4, or 21
What is the rule for the sequence?

What is the next term in the sequence?
This is a geometric sequence
2.1, 4.2, 8.4, 16.8, . . . because each new term is found
2 2 2 by multiplying or dividing by a
fixed number.
Rule: Start with 2.1 and multiply by 2
repeatedly.
Next term: 16.8 2, or 33.6
Find the rule.

Then use it to find the next term.
Label the sequence arithmetic or geometric.
01. 10, 18, 26, 34, 42, . . . 02. 5, 20, 80, 320, 1280, . . .
03. 106, 81, 56, 31, . . . 04. 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, . . .
05. 0.4, 1.2, 3.6, 10.8, . . . 06. 176.5, 17.65, 1.765, 0.1765, . . .
07. 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, . . . 08. 2, 0.4, 0.08, 0.016, . . .
Use the sequence 1, 3, 5, 7, . . . for problems 9 and 10.

09. What is the sum of the first 2 terms? the first 3
terms? the first 4 terms? the first 5 terms?
10. Look at the sums you found. What pattern do you see?
Use the pattern to predict the sum of the first 8
terms in the sequence. Check your prediction.
Chapter 4 145
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Evaluate each expression. Watch for the order of operations.

Use a calculator to check your work.
1. (d e 8)2 10f, when d 18, 2. (2 4)3 66 33
e 56, and f 2
3. 98 w , when w 2 , m 10, and t 2

2
4. 35 42 25 72 9 7
mt
Write as an expression, equation, or inequality.

Use a variable when necessary.
5. 7 multiplied by the sum of a 6. A number decreased by the product
number and 3 of 5 and 7 is not equal to 10.
7. Three times a number is greater than 30. 8. Half of a number increased by 10
Solve for the missing dimension in each formula.

9. A bh, when A 105 ft2 and 10. P 2( w), when 14 ft and
h 15 ft w 9 ft
11. P 4s, when P 22 in. 12. d rt, when d 210 mi and t 7 h
Use a strategy you have learned. 14. Evaluate the expressions

5x 2 and 5(x 2), when x 2.
13. Ty works at a nursery. He plants lilies
Are the values of the expressions the
in 12 rows of 8 and ivy in 15 rows of
same or different? Explain your
14. How many does he plant in all?
answer.
Match each sentence to an equation and each equation to its solution.

15. A number added to 2 is 64. n 2 64 8
A number doubled is 64. n 2 64 32
A number squared is 64. 2n 64 62
2 subtracted from a number is 64. n 64 0 64
64 subtracted from a number is 0. 2 n 64 66
16. Explain how you solved each equation in exercise 15.
146 Chapter 4
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1. Choose the standard form of 7. Choose the scientific notation

65 billion, 18 thousand and for 294 billion.
7 hundredths.
a. 65,000,018.07 a. 29.4 1011
b. 65,018.6 b. 2.94 1011
c. 65,000,018,000.07 c. 294.1010
d. not given d. 2.94 109
2. Choose the short word name for the number 8. Round 597,491,608 to the
(9 106) (7 104) (6 102) (8 1) nearest hundred thousand.
a. 9768 a. 600,000,000
b. 9 million, 70 thousand, 608 b. 597,000,000
c. 9 million, 7 thousand, 610 c. 597,492,000
d. not given d. 597,500,000
3. Which numbers are in order from 9. Use compatible numbers to estimate

least to greatest? the quotient.
542,252 258
a. 5.4032; 5.0432; 5.3402 a. 20
b. 5.4302; 5.4032; 5.0432 b. 200
c. 5.4302; 5.4032; 5.4332 c. 2000
d. 5.0423; 5.4023; 5.4302 d. 20,000
4. What is the missing number in the 10. Choose the value of 32 43.
equation 4.7 19.3 n 3?
a. 72 a. 60
b. 24 b. 72
c. 8 c. 576
d. 6 d. 648
5. Find the quotient. 11. Evaluate.

2
0.1841
2
42 (15 6) 18
a. 2.34 a. 126
b. 23.4 b. 54
c. 234 c. 26
d. 23,400 d. not given
6. Multiply. 12. Solve for x.

322 265 x 7.9 18.65
a. 85,930 a. x 2.36
b. 85,330 b. x 10.75
c. 8533 c. x 11.56
d. not given d. x 26.55
Chapter 4 147
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13. Add. 18. Which inequality expresses

the following statement?
56.935 47.09 153.0818
length is less than 35 ft
a. 257.1068 a. 35
b. 257.1078 b. 35
c. 257.1168 c. 35
d. 257.1178 d. 35
14. Solve for n. 19. Which is the algebraic expression for the
phrase “six times as old as Mark (m)”?
16n 432
a. n 0.037 a. 6 m
b. n 27 b. 6 m
c. n 416 c. 6m
d. n 6912 6
d.
m
15. What number is five trillion, 20. Choose the difference.

four billion, eight?
$6006.93 $17.89
a. 5,004,000,008 a. $5098.04
b. 5,000,400,000,008 b. $5989.04
c. 5,400,000,000,008 c. $5999.14
16. Find the value of n. 21. Divide.

106.09 1000 = n 8
472,5
67

a. 0.10609 a. 678 R38
b. 10,609 b. 670 R38
c. 106,090 c. 607 R38
d. not given d. 67 R38
17. Amy drove 297 miles in 22. A baseball was pitched at a speed of 88.5
5.4 hours. At what rate miles per hour. A tennis ball was hit at a
did she drive? speed of 1.5 times faster. What was the
speed of the tennis ball?
a. 50 miles per hour a. 53.55 miles per hour
b. 55 miles per hour b. 40 miles per hour
c. 60 miles per hour c. 25.66 miles per hour
23. Kay can run 6 km in 26 min. Beth can run 4 km 24. Naomi added 0.25 to the difference she
in 15.5 min. To the nearest tenth of a minute, obtained from subtracting 1.19 from 3.23.
how much faster does Beth run 1 km? What number did Naomi end up with?
148 Chapter 4
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Some Opposites
What is the opposite of riot?
It’s lots of people keeping quiet.
The opposite of doughnut? Wait

A minute while I meditate.
This isn’t easy. Ah, I’ve found it!
A cookie with a hole around it.
What is the opposite of two?

A lonely me, a lonely you.
The opposite of a cloud could be

A white reflection in the sea,
Or a huge blueness in the air,
Caused by a cloud’s not being there.
The opposite of opposite?

That’s much too difficult. I quit.
Richard Wilbur
+5
+4
+3
+2
+1
In this chapter you will: 0

–1
Learn about opposites and
absolute value of integers –2
Compare, order, and compute
–3
with integers
Evaluate expressions and solve –4
equations with integers –5

Solve problems by making a table
House A: 5 mi east, 3 mi south of a
point; House B: 5 mi west, 3 mi north of
the point. What is the greatest possible
distance between the houses? Chapter 5 149
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5-1 Integers
A mountain peak has an altitude of
11,560 ft above sea level. A desert location
has an altitude of 185 ft below sea level.
You can write these numbers as integers.

Integers are the whole numbers and their
opposites. They are either positive,
negative, or zero.
0 ft sea level
11,560 ft above sea level
185 ft below sea level
A number line can help you see the

relationship between integers.
Zero is neither
Negative integers Positive integers
positive nor negative.
are less than 0. are greater than 0.
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Read: negative 2 opposites Read: positive 2

Write: 2 Write: 2 or 2
• Two integers are opposites (additive inverses)

Positive integers
if they are the same distance from zero on the are commonly written
number line, but are on opposite sides of zero. without the positive sign.
Each integer has an opposite.
The opposite of 2 is 2. Write: (2) = 2
• The absolute value of an integer is its distance

from zero on a number line.
The absolute value of 2 is 2. Write: ⏐2⏐ 2
2.3
150 Chapter 5
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Write the integer to represent the situation. Then describe

the opposite situation and write the integer to represent it.
1. gain of 8 dollars 2. loss of 15 yards 3. 22 degrees warmer
4. 5 seconds before liftoff 5. withdrawal of $50 6. down 21 floors
Identify the point that corresponds to the integer on the number line.
A B C D E F G H I J K
5 4 1 0 2 4
7. 5 8. 4 9. 1 10. C 11. I 12. K
Write the integer that is just before and just after

each given number on a number line.
13. 7 14. 2 15. 1 16. 10 17. 99 18. 14
Write the opposite of each integer.

19. 9 20. 20 21. 16 22. 15 23. 13 24. 10
Write the absolute value of the integer.

25. ⏐8⏐ 26. ⏐17⏐ 27. ⏐56⏐ 28. ⏐293⏐ 29. ⏐701⏐
Name each integer on a horizontal number line.

30. five to the right of negative five 31. seven to the right of negative eight
32. four to the left of positive five 33. three to the left of positive three
34. In a game the card for 10 says 35. Describe your position on a number
“Go ahead 10 steps.” What would line, if you begin at 0, move right 5
the card for 10 say? steps, and then move left 5 steps.
Use the number line.

36. If integer B is the opposite of
integer E, what integer is D? A B C D E
37. If integer A is the opposite of 38. If integer C is the opposite of integer
integer E, is integer C positive E, which of the labeled points has
or negative? Why? the greatest absolute value? Why?
Chapter 5 151
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5-2 Compare and Order Integers

You can use a number line to compare and to order integers.
Any positive number is greater than any negative number.
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
To compare integers you can use a number line.

On a horizontal number line: On a vertical number line:
Any number is less than a • Any number is less than a
number to its right. number above it. 3
Compare: 1 ? 2 Compare: 2 ? 0 2
2 is to the right of 1 0 is above 2 1

1 2 2 0
0
Any number is greater than Any number is greater than 1
a number to its left. a number below it.
2
Compare: 2 ? 4 Compare: 1 ? 3
3
4 is to the left of 2 3 is below 1
2 4 1 3
To order integers using a horizontal number line:

Least to greatest—Begin with the integer farthest to the left.
Greatest to least—Begin with the integer farthest to the right.
Order 2, 5, and 0 from least to greatest. Think
5 is farthest to the left;
The order from least to greatest is: 5, 0, 2. 2 is farthest to the right;
0 is between 5 and 2.

The order from greatest to least is: 2, 0, 5.

Compare: ⏐4⏐ ? ⏐2⏐ Compare: ⏐7⏐ ? (3)
42 7 3
Think Think
So ⏐4⏐ ⏐2⏐ ⏐4⏐ 4 So ⏐7⏐ (3) ⏐7⏐ 7
⏐2⏐ 2 (3) 3
152 Chapter 5 1.1

8206-2_152-153 1/9/06 7:01 PM Page 153
Choose the greater integer. Use a number line to help.

1. 7, 10 2. 9, 3 3. 3, 5 4. 7, 6
5. 0, 9 6. 8, 0 7. 12, 25 8. 20, 20
9. 10 ? 6 10. 4 ? 8 11. 3 ? 6 12. 3 ? 4
13. 7 ? 0 14. 4 ? 4 15. 0 ? 3 16. 2 ? 5
17. ⏐8⏐ ? ⏐7⏐ 18. 0 ? ⏐8⏐ 19. ⏐6⏐ ? (6) 20. (7) ? (4)
21. ⏐11⏐ ? 13 22. (13) ? 0 23. ⏐12⏐ ? ⏐12⏐ 24. (10) ? ⏐20⏐
Arrange in order from least to greatest.

25. 6, 8, 7 26. 10, 8, 6 27. 6, 0, 3
28. 9, 0, 3 29. 5, 6, 3, 7 30. 4, 2, 5, 4
Arrange in order from greatest to least.

31. 6, 3, 4 32. 2, 10, 5 33. 0, 7, 12
34. 4, 5, 3 35. 8, 12, 15, 30 36. 20, 0, 2, 1
Write always, sometimes, or never to make a true statement.

37. A negative integer is ? less than 38. A negative integer is ? less than
a positive integer. another negative integer.
39. A negative integer is ? greater 40. The absolute value of an integer
than 0. is ? positive.
41. The temperature on Monday was 42. The average daily temperature in
2°C. On Tuesday the temperature Toronto for each of five days was
was 7°C. Which temperature 2°C, 5°C, 3°C, 1°C, and 2°C.
was colder? What was the median temperature?
43. Is there a least positive integer? a greatest positive integer?

a least negative integer? a greatest negative integer? Explain.
Chapter 5 153
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5-3 Add Integers

On an oceanographic expedition, the crew took the
first sonar reading at 2 km above sea level. The next
reading was 3 km below the first reading. What was
the depth of the second reading?
To find the depth of the second reading, n,
add: 2 3 n.
You can use a number line to model 3
the addition of integers. 2
• Start at 0.
• Move right for positive integers. 5 4 3 2 1 1 2
• Move left for negative integers. 0
The depth of the second reading was at 2 3 1

1 km below sea level.
You can also use absolute value to add integers.

To add integers with like signs: 2 4 m 5 3 n
• Add the absolute values of ⏐2⏐ ⏐4⏐ ⏐5⏐ ⏐3⏐

the addends. 246 538
2 4 6 5 3 8
• Use the sign of the addends
for the sum. m 6 n 8
To add integers with unlike signs:

• Subtract the addend with the lesser 5 8 d 9 7 s
absolute value from the addend ⏐8⏐ ⏐5⏐ ⏐9⏐ ⏐7⏐

with the greater absolute value. 853 972
• Use the sign of the addend with 5 8 3 9 7 2
the greater absolute value for the sum. d 3 s 2

2 5 a 3 x 5
5 2
2 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0
2 5 7 a 7 3 2 5 x 2
2.3
154 Chapter 5
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Write an addition sentence that is modeled by each number line.

1. 2.
6 5 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 0 1 2
0
Add. Use a number line to help.

3. 2 1 4. 4 3 5. 1 4 6. 6 1
7. 6 4 8. 7 5 9. 5 6 10. 4 4
11. 4 8 12. 8 5 13. 6 0 14. 0 8
15. 4 5 6 16. 6 2 4 17. 3 3 3
18. 2 2 2 19. 7 5 2 20. 8 6 9

21. 7 a 16 22. 5 b 3 23. 11 c 9
24. d 7 7 25. e 8 13 26. f 15 12
27. 9 k0 28. h 7 6 29. 13 i 15
30. On Monday Sally deposited $60 in 31. In January Raul lost 5 pounds.
her savings account. On Tuesday He gained back 3 pounds in February.
she withdrew $45. What was the net What was his total weight gain or loss
change in savings for the two days? for the two months?
32. Rita started a checking account with 33. An elevator starts at the 23rd floor,
$500. She later wrote a check for $50, goes down 5 floors and then up
made a deposit of $250, and wrote 8 floors. At what floor is it then?
another check for $100. How much Draw a vertical number line to
money was left in Rita’s account? illustrate.
34. Explain in your Math Journal how you can use the
rules on page 154 for adding with zeros (such as
0 7) or with opposites (such as 7 7).
Chapter 5 155
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5-4 Subtract Integers

Catherine wants to know how
x x 25 x5
to complete this subtraction:
7 7 5 2 752
45n
6 6 5 1 651
To study the relationship between
5 5 5 0 550
adding and subtracting integers,
she makes the table at the right. 4 4 5 1 45?
Look for a pattern in the table. The sequence of numbers in the last
column is 2, 1, 0, . . . . Catherine determines that 4 5 1 or
4 5 1. She also makes the following general conclusion.
Subtracting an integer is the same as

adding the opposite of that integer.
a b a (b), for integers a and b.
To subtract integers:
Add the opposite of the subtrahend.
Rewrite as an addition sentence. 2 1 1 2 3 4 5
0
Then use the rules for adding integers.
4 5 1
4 5 n Find the opposite of the subtrahend. 6 8 n
4 5 n Rewrite as an addition sentence. 6 8 n
4 5 1 6 8 2
Add.
n 1 n 2

7 n 17 Think
7
0 is its own
n 7 10 9 6 n 5 0n opposite.
7 10 7 10 9 6 15 5 0 5
n 10 n 15 n 5
2.3
156 Chapter 5
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Write a subtraction sentence that is modeled by each number line.

1. 2.
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 4 3 2 1 0 1 2
Subtract. Use a number line to help.

3. 8 4 4. 5 8 5. 4 5 6. 06 2
7. 3 7 8. 9 7 9. 7 4 10. 05 8
11. 8 10 12. 3 2 13. 8 10 14. 03 5
15. 7 2 16. 9 11 17. 5 3 18. 07 9
19. 5 10 20. 6 7 21. 6 0 22. 12 0
23. 9 4 24. 2 3 25. 0 8 26. 00 4

27. 9 a 15 28. 14 b 13 29. 8 c 4
30. d 11 6 31. e 15 16 32. f 25 3
33. The high temperature in Chicago 34. Ben asked his mother to hold his
was 67°F and that same day the savings. At the start of June, his
low was 24°F in Minneapolis. savings was $16. That month he
What was the difference between borrowed $20 to spend. What is
the high and the low temperatures? the amount remaining or owed?
Add. Look for opposites.

0 Think
11 2 8 4 11 2 n n 4 8 4 4
0
35. 23 17 23 n 36. 12 15 12 6 15 4 n
37. 35 65 65 n 38. 22 14 10 10 22 14 n
Chapter 5 157
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5-5 Multiply Integers

You can use repeated addition to multiply integers.
Multiply: 3 2 n 2 2 2
Think
3 2 means three groups of 2.
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
2 2 2 6 2 6
3
3 2 6
Patterns can also help you to understand how to multiply integers.

• When you multiply two positive () • When you multiply two negative ()
integers, the product is positive (). integers, the product is positive ().
2 3 6 1 3 3
2 2 4 2 3 6
2 1 2 3 3 9
• When you multiply a positive () integer, 3 3 9

and a negative () integer, the product
2 3 6
is negative.
1 3 3
You can also use rules for multiplying integers.
To multiply two integers, multiply their absolute values.

• The product is positive when the factors have like signs.
()() ()()
• The product is negative when the factors have unlike signs.
()() ()()

12 3 s 7 7 h
⏐12⏐ ⏐3⏐ s ⏐7⏐ ⏐7⏐ h
12 3 36 Multiply the factors. 7 7 49
12 3 36 7 7 49
Use the rules to determine
s 36 the sign of the product. h 49
2.3
158 Chapter 5
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Write each repeated addition as a multiplication sentence.

1. 9 9 9 9 9 9 2. 6 6 6 6 6 6
3. 12 12 12 12 12 4. 15 15 15 15
Write the sign of the underlined factor for the given product.
5 9 45 8
5. __ 6. __ 96
12 7. 9
__ 135
15
__ 12 132
8. 11 7 26 182
9. __ __ 22 374
10. 17
Find the product.

11. 75 0 12. 25 13 13. 0 21 14. 15 12
15. 7 9 4 16. 5 8 12 17. (4 2) 6 18. 8 ⏐9 2⏐
19. Climbing down from the mountain, 20. The change in the price of ABC stock was
Abe descends 12 m each minute. reported as $2 per share. If Rita owns
What is the total change in altitude 8 shares of ABC stock, what is the total
for a 6-minute descent? change in value of her shares of stock?
21. The table below shows Earl’s weekly bank account transactions.
Explain how the signs of the integers relate to the transactions.
Transaction Representation Result

3 deposits of $50 3 50 150 increase of $150
2 withdrawals of $20 2 20 40 decrease of $40
take away 4 deposits of $10 4 10 40 decrease of $40
take away 5 withdrawals of $40 5 40 200 increase of $200
Write positive or negative to make a true statement.

Give examples to support your answer.
22. When an even number of negative 23. When an odd number of negative
integers are multiplied, the integers are multiplied, the
product is __
?. product is __
?.
Chapter 5 159
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5-6 Divide Integers

A diver went 15 meters below the surface
of the water in 3 minutes. What integer
expresses the diver’s average change in
depth per minute?
To find the integer, n, divide: 15 3 n.
Division and multiplication are inverse

operations. You can use this relationship
to find the quotient of a division with integers.
Multiplication Division
5 3 15 15 3 5
5 3 15 15 3 5
5 3 15 15 3 5
5 3 15 15 3 5
15 3 5 or 15 3 5
The diver’s average change in depth

per minute is 5 meters.
You can use rules for dividing integers.
To divide two integers, divide their absolute values.
• the quotient is positive if the integers have like signs. Think

() () () () You cannot divide an
integer by zero.
• the quotient is negative if the integers have unlike signs.
() () () ()
• the quotient is zero if the dividend is zero.

18 6 3 18 6 3 0 6 0 6 0 is impossible.

18 18
3
3 0 6 0
6 6
2.3
160 Chapter 5
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Find each quotient.

1. 54 6 2. 25 5 3. 80 10 4. 0 9
5. 10 0 6. 11 1 7. 20 1 8. 4 4

36 1 50 80
9. 10.

1 11.
10 12.
6 5
Divide to complete each chart. Then write the rule.
13. IN OUT 14. IN OUT 15. IN OUT

8 4 30 5 24 3
10 5 24 4 16 2
12 6 18 3 8 ?
14 ? 12 ? 0 ?
16 ? 6 ? ? 1
? 9 ? 0 16 2
Rule: IN n OUT Rule: IN n OUT Rule: IN n OUT
16. 5 1 ? 12 4 17. 36 6 ? 20 4 18. 18 2 ? 30 6
19. 12 3 ? 24 3 20. 25 5 ? 4 5 21. 48 4 ? 3 4
22. Lisa’s stock fund changed by 23. A submarine is at a depth of 250

81¢ during a 3-day period. If meters. If it ascends at a rate of
it changed at the same rate 15 meters per minute, can it reach
each day, what is the rate? the surface in a half hour?
Write the pattern rule and the next three numbers in each sequence.
24. 3, 6, 12, 24, ?, ?, ? 25. 128, 64, 32, 16, ?, ?, ?
26. 1, 5, 25, 125, ?, ?, ? 27. 6561, 2187, 729, 243, ?, ?, ?
Chapter 5 161
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5-7 Integers and Order of Operations

A whale descends 5 feet from the surface of the
ocean. Then it descends 13 more feet. It repeats
this dive two more times. After the three dives,
the whale ascends 20 feet. How many feet below
the surface is the whale then?
To find how many feet, write and evaluate
the expression: 5 3 13 20.
5 3 13 20
5 39 20 Remember the order of operations:
1. Grouping Symbols
44 20 2. Exponents
3. Multiply or divide from left to right
24 4. Add or subtract from left to right
The whale is 24 feet below the surface.

Evaluate each expression. Check using a calculator. Use to enter
100 175 25 9 11 a negative number.
100 7 9 11
A scientific calculator follows
100 7 99 Check. the order of operations.
93 99 100 175 25
192 9 11 —192 Display
150 75 (41 111) (3)2 Think

(3)2 means “negative 3, squared”
150 75 70 (3)2 or 3 3.
(3)2 means “the opposite of 3 squared”
150 75 70 9
or (3 3) (9) 9
2 70 9 Check.
2 630 150 75 41 111
632 3 2 —632
162 Chapter 5
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Name the first step to simplify. Then evaluate the expression.

1. 62 84 4 33 2. 92 (91 93) 23
3. 71 175 56 8 4. 3 16 (36)2 12
5. 4[6 (8 5)2] 6. 4 [(6 4)2 15] 5
Compute. Watch the order of operations.

7. 16 279 31 8. 226 190 10 28
9. 80 (93 77) 304 10. 67 (68 80)2 30
11. 7 (9 5) 22 12. 16 4 (1 1)2
13. 87 60 15 (40 36)2 14. 24(45 36) 21 38 3
15. (24 3)(20 4) 2 16. 16 14 14 16 8 3
Write an expression to solve each. Then compute.

17. A dolphin descends 12 feet from 18. A spider crawls up 12 inches on Bo’s
the surface of the ocean and then deck to go to its web. Next it drops
ascends 7 feet. Then it descends 15 down 15 inches to go to another
feet and repeats this descent three web. Then it crawls up 92 inches to
more times. How many feet below get out of the rain. How far above or
the surface is the dolphin then? below Bo’s deck is the spider then?
Compute. Choose the best answer.

19. 91 116 29 (7 7) 7 20. 173 143 79 108 (3)2
A 120 B 83 F 8622 G 978
C 83 D 120 H 978 J 8622
Chapter 5 163
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5-8 Expressions and Equations with Integers

Greg has $80 in his bank account. He withdraws
$50. If the bank charges a monthly fee, f, of $12,
what is the balance of Greg’s bank account?
To find the balance, write and
evaluate the algebraic expression:
$80 $50 f, when f $12
$80 $50 $12 Replace f with $12.
$30
$12
$18 Simplify.
Greg’s bank account has a balance of $18.
LeAnn thought of a number. First she added 3 to the number, then doubled
the sum. The answer she got was 16. Is LeAnn’s number 1 or 5?
To find LeAnn’s number, write and solve the equation: A replacement set is the
set of numbers to be used
(n 3) 2 16 with replacement set {1, 5}.
for possible solutions of a
Let n LeAnn’s number. mathematical sentence.
To solve an equation when given a replacement set, replace the

variable with each value of the replacement set and determine
the value that makes the equation a true statement.
(n 3) 2 16, when n 1 (n 3) 2 16, when n 5

(1 3) 2 16 Replace n with given value. (5 3) 2 16
? ?
(4) 2 16 Simplify. (8) 2 16
8 16 false Determine whether 16 16 true
true or false.
LeAnn thought of the number 5.

Solve: x 14 9 Solve: 3a 12
x 14 14 9 14 Isolate the variable. 3a 12
3 3 Isolate the variable.
x 5 Simplify.
a 4 Simplify.
Check: x 14 9
5 14 9 Check: 3a 12
9 9 True 3 • 4 12
12 12 True
164 Chapter 5 1.1

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Evaluate each expression when a 15, b 24, c 22, and d 0.

1. b c 2. a b 3. a b • c 4. (b d ) c
ab b bd
5. 2
c
6. a c 7. cd a 8. 3c
9. (a b)3 c 10. bd a 2 11. a 2 bc 12. b (c • d )
Solve each equation. Use the replacement set {15, 25, 0, 125, 225}.
13. n 10 15 14. n 10 15 15. n 5 20
16. n 5 0 17. 25 n0 18. n 25 5
Solve and check.

19. b 4 6 20. x 3 11 21. 5 h 13 22. 8t 104
y d
23. 6 9 24. 15z 0 0
25. 10
26. 14 g 1
9 v
27. f 20 28. 15 3 29. 33 11r 30. 243 9p
Write and solve an equation for the variable used.

32. 4 less than a number y is 7.
31. A number z divided by 8
equals 20.
33. A number r increased by 15 34. The product of a number d and

12 is 60.
equals 22.
35. Richard scored 12 points in a 36. Ann’s bank account is overdrawn $17.
game. This was three times his The bank charges a fee, f, for the account
previous score. What was his being overdrawn. If Ann deposits $20,
previous score? and the bank’s fee is $15, how much
money does Ann have in her account?

37. 0.28, 0.82, 0.2, 0.08 38. 0.472, 0.481, 0.399, 0.38
39. 2.57, 2.5, 2.48, 1.99 40. 8.4861, 0.9614, 0.0756, 0.8496
41. 59.221, 59.212, 59.122 42. 0.097765, 0.97765, 0.0907765
Chapter 5 165
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5-9 Temperature F C
230° 110 °
Temperature can be measured in degrees 220 °

210 ° 100 ° Water boils
Fahrenheit (°F), or in degrees Celsius (°C). (212°F; 100° C)
200 °
The temperature was 15°C. It dropped 25°. -- 90 °
190 °
What was the new temperature? 180°
-- 80 °
170 °
To find the new temperature, n, add: 160 ° -- 70 °
15 25 n Think 150°
140 ° -- 60°
15 25 10 Dropped 25° 25° 130 °
120° -- 50 °
The new temperature was 10°C. 110 ° Normal body
-- 40 ° temperature
The temperature was 10°F. It dropped to 15°F. 100° (98.6°F; 37°C )
-- 90° A hot day
How many degrees did the temperature drop? -- 30°
(90°F; 32°C )
-- 80 °
-- 70°
To find the number of degrees, n, subtract: - 20° Room
-- 60 ° temperature
15 10 n Think (68°F; 20°C)
-- 50° -- 10°
(10) 10 -- 40 °
15 10 25
-- 30 ° -0° Water freezes
(32°F; 0°C )
The temperature dropped 25 degrees. - 20°
-- 10°
-- 10 °
You can use formulas to estimate temperature. - 0° -- 20 °
-- 10°
°C (°F 30) 2 °F 2°C 30 -- 20 °
Estimate 46°F to degrees Celsius. Estimate 2°C to degrees Fahrenheit.

°C (°F 30) 2 °F (2°C 30)
(46 30) 2 Replace F with 46. (2 • 2 30) Replace C with 2.
8 Simplify. 26 Simplify.
46°F is about 8°C. 2°C is about 26°F.
Compute the new temperature.
Starting Temperature Change in Temperature New Temperature

1. 35°C rises 15° ?
5°C falls 10° ?
2.
3. 0°C drops 12° ?
8°C climbs 4° ?
4.
2.3
166 Chapter 5
8206-2_166-167 1/9/06 7:14 PM Page 167
Compute the temperature change.
Starting Temperature New Temperature Change in Temperature

5. 20°F 12°F ?
6. 3°F 7°F ?
7. 19°F 23°F ?
8. 11°F 9°F ?
Estimate the temperature in °C or in °F.

Watch for the degree unit.
9. 60°F 10. 8°F 11. 2°F 12. 74°F 13. 200°F
14. 7°C 15. 21°C 16. 4°C 17. 83°C 18. 62°C
19. 86°F 20. 6°F 21. 4°F 22. 114°F 23. 32°F
24. 75°C 25. 5°C 26. 30°C 27. 35°C 28. 10°C
29. What is the difference between 30. The boiling point of nitrogen is
normal body temperature and 196°C. A miniature transistor
the freezing point of water on conducts electricity that is 48°C

the Celsius scale? on the above the boiling point of nitrogen.
Fahrenheit scale? What temperature is this?
31. On one winter morning, the 32. The normal July temperature in
temperature in Boston was 4°F. Toronto, Canada is 27°C.
By noon, the temperature had gone Estimate the temperature in °F.
up 10 degrees. What was the
temperature in Boston at noon?
Match each definition with a word in the box.

equation
33. a diagram used to find the prime factors standard form
of a number algebraic expression
expanded form
34. a statement that two mathematical
factor tree
expressions are equal
35. a mathematical expression that 36. the written form of a number that
contains one or more variables shows the place value of its digits
Chapter 5 167
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Make a Table
The outside temperature at 11:00 P.M. is 14°F.
The weather forecaster predicts that it will
drop 5° each hour. Then the temperature will
rise 3° each hour after 2 A.M. What will the
temperature be at 6:00 A.M.?

Facts: At 11:00 P.M. the temperature

is 14°F.
The temperature drops 5° each
hour until 2:00 A.M.
The temperature rises 3° each
hour after 2:00 A.M.
Question: What will the temperature be at 6:00 A.M.?
Make a table to record the hourly temperature change.

When the temperature drops, use a negative integer.
When the temperature rises, use a positive integer.
Complete the table.

Add 5° (or subtract 5°) for each hour until 2:00 A.M.
Add 3° for each hour until 6:00 A.M.
Time 11:00 12:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00

Temperature 14° 9° 4° 1° 2° 5° 8° 11°
5 5 5 3 3 3 3
At 6:00 A.M. the temperature will be 11°F.
Work backward to check. Subtract 3° (or add 3°) and add 5°.
(11°) (3°) (3°) (3°) (3°) (5°) (5°) (5°) 14°
168 Chapter 5
8206-2_168-169 1/9/06 7:16 PM Page 169
Solve each problem. Make a table to help.

01. Henry saved $130 to buy a $250 bicycle.
His dad paid him for doing chores each week.
Henry received $10 the first week. For each
additional week Henry received $4 more
than the preceding week. How many weeks
must he work to have enough money
to pay for the bicycle?

as you reread it. List the facts
and question.
Facts: amount saved—$130
cost of bicycle—$250
first week—$10
each week—$4 more than the preceding week
Question: How many weeks must he work
to have enough money?
Make a table. Add to find how long

it will take to have at least $250.
Week 1st 2nd 3rd 4th

Amount $130 $10 $140 $14 $154 $18 $172 ?
02. A baker uses 3 c of sugar, 3 c of flour, and

2 sticks of butter for each pound cake. How much
of each ingredient is needed for 8 cakes?
03. Sue played a game in which she won 8 points and

lost 5 points in each round. In which round did
her score reach 15 points?
04. Adam inspected apples. He found 2 out of every 15 apples

to be of poor quality. How many apples of poor quality
could he expect to find in a shipment of 165 apples?
05. During an experiment Dana recorded the following temperatures:

22°C, 12°C, 15°C, 5°C, 8°C. If this pattern continues,
predict the tenth temperature in the series.
Chapter 5 169
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01. Scientists built earthquake stations at
different elevations. One station is 75 m
above sea level, and a second is 35 m
below sea level. What is the difference
in height between the two stations?
02. A submarine is at a depth of 300 ft.

What must happen for the submarine
to reach sea level?
03. How many negative integers are between
4 and 4?
04. How many integers greater than 10 are less

than 3?
05. A balloon is 218 m above sea level.
A submersible is 220 m below sea level.
Which is closer to sea level? How much closer?
06. A diamond-mine entrance begins at
75 ft above sea level. Workers discover
diamonds 48 ft below sea level. How deep
is the mine at that point?
07. The temperature change from 6 A.M. to 7 A.M.
was 3°C. If the temperature at 6 A.M. was
2°C, what was the temperature at 7 A.M.?
8. A parachutist opens her parachute at an altitude of

5000 ft. Her change in altitude is 25 ft per second.
a. Write an equation to find her altitude h at a time
after she opens her parachute.
b. How far, written as an integer, has she descended in
12 seconds?
c. What is her altitude 12 seconds after she opens
her parachute?
9. To map the features of the ocean floor, scientists

take several sonar readings. What is the average
of these three readings they made: 14,230 ft;
14,246 ft; 14,235 ft?
170 Chapter 5
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Use one or more of the strategies from the list or

another strategy you know to solve each problem.
10. The temperature at 11:00 P.M. was 37°F. If it dropped
2°F every hour until 5:00 A.M. and then rose 4°F every
hour after that, what was the temperature at 9:00 A.M. Use These Strategies
Write an Equation
the next day? Guess and Test
11. Claire tripled a number and added 14 to it. Use More Than One Step
Her answer was 4. What was her number? Make a Table
12. A sonar device was positioned 100 m below the

surface of the sea. The device was then lowered
175 m. What is the final depth of the device?
13. Each page of Derek’s science scrapbook holds 12 pictures.

If he has collected 151 pictures to put in his scrapbook,
how many more pictures does he need to fill a page?
14. Each time a hot-air balloon rose 65 ft, a downdraft
pushed it back down 35 ft. Its original altitude was 185 ft.
What would be its altitude after the third downdraft?
15. Mr. Torres spent $85.50 for tickets to the National Aquarium
for his family. The tickets cost $19.50 for each adult and
$13.50 for each child. If three adults went to the aquarium,
how many children went?
16. A scuba diver descended 30 m below the ocean surface,
rose 17 m, and then descended 7 m. How far, as an integer,
below the ocean surface is the diver?

Wind Chill Table
17. The wind was 40 mph and the wind chill
5 27 21 16 12
Miles Per Hour (mph)
was 21°F below zero. How much warmer

10 16 10 3 3
was the air temperature?
15 9 2 5 11
18. How much colder does an air temperature of 20 4 3 10 17
30°F feel with winds at 30 mph than at 20 mph? 25 1 7 15 22
30 2 10 18 25
19. With winds at only 15 mph, an air temperature 35 4 12 20 27
of 15°F feels 7°F colder than when the air 40 5 13 21 29
temperature is 20°F. What is the wind chill at 15°F? 35 30 25 20
Air Temperature (°F)
20. Write a problem that uses the data in the table.

Have someone solve it.
Chapter 5 171
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Lessons 1–11
Express each as an integer. (See pp. 150–151.)
1. an increase of 14 dollars 2. a gain of 9 meters

3. 4 hours before arrival 4. a depth of 12 meters
Write the opposite and absolute value of each integer.

5. 15 6. 13 7. 22 8. 7 9. 1
Compare. Write ,, 5, or .. (See pp. 152–153.)
10. 9 ? 9 11. 4 ? 7 12. 5 ? 14 13. 6 ? 6
Compute. (See pp. 154–163.)
14. 6 3 15. 4 9 16. 0 5 17. 7 5
18. 9 5 19. 6 8 20. 7 11 21. 0 4

33
22. 5 10 23. 90 5 24. 0 6 25. 3
26. 4 11 27. 6 3 28. 8 8 29. 3 5

30. 40 (95 79) 214 31. 37 (8 10)2 3
Solve each equation. Use the replacement set {23, 0, 13}. (See pp. 164–165.)
32. n 12 15 33. n 15 15 34. n 5 8

35. n 3 0 36. 3 n0 37. n 3 9
Estimate the temperature in °C or in °F. (See pp. 166–167.)

Watch for the degree unit.
38. 12°F 39. 50°F 40. 32°F 41. 40°C 42. 20°C
(See pp. 168–171.)
43. The temperature was 12C at 44. The football team gained 23 yards
noon. By nine o’clock it was 2C. on 1st down and were penalized
How many degrees did the 5 yards on 2nd down. What was
temperature drop? the net result?

8206-2_173 10/12/07 6:44 PM Page 173
Inequalities in One Variable

You can solve an inequality in one variable and
Remember:
graph its solution on a number line. An inequality is a statement that
uses one of these symbols: , ,
Solving an addition or subtraction inequality , , or .
is like solving an equation.
< is less than
x57 addition inequality
≤ is less than or equal to
x5575 Subtract 5 from both sides.
> is greater than
x2 solution to the inequality
≥ is greater than or equal to
is not equal to
y 5 4 subtraction inequality
y 5 5 4 5 Add 5 to both sides.
y 1 solution to the inequality
To graph x 2, place an open dot at To graph y 1, place a solid dot at

2 on the number line and then shade 1 on the number line and then shade
the number line to the right of 2. the number line to the left of 1.
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
x2 y 1
• The open dot at 2 means that 2 is • The solid dot at 1 means that 1 is
not a solution of x 2. a solution of y 1.
• The green line with the arrow • The red line with the arrow shows
shows that all values greater than 2 that all values less than 1 are also
are solutions of x 2. solutions of y 1.
1
Some solutions of x 2: {22, 3, 7.4, . . .} Some solutions of y 1: {. . ., 9, 6, 3}
Not solutions of x 2: {. . . , 2, 0, 1.9, 2} Not solutions of y 1: {1.1, 6, 10, 35, . . .}
Solve and graph the solution of each inequality. Then list three
numbers that are solutions and three numbers that are not solutions.
1. t 34 19 2. w 21 45 3. 19 x 14 4. s 14 12
5. k 5 8 6. p 12 9 7. r 88 92 8. v 2 6
9. a 2 4 10. z 2 10 11. b 4 9 12. c 6 0
1.1 Chapter 5 173

8206-2_174 1/9/06 7:19 PM Page 174
Write each as an integer.

1. a gain of 5 lb 2. 11 m backward 3. 17 floors down
Find the absolute value of the integer.

4. ⏐18⏐ 5. ⏐19⏐ 6. ⏐73⏐ 7. ⏐502⏐ 8. ⏐643⏐
Arrange in order from least to greatest.

9. 9, 9, 0 10. 9, 6, 2 11. 60, 30, 0, 70
Compute.
12. 11 7 13. 8 4 14. 366 6 15. 2448 24
Evaluate each expression when a 5 17, b 5 22, c 5 23, and d 5 0.

16. b (c a) 17. ad c 18. a b • c 19. (a b)2 c
Solve and check.
20. y 6 7 21. 15z 0 22. 9 f 25 23. 17 g 1
Estimate the temperature in °C or in °F. Watch for the degree unit.

24. 70°F 25. 18°F 26. 2°C 27. 74°C 28. 90°C
Use a strategy or strategies you have Explain how you solved the problem.
learned. Show all your work.
29. Andrew writes an integer pattern by 30. A geologist studied rock forms at
adding 5 and subtracting 2 in order. a site 5 m below sea level. If he
The eighth number in the pattern is moves to a site 9 m higher, how far
20. What number did he start with? above or below sea level will he be?
31. Lee added the same integer

1 2 3 3 4 1
to each number in the magic
square at the left to get a 4 4
new magic square. Find 0
the integer and complete 3 2 1
the square.
174 Chapter 5
8206-2_175-176 1/9/06 7:19 PM Page 175

1. Choose the short word name 7. Estimate by rounding.

for the number.
$529.47
687,400,000,000 623
a. 687 million, 400 thousand a. $30,000

b. 687 billion, 400 million b. $36,000
c. 687 billion, 400 thousand c. $300,000
d. 687 million, 200 d. $500,000
2. Choose the quotient. 8. Choose the product.

.1
0.36023
1
2
a. 0.00342 0.91 0.37 a. 0.3367
b. 0.0342 b. 1.28
c. 0.342 c. 33.67
3. An expression for “2 less than x, 9. A mathematical sentence for “10 more than
divided by 3.5” is: one third of a number n is greater than 25”
is:
2x x2 1 1
a. 3.5
b. 3.5
a. 10 3
n 25 b. 3
n 10 25
2 x n 1
c. x 3.5
d. 2 3.5
c. 3
10 25 d. 10 3
n 25
1
4. Use A bh. Find b when A 30 ft2 and 10. Choose the equation that is solved by using
2
h 6 ft. the Subtraction Property of Equality.
x
a. 12 ft a. 3
4.2
b. 10 ft b. x 3 4.2
c. 8 ft c. 4.2 x 3
d. 6 ft d. x 3 4.2
5. When x 2, y 5, and z 6, which 11. Which makes the number sentence true?
expression has a value of 22?
⏐n⏐ 8
a. 4z 2x 3y b. x(y z) 2
a. 10 b.
z 5z
c. x
y d. yx c. 8 d. 10
6. 113,707 subtracted from 509,911 is: 12. The product of 32,238 and 705 is:
a. 395,204 a. 2,227,790
b. 396,104 b. 2,727,790
c. 396,204 c. 22,727,090
d. 496,204 d. 22,727,790
Chapter 5 175
8206-2_175-176 1/9/06 7:20 PM Page 176
13. Which statement is true? 19. Which does not name an integer?
a. 35 b. 0
a. ⏐7⏐ ⏐7⏐ b. ⏐7⏐ (7) 3 10
c. ⏐7⏐ (7) d. ⏐7⏐ ⏐(7)⏐ c. 15
d. 2
14. Add. 20. Subtract.

21 (14) a. 7 45 63 a. 108
b. 35 b. 108
c. 7 c. 18
d. 35 d. 18
15. Estimate by using compatible numbers. 21. Multiply.

584,719 329 a. 2000 8.005 a. 40.5866
b. 3000 5.32 b. 41.5866
c. 4000 c. 42.5866
16. Evaluate 3a2 4b when a 2 and b 0. 22. Solve.

a. 16 x (7.65 3.18) 4 a. x 6.83
b. 12 b. x 10.83
c. 16 c. x 14.83
d. 12 d. not given
17. Simplify. 23. In scientific notation, 0.0000631 is:

4 (2 5) 1 a. 7 a. 6.31 106
b. 1 b. 6.31 105
c. 1 c. 6.31 105
d. 7 d. 6.31 106
18. Ray’s aquarium holds 25 gallons of 24. The temperature at noon was 13°F. It
water. One gallon of water weighs 8.33 lb. dropped 17 degrees. What is the
What is the weight of the water if the temperature now?
aquarium is filled to the top?
a. 180.25 lb b. 200.25 lb a. 4°F b. 13°F

c. 208.25 lb d. 280.25 lb c. 17°F d. 4°F
25. Two groups of tourists flew to Japan. 26. A theater has 675 seats. There are three
The first group took 4 hours less than times as many seats in a row as there
the second to fly there. If the first group are rows. How many rows and how many
flew for 17 hours, how many hours did seats are there?
the second group fly?
176 Chapter 5
8206-2_177 1/12/06 3:26 PM Page 177
You may have thought there was no mathematics

in pizza. Well, there is. It turns out there is mathe-
matics in plain cheese pizzas, sausage pizzas, pepper-
oni pizzas, pineapple pizzas, teriyaki pizzas, and
avocado pizzas, just to name a few. (Sometimes, it’s
just not good to take mathematics too seriously.)
From Math for Smarty Pants by

Marilyn Burns

Investigate fractions, primes, and composites
Compare, order, and estimate fractions
Explore greatest common factor and least
common multiple
Relate fractions, mixed numbers, and decimals
Identify terminating and repeating decimals
Solve problems by finding a pattern

The number of slices in the 1st giant pizza is a
prime number between 10 and 20. The number
of slices in the 2nd and 3rd giant pizzas together
is a multiple of 5. If the total number of slices is
32, how many slices are there in the 1st pizza? Chapter 6 177
8206-2_178-179 10/7/07 11:17 AM Page 178
6-1 Divisibility
A number is divisible by another 39
number if there is no remainder 5
931

when you divide. Since there is no remainder, 27
351 is divisible by 9. 81
81
You can use the divisibility rules in the 0
table below to help you determine if one
number is divisible by another number.
Divisibility Rules
A number is
if . . .
divisible by:
2 it is an even number (ends in 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8)
3 the sum of its digits is divisible by 3
4 the last two digits form a number divisible by 4
5 the ones digit is 0 or 5
6 it is divisible by both 2 and 3
8 the last three digits form a number divisible by 8
9 the sum of its digits is divisible by 9
10 the last digit is 0
Study this example.

Determine whether 3024 is divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, and/or 10.
3024 4 is an even number. 3024 is divisible by 2.

3024 3 0 2 4 9 and 9 3 3 3024 is divisible by 3.
3024 24 4 6 3024 is divisible by 4.
3024 4 is not 0 or 5. 3024 is not divisible by 5.
3024 4 is an even number and 3024 is divisible by 6.
3 0 2 4 9 and 9 3 3.
3024 24 8 3 3024 is divisible by 8.
3024 3 0 2 4 9 and 9 9 1 3024 is divisible by 9.
3024 4 is not 0. 3024 is not divisible by 10.
So 3024 is divisible by 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 9.
178 Chapter 6 2.0

8206-2_178-179 1/12/06 3:28 PM Page 179
Tell whether the number is divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, and/or 10.

1. 333 2. 128 3. 225 4. 7535 5. 8289
6. 9410 7. 99,483 8. 67,704 9. 67,713 10. 67,722
11. 23,918 12. 35,932 13. 85,446 14. 40,620 15. 90,990
16. 17,934 17. 49,708 18. 77,075 19. 13,104 20. 486,890
21. 207,984 22. 352,860 23. 607,712 24. 581,889 25. 270,228
Find the missing digit or digits that would make each number
divisible by the given number.
Think
26. 3,95 ; by 10
The last digit must be 0 to be divisible by 10.
27. 17,84 ; by 3 28. 243,05 ; by 9 29. 698,39 ; by 3 and by 9
30. 17,39 ; by 5 31. 14,5 2; by 8 32. 13, 12; by 8 and by 3
33. 27,1 8; by 6 34. 20,71 ; by 4 35. 502,7 5; by 3 and by 5
36. 37,6 3; by 9 37. 98 ,124; by 6 38. 109,83 ; by 4 and by 8
39. Ms. Sutphin has 74,516 pennies. 40. Mr. Diaz wants to divide 4952 stickers
She wants to divide them equally equally among some teachers at school.
among some containers. She has He wants to give the stickers to at least
10 containers, but does not need to 4 but no more than 10 teachers. To how
use them all. How many containers many teachers can he give stickers so
could she use so there are no there are none left over? How many will
pennies left over? each teacher get?
41. Which number is divisible by 4? 42. Which number is not divisible by 9?
A 448,274 F 34,947
B 346,493 G 38,999
C 330,902 H 55,026
D 286,156 J 80,973
Chapter 6 179
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6-2 Prime and Composite Numbers

A prime number is a whole number greater than 1
that has exactly two factors, itself and 1.
Find all the factors of 11.
1 11 11 Factors of 11: 1, 11
Since 11 has exactly two factors, it is a prime number.
A composite number is a whole number The numbers 0 and 1

greater than 1 that has more than two factors. are neither prime nor
composite.
Find all the factors of 25.
1 25 25
5 50 25 Factors of 25: 1, 5, 25
Since 25 has more than two factors, it is a composite number.
Tell whether each number is prime, composite, or neither.

1. 24 2. 35 3. 2 4. 9 5. 19
6. 21 7. 33 8. 11 9. 1 10. 0
11. 51 12. 26 13. 81 14. 100 15. 41
16. 207 17. 613 18. 127 19. 10,011 20. 37,311
Copy these statements in your Math Journal.

Then tell whether each statement is true or false.
Give an example to justify your answer.
21. Any whole number is either prime 22. No composite number is an even
or composite. number.
23. All prime numbers are odd 24. Every even number greater than 2
numbers. is a composite number.
25. The product of two prime numbers 26. The sum of two prime numbers is a
is a prime number. composite number.
180 Chapter 6
8206-2_180-181 1/12/06 3:30 PM Page 181
Make and complete a table like the one below for the
numbers 1–20. Use the table for exercises 27–35.
27. Which numbers are
prime numbers? Number Factors Number of Prime or
Factors Composite
28. Which numbers are 1 1 1 neither
composite numbers?
2 1, 2 ? prime
29. Which numbers have 3 1, 3 ? ?
exactly three factors?
30. Which number has 17 ? ? ?

only one factor? 18 ? ? ?
31. Which numbers have 19 ? ? ?
six factors? 20 ? ? ?
32. Which number is a factor 33. Which numbers have both 2
of all of the numbers? and 3 as factors?
34. Which numbers have both 2 35. Which numbers have both 4
and 5 as factors? and 8 as factors?
36. Why is the number 1 neither prime 37. Why is 2 the only even prime
nor composite? number?
38. Rita’s locker number is a two-digit 39. Carl ran 4 km every day for 5 days.
prime number. There are 25 lockers, Ken ran 3 km every day for 7 days.
numbered 1–20, in Rita’s classroom. Was the total number of kilometers
What are the possible numbers that both Carl and Ken ran prime or
could be Rita’s locker number? composite? How do you know?
Six is called a perfect number because it is the sum of all

its factors, not including itself.
The factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3, 6.
1236
40. Find another perfect number. 41. Are any prime numbers also
Extend the table above to help you. perfect numbers? Explain.
42. Use the internet or reference books to define these two types of numbers: (a)
deficient numbers and (b) abundant numbers. Discuss your results with the class.
Chapter 6 181
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6-3 Prime Factorization

Every composite number can be written as the product of
prime factors. This is called prime factorization.
Find the prime factorization of 36.

36 Composite.
Composite.
You can use a factor tree to find the prime factors. Factor
Factoragain.
again.
Start with the composite number. 3 12
Choose any 2 factors.
3 3 4
Continue factoring until all the
branches show prime numbers.
3 3 2 2 All prime.
Arrange the prime factors in order
from least to greatest. 2233
The prime factorization of 36 is 2 2 3 3.
You can use exponents to express Remember:

the prime factorization of 36. 22 32 2 2 22
3 3 32
No matter which 2 factors you begin with,
the prime factorization will always be the same.
Composite.
Composite. 36 Composite.
Composite. 36 Composite.
Composite.
Factor
Factoragain.
again. Factor again.
Factor again. Factor again.
Factor again.
6 6 4 9
2 3 2 3 2 2 3 3
2 3 2 3
2 2 2 2
Express each in exponential form. Then find the product.

1. 5 2 2 5 2. 2 2 2 3 3. 11 2 11 5
4. 7 3 2 7 3 5. 5 13 5 5 6. 2 7 2 7
Make a factor tree for each to find the prime factorization.

7. 45 8. 64 9. 72 10. 88 11. 48
182 Chapter 6
8206-2_182-183 1/12/06 3:32 PM Page 183
Find the prime factorization and write in exponential form.

12. 32 13. 24 14. 50 15. 125 16. 63
17. 71 18. 44 19. 60 20. 100 21. 96
Prime Factorization Using Divisibility Rules

You can use the divisibility rules to help you find the
prime factorization of larger numbers.
Find the prime factorization of 9450.
9450 ends in 0; divide by 10
Composite.
Factor again. 10 945 digit sum is 18; divide by 9
2 5 9 105 ends in 5; divide by 5
2 5 3 3 5 21 digit sum is 3; divide by 3
2 5 3 3 5 3 7 all prime numbers
So, the prime factorization of 9450 is 2 33 52 7.
Find the prime factorization. Use the divisibility rules

and a factor tree to help.
22. 95 23. 114 24. 153 25. 390 26. 504
27. 189 28. 225 29. 540 30. 1215 31. 2916
Solve for y to complete the prime factorization.

32. 2 y 3 12 33. 2y 82 34. 117 32 y
35. 23 y 88 36. 110 y 5 11 37. 2 2 y 5 60
Make two different factor trees for each number.

Then write the prime factorization for each.
38. 70 39. 99 40. 120 41. 40
42. 48 43. 150 44. 84 45. 54
Chapter 6 183
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6-4 Equivalent Fractions

Fractions that name the same part of a whole or a set
1 2 3 4
are called equivalent fractions. 2, 4, 6, 8 are equivalent.
1 1 1 1
2 6 6 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
4 4 8 8 8 8
To find equivalent fractions, multiply or divide the numerator

and denominator of the fraction by the same nonzero number.
This does not change the value because it is the same as
multiplying or dividing by 1.
5 n Think 8 1 Think

6
1
8

32
r
6 3 18 881
5 3 15 .8. 8 1

6 3
1
8

32 8
4
5 15 8 1

6
1
8

32
4
5 15 8 1
and 1 are equivalent fractions. and 4 are equivalent fractions.
6 8 32
In each exercise, which two figures show equivalent

fractions? Explain your answer.
1. a. b. c. d.
2. a. b. c. d.
184 Chapter 6
8206-2_184-185 1/12/06 3:34 PM Page 185
Write the missing term to complete the equivalent fraction.

3 n 1 a 2 c 2 q 5 40
3. 4 1
2
4. 11
8
8
5. 9 8
1
6. 3 1
2
7. 7 f
1 6 1 3 3 6 9 r 1 4
8. 8 b 9. 10
q 10. 11
s 11. 10

100
12. 25
d
9 m 4 t 21 z 40 x 2 1
13. 30

10
14. 12

3
15. 2
8

4
16. 4
5

9
17. 6 h
4 20 6 24 49 7 x 36 9 y
18. k 25 19. 13 m 20. e 8 21. 15 45 22. 16 144
Write two equivalent fractions for each fraction.

5
23. 9 24. 35 25. 14 26. 15
0
27. 68
3 11 9 25 8
28. 7 29. 15 30. 12 31. 75 32. 12
Complete the equivalent fractions.

1 x y 3
33. 3 6 1
8
34. 4 8s 2t
4
35. 46
0
4
1c
6
d8
4 8 24 1 2 6 2 12
36. 5 a b 37. 6 e f 38. 7 1n
4
p
g
39. 50
75
15 h3 40. 48
64
12
x
y3 41. 216
252
m
42 n6
42. 112
144
a
36 b7 43. 25
75
c5 d1 98
44. 441 e
63 2f
2 36
45. I am equivalent to 3. My numerator 46. I am equivalent to 6
0
. The sum of my
is 7 less than my denominator. numerator and my denominator is 24.
What fraction am I? What fraction am I?
Chapter 6 185
8206-2_186-187 10/12/07 6:44 PM Page 186
6-5 Greatest Common Factor

The greatest common factor (GCF) of two or more numbers
is the greatest number that is a factor of all of the numbers.
Find the greatest common factor of 8, 12, and 20.
To find the GCF:
List all the factors 08: 1, 2, 4, 8

of each number. 12: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
20: 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20
Find the common Common factors:

factors. 1, 2, 4
Choose the greatest The greatest common

common factor. factor is 4.
The GCF of 8, 12, and 20 is 4.
You can also refer to the greatest common factor of two or

more numbers as the greatest common divisor (GCD).
The GCD of 8, 12, and 20 is 4. Think

4 divides evenly into 8, 12, and 20.
Write all the common factors for each set of numbers.

1. 8 and 24 2. 10 and 30 3. 15 and 35 4. 12 and 18
5. 16 and 20 6. 12 and 24 7. 30 and 18 8. 45 and 20
9. 4, 6, and 8 10. 6, 9, and 12 11. 5, 12, and 14 12. 6, 14, and 22
Find the GCF and the GCD of each set of numbers.

13. 6 and 12 14. 12 and 36 15. 8 and 10 16. 6 and 14
17. 9 and 30 18. 8 and 36 19. 24 and 42 20. 7 and 40
21. 8, 24, and 32 22. 5, 30, and 35 23. 15, 30, and 45
186 Chapter 6 2.4

8206-2_186-187 1/12/06 3:36 PM Page 187
Find the GCF Using Prime Factorization

Find the GCF of 27 and 54.
• First use factor trees to find the prime factors of each number.
Finding the prime factors of a number is called prime factorization.
27 54
3 9 9 6
3 3 3 3 3 3 2
• Then multiply the prime factors that are common to both to find the GCF.
common to both
27 333 54 2 333
3 3 3 27
GCF of 27 and 54: 27
Find the GCF. Use prime factorization.

24. 48 and 56 25. 64 and 96 26. 36 and 72 27. 80 and 100
28. 45 and 75 29. 39 and 104 30. 48 and 84 31. 100 and 125
32. 14, 49, and 70 33. 48, 80, and 112 34. 18, 54, and 90
Find a pair of numbers:

35. Between 10 and 20 that have 6 36. Between 12 and 18 that have 4
as their GCF. as their GCF.
37. Between 15 and 30 that have 5 38. Between 16 and 24 that have 8
as their GCF. as their GCF.
39. Can the greatest common factor of 8 and 32 be greater than 8?

Explain your reasoning.
Chapter 6 187
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6-6 Fractions in Simplest Form

A fraction is in simplest form, or lowest terms, when the
numerator and denominator have no common factor other than 1.
Cass and Arti surveyed 32 classmates to

find out when they did their homework. The
20
results showed that 20 out of 32 (3
2
) of
the students did homework after dinner.
Rename this fraction in simplest form.
To rename a fraction as an equivalent fraction

in simplest form:
Find the GCF of the 20 factors of 20: 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20

numerator and the 32 factors of 32: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32
denominator.
GCF of 20 and 32: 4
Divide the numerator 4
20 20 4 5

4
1, so the quotient
and the denominator
32 32 4 8 is still equal to 23
0
2
.
by their GCF.
20 5
The simplest form of 3
2
is 8.
Write the letter of the GCF of the numerator and the

denominator of each fraction.
3
01. 6 a. 1 b. 6 c. 3 d. 18
7
02. 8 a. 7 b. 1 c. 8 d. 14
10
03. 1
2
a. 10 b. 12 c. 2 d. 1
25
04. 4
5
a. 25 b. 9 c. 5 d. 1
80
05.
100
a. 20 b. 10 c. 50 d. 2
11
06.
132
a. 1 b. 11 c. 132 d. 12
188 Chapter 6 2.4

8206-2_188-189 1/12/06 3:38 PM Page 189
Is the fraction in lowest terms? Write Yes or No. If no, rename

the fraction in simplest form.
2 1 4 5 3 1
7. 3 8. 8 9. 8 10. 10
11. 10
12. 1
2
7 12 10 6 12 5
13. 2
1
14. 2
5
15. 1
8
16. 21
17. 1
8
18. 2
4
16 9 14 24 17 18
19. 2
7
20. 12
21. 3
5
22. 3
4
23. 3
6
24. 7
2
Rename each as a fraction in simplest form.

18 15 16 3 16 9
25. 3
6
26. 4
0
27. 4
8
28. 18
29. 2
0
30. 4
5
5 12 20 21 12 12
31. 5
5
32. 1
6
33. 5
0
34. 4
9
35. 2
4
36. 3
0
12 30 14 14 5 20
37. 4
4
38. 5
5
39. 4
2
40. 1
8
41. 35
42. 3
2
14 16 20 9 6 16
43. 2
0
44. 2
4
45. 3
2
46. 36
47. 27
48. 2
8
Write each answer as a fraction in simplest form.

49. Lions spend about 20 hours a day
sleeping. What part of their day
do lions spend sleeping? What part
of their day are they awake?
50. At the circus, 128 of the 160 animals

are not lions. What part of the animals
are lions?
Write sometimes, always, or never. Give an example to justify your answer.

51. A fraction with 1 as a numerator is in simplest form.
52. A fraction with a prime number in the numerator is in simplest form.
53. A fraction with an even number in its numerator and denominator

is in simplest form.
Chapter 9 189
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6-7 Mixed Numbers and Improper Fractions

When you compute with fractions, you must
be able to express mixed numbers as
improper fractions and vice versa.
An improper fraction has a value

that is equal to or is greater than 1.
It has a numerator equal to or
greater than its denominator.
1 7
32 2
To rename a mixed number as a
fraction:
Multiply the whole number by
the denominator.
1 (2 3) 1
7
Add the product to the
3 2
2
2
numerator. improper fraction
Write the sum over the
denominator.
To rename an improper fraction as a whole number

or as a mixed number:
Divide the numerator 9 R2
38
by the denominator.
4
43
8

Write the quotient as the
whole number part.
38 2

4
9 4
If there is a remainder,
write it over the denominator 1
38

1
9 2 Remember: Read 9 2 as
and express the fraction in 4 nine and one half.
simplest form.
2
18 18 5 (6 10) 5 60 5 65

9
91
8

9
2 10 6 6 6 6
190 Chapter 6 2.4

8206-2_190-191 1/12/06 3:40 PM Page 191
Write the word name for each mixed number.

1 4 1 1 1 11
1. 72 2. 8 5 3. 5 1
0
4. 22 8 5. 1 2
0
6. 11 1
2
Write as a mixed number.

7. eleven and one fourth 8. nine and nine tenths
9. sixteen and three fifths 10. thirty and two thirds
11. twenty and fifteen sixteenths 12. twenty-one and seven tenths
Express each mixed number as a fraction.

1 1 3 1 4 2
13. 4 4 14. 2 2 15. 18 16. 2 8 17. 3 5 18. 5 7
1 1 1 1 1 2
19. 19 20. 11
0
21. 113 22. 12 2 23. 15 4 24. 12 7
5 2 2 4 7 5
25. 1 8 26. 5 3 27. 8 9 28. 10 5 29. 7 8 30. 19 7
Express each improper fraction as a whole number or a

mixed number in simplest form.
6 9 11 5 14 48
31. 5 32. 7 33. 8 34. 3 35. 2 36. 8
12 15 44 92 88 110
37. 8 38. 9 39. 6 40. 1
0
41. 6 42. 5
27 19 33 29 69 121
43. 6 44. 4 45. 10 46. 11 47. 13 48. 15
3
49. A 14-foot board is divided into 50. A dessert recipe calls for 24 lb of
4 equal parts. How long is butter. How many quarter-pound sticks
each part? of butter are needed for the recipe?
51. Explain how each mixed number

in the box can be simplified. 10 24 25
15 2
4
15 2
4
15 2
4
Chapter 6 191
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6-8 Fraction Sense

1
To estimate if a fraction is close to 0, close to 2, or
close to 1, compare its numerator to its denominator.
2
A fraction is close to 0 when 16
its numerator is much less
than its denominator. 0 1 1
2
2
is close to 0 because 2 is much less than 16.
16
17
1 30
A fraction is close to when 2
double its numerator is about equal 0 1 1
to its denominator. 2
17
is close to 1 because 17 2 34 and 34 is about equal to 30.
30 2
16
A fraction is close to 1 when 18
its numerator is about equal
to its denominator. 0 1 1
2
16
is close to 1 because 16 is about equal to 18.
18
Write the fraction that names each point.

1
Tell whether the fraction is close to 0, 2, or 1.
A B
1. 2.
0 1 1 0 1 1
2 2
C D
3. 4.
0 1 1 0 1 1
2 2
E F
5. 6.
0 1 1 0 1 1
2 2
192 Chapter 6 1.1

8206-2_192-193 1/12/06 3:42 PM Page 193
Use Compatible Numbers to Estimate

You can replace the numerator and/or the denominator
of a fraction with compatible numbers to estimate.
1 0 17 15 1
32
is about 32 or 0. 31
is about 30 or 2 .
29 30 1 76 76
62
is about 60 or 2 . 78
is about 76 or 1.
1
Tell whether the fraction is close to 0, 2, or 1.
Use a number line or compatible numbers to help.
1 2 6 13 7 8
7. 8 8. 15
9. 7 10. 1
5
11. 13
12. 1
5
13 17 1 3 30 25
13. 2
7
14. 2
8
15. 4 16. 4 17. 4
0
18.
100
Complete. Write a fraction that is close to 0.

a b c 1 7 12
19. 12 20. 20 21. 9 22. d 23. e 24. f
1
g h j 12 9 n
25. 7 26. 25 27. 15 28. k 29. m 30. 42

p r s 35 24 x
31. 7 32. 30 33. 14 34. t
35. v 36. 100
Input these numbers. Write the product

that comes out of the function machine.
37. 10 38. 9 39. 8

in 6 out
40. 7 41. 12 42. 11
Chapter 6 193
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6-9 Least Common Multiple

The planet Jupiter takes 12 years to make
one complete revolution around the Sun.
The planet Saturn takes 30 years to make
one complete revolution around the Sun.
If both planets are aligned tonight, how
many years will it be before they have the
exact same position in the sky again?
To find the number of years, you must find

the least common multiple (LCM) of
12 and 30.
The least common multiple of two or more

numbers is the least number, except 0,
that is a common multiple of both (or all)
of the numbers.
Multiples of 12: 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, . . .
Multiples of 30: 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, . . .
Extend the list until you find a common

multiple of the numbers.
The least common multiple (LCM) of 12 and 30 is 60.
So Jupiter and Saturn will have the exact same position

in the sky in 60 years.
Find the LCM of each set of numbers.

1. 3, 4 2. 3, 6 3. 2, 5 4. 8, 24 5. 12, 15
6. 4, 10 7. 1, 9 8. 6, 5 9. 12, 10 10. 40, 16
11. 3, 4, 6 12. 1, 6, 7 13. 4, 5, 10 14. 4, 6, 8
15. 5, 6, 12 16. 3, 9, 12 17. 8, 12, 36 18. 10, 18, 72
19. 4, 6, 9 20. 5, 10, 15 21. 3, 5, 9 22. 8, 9, 10
194 Chapter 6 2.4

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Find the LCM Using Prime Factorization

Find the LCM of 6, 18, and 24.
To find the least common multiple using prime factorization:
Write the prime factorization 623

for each number.
18 2 3 3
Write each prime factor the 24 2 2 2 3 3 appears two times.
greatest number of times it Write two 3s.
appears in any of the numbers.
Then multiply the factors. 2 appears three times.
2 2 2 3 3 72 Write three 2s.
So the least common multiple of 6, 18, and 24 is 72.
Find the LCM of each set of numbers. Use prime factorization.

23. 3, 7 24. 2, 3 25. 7, 21 26. 3, 9 27. 12, 4 28. 10, 5
29. 7, 2 30. 11, 5 31. 3, 15 32. 16, 32 33. 1, 9 34. 12, 1
35. 7, 8, 56 36. 8, 10, 40 37. 12, 48,72 38. 8, 13, 52
39. 5, 9, 27 40. 9, 14, 16 41. 9, 15, 25 42. 4, 14, 49
43. A grasshopper and a frog start 44. In June, Al has a baseball game every
together and jump along the same 4th day starting June 4, and a tennis
path. The grasshopper always jumps game every 6th day, beginning June 6.
12 cm and the frog always jumps On which June days will he play both
15 cm. Will they ever land on the baseball and tennis?
same spot again? Where?
Tell whether the shortcuts below will help you find the least common
multiple (LCM) of a pair of numbers. Explain using examples.
45. If both numbers are prime numbers, 46. If one number is a factor of the other,
the LCM is the product of the two. the LCM is the greater of the two.
Chapter 6 195
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6-10 Compare Fractions

11 13
Compare: ?
14 14
To compare fractions with

11 13
like denominators, 11 13
14 14
compare the numerators.
The fraction with the greater
numerator is greater.
0 1
You can also use a number
line to compare. 0 5 11 13 14
14 14 14 14 14
Remember: Values increase as you move right on a number line.

Values decrease as you move left.
7 3 The least common denominator (LCD) of

Compare: 8 ? 4 two or more fractions is the least common
multiple (LCM) of their denominators.
To compare fractions with

7
unlike denominators: Multiples of 8: 8, 16, . . .
8
• Find the least common LCM

3
denominator (LCD) of the Multiples of 4: 4, 8, 12, 16, . . .
4
fractions.
7 3
• Use the LCD to rename the The LCD of 8 and 4 is 8.
fractions as equivalent
fractions with the same
3 ? 32 6
denominator.
4 8 42 8
7 3
• Compare the numerators. 7 6, so 8 4.
You can also use a number line 0 2 3 4

4 4 4 4
to compare fractions with unlike
denominators. 0 4 6 7 8
8 8 8 8 8
7 3
So 8 4.
196 Chapter 6 1.1

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Compare. Write ,, , or .. You can use a number line to help.

7 5 9 9 14 26 17 10
1. 8 ? 8 2. 20
? 20
3. 3
0
? 3
0
4. 2
1
? 2
1
12 16 9 8 22 32 19 20
5. 7 ? 7 6. 8 ? 8 7. 6 ? 6 8. 1
9
? 1
9
Rename each pair of fractions using the LCD as their denominator.

3 1 3 1 7 5 1 2
9. 5 and 4 10. 4 and 10
11. 8 and 6 12. 2 and 3
1 3 1 4 5 12 2 4
13. 1
2
and 24
14. 3 and 9 15. 7 and 4
9
16. 5 and 7
Compare. Write ,, , or .. You can use a number line to help.

1 7 7 3 4 1 6 2
17. 4 ? 1
6
18. 10
? 5 19. 21
? 7 20. 14
? 7
3 5 4 6 7 9 10 7
21. 5 ? 8 22. 7 ? 9 23. 12
? 15
24. 2
5
? 10
11 11 4 12 11 9 11 22
25. 1
6
? 1
6
26. 5 ? 1
5
27. 2
0
? 15
28. 2
1
? 4
2
1 12
29. Jack rides his bicycle 2 mile to the 30. On a team project, Lisa does 1
6
3 3
park. Jerry rides his bike 1
0
mile to the of the work and Mel does 1
2
. Who
park. Who travels farther? How do you does less for the project? How do
know? you know?
1
Compare. Write , or .. Look for fractions close to 0, 2, or 1.
6 5 6 1 5 6 5
31. 1 ? 6 is close to ; is close to 1;
1 11 2 6 11 6
11 9 3 21 15 17 16 3
32. 2
0
? 20
33. 3
2
? 3
2
34. 1
6
? 1
6
35. 1
7
? 7
10 5 1 6 7 8 15 2
36. 9 ? 8 37. 1
1
? 13
38. 15
? 7 39. 3
1
? 30
Chapter 6 197
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6-11 Order Fractions

1 2 5
Write these fractions in order from least to greatest: 1 4 , 3 , 1 6 .
1 5 2
1 4 and 1 6 have whole numbers. 3 1, so it is the least
number. Now compare and order the mixed numbers.
To compare and order mixed numbers with unlike denominators:
Compare the whole numbers. 11

1 5
Rename each fraction using 14 16 LCD is 12.
the LCD.
3 10
1 12 1 12
3 10 3 10
Compare the numerators.
12
12 , so 1 12 1 12
1 5
14 16
Write the fractions in order 2 1 5
3
,14,16
from least to greatest.
2 1 5
The number line shows that 3 1 4 1 6 .
2 1 5
3
14 16
8 3 6 10 2
0 12 1 112 112 112
2 1 5 5 1 2
From least to greatest: 3 , 1 4 , 1 6 From greatest to least: 1 6 , 1 4 , 3

Order from greatest to least.
1 3 19 5 3 2
2 8, 2 4, 8 .6 ., .6 ., .6 .
6 5 3
3
28
19
8 19 LCD is 30.
1 6 3 8 25 18 20
2 8, 2 8, 2 8 6 3
0
, 6 3
0
, 6 3
0
3 19 1 5 2 3
From greatest to least: 2 4, 8, 2 8 From greatest to least: 6 6, 6 3, 6 5
198 Chapter 6 1.1

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4 7 3 5 3 5 3 5 7 2 1 3
1. 5, 1,
0 4
2. 1 , ,
2 8 6
3. 9 5, 9 8, 9 1
0
4. 7 9, 7 3, 7 4
Write in order from greatest to least.

7 1 2 1 1 1 2 7 1 7 4 9
5. 1, ,
2 2 3
6. 4, 3, 5 7. 5, 1,
0 3
8. 1 , ,
2 5 10
4 3 7 2 3 4 17 7 2 3 1 3
9. 5 5, 5 4, 5 8 10. 2 3, 3 4, 2 5 11. 1, ,
8 9 3
12. 7, 2, 1
4
21 12 9 7 14 31 2 18 4 21 5 8
13. 9, 9, 1
2
14. 6, 5, 1
0
15. 1 1, , 1 1
5 15 5
16. 9, 1 9, 3
3
17. Tony saw three pumpkins labeled 18. If you put a jar 12 4 inches tall
3 1 5 7
5 8 lb, 5 4 lb, and 5 16
lb. Which into a carton 12 1 2
inches high,
pumpkin was the heaviest? Explain. will the jar stick out? Explain.
19. In a standing broad jump contest, the

5 3
results were: Patty, 6 12
ft; Hank, 6 4 ft; and
5
Terry, 6 6 ft. Who won the contest? Explain.
20. Which of these model cars can fit into the box? Explain.
a. b. c.
3
1 8 in.
7 5 13
1 8 in. 1 16 in. 1 16 in.
Name three fractions in each A B C

region of the diagram. 1
Fractions > 2 Fractions
21. A 22. B 23. C close to 1
E
D 13 F
24. D 25. E 26. F 15
G
Fractions whose
27. G denominator is 15
Chapter 6 199
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6-12 Relate Fractions to Decimals

Fractions and mixed numbers with denominators that are powers of ten
can be renamed as decimals. The word names are the same.
7 9 41
0.7 3 3.09 0.0041
10 100 10,000
seven tenths three and nine hundredths forty-one ten thousandths
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 2
17 7
1.7, 10 , and 1 10 all have the same value.
They all name one and seven tenths.
To rename fractions and mixed numbers with denominators

that are powers of ten as decimals:
8
Read the given fraction. eight hundredths
100
Determine the decimal place. hundredths: two decimal places
Write an equivalent decimal. eight hundredths 0.08
Choose the equivalent decimal or fraction.

7
01.
100
a. 0.700 b. 0.07 c. 0.007 d. 700.7
28
02. 13
100
a. 13.28 b. 13.028 c. 13.0028 d. 0.1328
109
03.
1000
a. 100.9 b. 0.0109 c. 0.109 d. 109.001
9 9 9 89
04. 8.09 a. 8 10 b. 8 100 c. 8 1000 d. 100
37 7 237 37
05. 12.37 a. 12 1000 b. 123 10 c. 1 1000 d. 12 100
200 Chapter 6
8206-2_200-201 1/12/06 3:49 PM Page 201
Write the word name. Then write the equivalent decimal or fraction.
9 35 81 71 2
6. 1
0
7.
100
8.
1000
9.
10,000
10. 6 1
0
19 12 417 2 56
11. 16
100
12. 4
1000
13. 9
1000
14.
1000
15.
10,000
16. 0.87 17. 0.022 18. 0.0563 19. 0.1578 20. 7.52
21. 8.009 22. 16.573 23. 37.069 24. 5.0005 25. 11.0011
Rename Improper Fractions as Decimals

To rename improper fractions with denominators that are
powers of ten as decimals:
28

Rename the improper fraction 6 100
628
as a mixed number.
100
2
10068

28
Rename the mixed number as 6 6.28
100
a decimal.
Write the equivalent decimal or whole number.

25 420 372 4620 5390
26. 1
0
27.
100
28. 1
0
29.
100
30.
1000
1472 7000 20,000 34,000 79,500

31.
1000
32.
1000
33.
10,000
34.
10,000
35.
10,000
Complete the sentences. Use the terms in the box.

36. Two fractions that name the same part of a divisible
whole or a set are ? .
LCM
37. A number is ? by another number if there is equivalent
no remainder when you divide. GCF
38. The ? of 4, 6, and 8 is 24.
Chapter 6 201
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6-13 Rename Fractions as Decimals

3
Write 4 as a decimal.
To rename a fraction as a decimal:

Divide the numerator by the denominator. 4 3

.
Place a decimal point after the numerator 4 3
.
and in the quotient.
0.7 5
Divide. Add zeros as needed. 4 3
.0
0
3
So 4 0.75.
1
Write 9 1
6
as a decimal.
To rename a mixed number as a decimal:

1 1
Separate the mixed number 9 1
6
9 1
6
into a whole number part
and a fraction part.
0.0 6 2 5
1
Rename the fraction part as
16
1 6 1
.0
000
a decimal.
Add the whole number part 9 0.0 6 2 5 9.0 6 2 5

and the decimal.
1
So 9 1
6
9.0625.
Write each fraction as a decimal.

2 1 1 4 3 6
1. 5 2. 2 3. 4 4. 5 5. 8 6. 1
5
9 3 1 1 22 19
7. 2
0
8. 5
0
9. 2
0
10. 25
11. 5
0
12. 2
0
7 5 17 9 5 3
13. 8 14. 32 15. 25 16. 200 17. 16 18. 250
202 Chapter 6 2.0

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Write each mixed number as a decimal.

4 1 3 5 3
19. 7 5 20. 15 2 21. 28 5 22. 12 8 23. 7
100
4 3 3 11 1
24. 9
1000
25. 11 5
0
26. 80 4 27. 44 2
0
28. 61 8
Shortcut for Renaming Fractions

12
Write 2
5
as a decimal.
Think
When a fraction has a denominator that is 25 is a factor
a factor of 10, 100, 1000, . . . : of 100.
Rename as an equivalent fraction 12 4 48

with a denominator that is a power of ten. 25 4 100
48
Read the fraction. Then write 0.48
100
the decimal.
forty-eight hundredths
12
So 2
5
0.48.
Write each fraction or mixed number as a decimal.

Use the shortcut whenever possible.
3 7 9 3 32
29. 2
0
30. 25
31. 7 1
0
32. 8 1
0
33. 5
0
11 5 25 12 3
34. 2
5
35. 16
36. 3
2
37. 9 2
0
38. 10 2
5
Write each answer as a decimal.

39. Ann has nine tenths of a dollar. 40. Allan has three fifths of a dollar.
How much money does she have? How much money does he have?
41. Roy has one and three fourths 42. Drew has three and two fifths
dollars. How much more money dollars and Rita has four and
does he need to have $3.25? one fourth dollars. How much
more money does Rita have?
Chapter 6 203
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6-14 Rename Decimals as Fractions

Write 0.35 as a fraction in simplest form.
To rename a decimal as a fraction:

Read the given decimal. 0.35 thirty-five hundredths
Determine the denominator The denominator is 100.

of the fraction.
35
Write an equivalent fraction. thirty-five hundredths
100
35 .35. 5 7
Simplify if necessary.
100 100 5 20
0.0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
7
So 0.35 2
0
.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Study this example.

Write 9.008 as a mixed number in simplest form.
8
9.008 nine and eight thousandths 9
1000
8 8
8 1
1000 1000 8 125
1 1
So 9.008 9 9 .
125 125
Rename each decimal as a fraction or mixed number

in simplest form.
? 5 ? ?
1. 0.63
100
2. 0.05 ? 2
0
3. 0.259
1000
750 ? ? 9
4. 0.750 ? 4 5. 8.7 8 1
0
6. 4.09 4 ?
? ? ? ?
7. 2.627 2
1000
8. 5.500 5 5
1000 2
9. 38.03 38 ?
204 Chapter 6
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Write each decimal as a fraction in simplest form.

10. 0.9 11. 0.07 12. 0.43 13. 0.77 14. 0.003
15. 0.127 16. 0.45 17. 0.36 18. 0.675 19. 0.325
20. 0.0033 21. 0.0009 22. 0.441 23. 0.101 24. 0.0500
Write each decimal as a mixed number in simplest form.

25. 1.09 26. 5.7 27. 11.31 28. 12.1 29. 2.5
30. 8.4 31. 9.16 32. 6.35 33. 1.055 34. 3.004
35. 6.0005 36. 8.0010 37. 3.375 38. 2.95 39. 20.0750
Rename each decimal as a fraction or mixed number in simplest form.

40. A tortoise travels 0.7 mile 41. An elephant can run at a speed
per hour. of 24.5 miles per hour.
42. The height of a zebra 43. The height of a flower may be

may be 1.55 meters. 0.44 meter.
Write the missing decimal, word name, or fraction.
Decimal Word Name Fraction in

Simplest Form
44. 4.7 four and seven tenths ?
45. ? two hundred and six thousandths ?
46. ? one thousand eleven ten thousandths ?
47. 101.003 ? ?
48. Mitch got 30 out of 40 questions 49. Patty got 2 incorrect answers out
correct on a test. What is his test of 20 on a test. What is her test
score as a decimal? score as a decimal?
50. Dov got 3 incorrect answers out of 51. Jill got 3 incorrect answers out of
15 on a quiz. If each answer was 30 on a test. Her brother got 1
worth 2 points, would his decimal incorrect answer out of 10 on a
score be the same or different than different test. Who had a higher
if each answer was worth 1 point? decimal score? Explain.
Chapter 6 205
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6-15 Terminating and Repeating Decimals

Alberto plays baseball for the Piney Creek Wildcats.
In his first 30 times at bat, he gets 10 hits.
Write his batting average as a decimal.
0.3 3 3 3 . . .
10
Rename 3 0
as an equivalent decimal. 3 0 1
.0
0 000
No matter how many zeros you write in the dividend,

the division just keeps on going. When the same
digit(s) repeat in the quotient, you have a
repeating decimal.
Alberto’s batting average is 0.3333 . . . , or 0.333

when rounded to the nearest thousandth.
Every fraction can be renamed as a

terminating decimal or a repeating decimal.
A terminating decimal has a 0.6 2 5

5
definite number of decimal places.
8
8 5
.0
00
When you divide, the remainder
5
is 0. 0.6 2 5
8
A repeating decimal has one 0.2 7 2 7 2 . . .

3
or more digits that repeat
11
1 1 3
.0
0000
indefinitely. When you divide,
3
the remainder is never zero. 0.2 7 2 7 . . .
11
Repeating decimals may be written with a bar over

the digit or digits that repeat.
0.2727 . . . 0.2
7 bar 5.13636 . . . 5.13
6 bar
Think Think
The digits 2 and 7 The digits 3 and 6
repeat indefinitely. repeat indefinitely. The
digit 1 does not repeat.
206 Chapter 6
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Rewrite each repeating decimal with a bar over the

part that repeats.
1. 0.66666 . . . 2. 0.11111 . . . 3. 0.45454 . . . 4. 0.09090 . . .
5. 0.83333 . . . 6. 0.26666 . . . 7. 2.384848 . . . 8. 5.13232 . . .
Write each repeating decimal showing eight decimal places.

9. 0.1 2
10. 0.1
11. 0.14
12. 0.28

13. 5.3 6
14. 12.0
15. 7.27 7
16. 13.21
Rename each fraction as a terminating or repeating decimal.

1 13 5 1 3
17. 8 18. 2
0
19. 11
20. 3 21. 4
2 7 5 11 1
22. 9 23. 16
24. 12
25. 1
8
26. 16
Rename each mixed number as a terminating or repeating decimal.

2 1 2 2 3
27. 4 5 28. 6 4 29. 12 3 30. 15 3 31. 1 8
1 1 5 21 13
32. 121 9 33. 33 3 34. 5 1
6
35. 28 3
6
36. 11 2
5
Copy and complete each table. Write the equivalent decimal.

Explain the patterns in your Math Journal.
Fraction Decimal Fraction Decimal

1 1
37.
9
1 9
0.1 41.
11
?
2 2
38. ? 42. ?
9 11
3 3
39. ? 43. ?
9 11
4 4
40. ? 44. ?
9 11
Chapter 6 207
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6-16 Rational Numbers

11
Earl’s Software 2
A class is learning about the stock market. Ultimate Graphics 2
The table shows how the stocks performed in
Pelican Steel 31
a one-week period. It shows how much the 4
value of a stock rose () or fell () that week. BAC Stores 2
1
A share of Earl’s Software rose 1 2 points. A Clark Electronics
3

4
share of Ultimate Graphics fell 2 points. 1
Mike’s Bikes
You can use a number line to represent all of 1
Ellen Stores
8
the positive and negative numbers.
ⴚ 31 ⴚ2 ⴚ3 ⴙ1 ⴙ1 ⴙ 11 ⴙ2
4 4 8 2
ⴚ4 ⴚ3 ⴚ2 ⴚ1 0 ⴙ1 ⴙ2
1 3 1 1
The numbers 3 4, 2, 4, 8, 1, 1 2, and 2 are rational numbers.
0 is also a rational number.
A rational number is a number that can be written in the form

a
of a fraction b, where a and b are integers and b ≠ 0.
Rational Numbers
Think
Integers
All whole numbers are integers.
All integers are rational numbers. Whole Numbers
You can write any rational number as a

decimal. Compare the number line above
with the one below.
ⴚ 3.25 ⴚ2 ⴚ 0.75 ⴙ 0.125 ⴙ1 ⴙ 1.5 ⴙ2
ⴚ4 ⴚ3 ⴚ2 ⴚ1 0 ⴙ1 ⴙ2
1 3 1 1
Notice that 3 4 3.25, 4 0.75, 8 0.125, and 1 2 1.5.
Every rational number has an opposite.

1 1 3
3
The opposite of 2 2 is 2 2. The opposite of 4 is 4.
The opposite of 3.5 is 3.5. The opposite of 0.2 is 0.2.
208 Chapter 6
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Identify the rational number that corresponds

to the point on the number line.
01. C 2. F 3. A 4. E 5. B 6. D
C B F A D E
ⴚ6 ⴚ5 ⴚ4 ⴚ3 ⴚ2 ⴚ1 0 ⴙ1 ⴙ2 ⴙ3 ⴙ4 ⴙ5 ⴙ6
Write a rational number for each point.

7. 8.
ⴚ4 ⴚ3 ⴚ2 ⴚ1 0 ⴙ1 ⴙ2 ⴙ3 ⴙ4 ⴚ4 ⴚ3 ⴚ2 ⴚ1 0 ⴙ1 ⴙ2 ⴙ3 ⴙ4
9. 10.
11. 12.
13. 14.
15. 16.
Write each rational number.

1
17. Express 4 2 as a decimal. 18. Express 2.5 as a fraction.
1
19. Express 9 4 as a decimal. 20. Express 4.85 as a fraction.
Write the opposite of each.

1
21. 5 22. 2 1 23. 6.5 24. 25. 0.75 26. 3 2
1
4 2
27. One day the price of a share of 28. The price of a share of stock
1 1
stock dropped 3 2 points. What rose 12 4. What rational number
rational number represents this represents this gain?
loss?
Chapter 6 209
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6-17 Compare and Order Rational Numbers

Compare: 6 ? 8 1
2
You can use a number line to compare rational numbers.

ⴚ 81 ⴚ6
2
ⴚ 10 ⴚ 9 ⴚ 8 ⴚ 7 ⴚ 6 ⴚ 5 ⴚ 4 ⴚ 3 ⴚ 2 ⴚ 1 0 ⴙ 1 ⴙ 2 ⴙ 3 ⴙ 4 ⴙ 5 ⴙ 6 ⴙ 7 ⴙ 8 ⴙ 9 ⴙ 10
The number farther to the right is the greater number.

6is farther to the right.
1
So 6 8 2.
4
Compare: 3 ?
2 Simplify to compare.
4
4 2 2
2
3 2
4
So 3 2. Look at the number line above: 3 2
1
Order from least to greatest: 0, 1 2, 2.5
ⴚ 2.5 0 ⴙ 11
2
ⴚ3 ⴚ2 ⴚ1 0 ⴙ1 ⴙ2 ⴙ3
1
From least to greatest: 2.5, 0, 12

ⴚ83 ⴚ 6.9 ⴚ 6 1 ⴚ12 ⴚ8 ⴙ11 ⴙ ⴙ 9.17
4 4 3 4 3 4.6
ⴚ 10 ⴚ 9 ⴚ 8 ⴚ 7 ⴚ 6 ⴚ 5 ⴚ 4 ⴚ 3 ⴚ 2 ⴚ 1 0 ⴙ 1 ⴙ 2 ⴙ 3 ⴙ 4 ⴙ 5 ⴙ 6 ⴙ 7 ⴙ 8 ⴙ 9 ⴙ 10
Compare: 9.17 ? 8 3 Order from least to greatest: Order from greatest to least:
4 12 11 8
6 1 , , 6.9 , 4.6, 4
4 3 3
3 12 11 8
9.17 8 4 6.9, 6 1 , 4.6, , 4
4 3 3
210 Chapter 6 1.1

8206-2_210-211 1/12/06 3:56 PM Page 211
Compare. Write , , 5 , or .. Use the number line.
ⴚ6 ⴚ5 ⴚ4 ⴚ3 ⴚ2 ⴚ1 0 ⴙ1 ⴙ2 ⴙ3 ⴙ4 ⴙ5 ⴙ6
1 3
1. ? 2. 0.5 ? 0.75 3. 3.5 ? 4.25 4. 3 1 ? 3 1
2 4 4 8
6
5. 4 ? 6. 2.5 ? 3 1 7. 5 1 ? 4 8. 6 ? 5.75
3 2 8
3 8 1
9. 0 ? 3.25 10. ? 0 11. ? 4 12. ? 0.125
4 2 8
Write in order from least to greatest. Use the number line

above to help.

13. 3, 4 1, 2 14. 0, 1, 21 15. 5, 0, 2 16. 4, 3 1, 1.5
2 2 4 1 4

17. 2.25, 0.25, 1.5 18. 2 1, 2.5, 11 19. 1, 1, 0 20. 5 1, 1, 2 3
2 4 4 4 4 4
3 4
21. 6, 3, 4 22. 2 1
, , 1 23. 3, 2 1, 3 24. 1
, 1.5, 2

3 4 4 1 4 2 2 2 2
25. Two metals were cooled to 26. Over a 5-day period, a share of stock
1 3
temperatures of 2 2°F and 3 4 °F. showed the following changes:
Which of the two is the greater 6 1, 2 1, 1 3, 1, and 1. Which was
4 2 4 2
temperature? the greatest gain? greatest loss?
Compare. Write , or .. Think of a number line.
27. 8.95 ? 7 3 28. 6 1 ? 9.9 29. 10.4 ? 9 2

5 4 3
Order from least to greatest. Think of a number line.

30. 10.5, 15 1 , 36 31. 26 1 , 12.5, 83 1
6 2 5
32. 8.91, 23 5 ,

23 33. 62 1 , 38.3, 287
6 4
Chapter 6 211
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Find a Pattern
Tim gave all his baseball cards to Walter. On the first day,
he gave him 1 card. On each day after that, he gave him
3 times the number he had given him the day before.
At the end of 4 days, Tim had given away all the cards
he had. How many did he give to Walter in all?

Facts: first day–1 card
each day after–3 times the number
he gave the day before
after 4 days–all cards are given away
Question: How many cards did Tim give to Walter?
To find how many cards Tim gave to Walter, use the pattern
rule 3. Make a table to list the cards given away and the daily
total. Multiply the number he gave away the day before by 3. To
find the total, add the amount given away to the total of the day
before. Look for a pattern.
Day 1st 2nd 3rd 4th

Walter received 1 313 339 3 9 27
Tim’s daily total 1 134 4 9 13 13 27 40
Tim gave Walter 40 baseball cards.
Begin with 40 cards and subtract the number

Tim gave away each day.
Do you have 0 left on the 4th day? Yes.
?
40 1 3 9 27 0
?
39 3 9 27 0
?
36 9 27 0
27 27 0 The answer checks.
212 Chapter 6
8206-2_212-213 1/12/06 3:58 PM Page 213
Solve each problem. Find a pattern to help you.

01. In a science experiment, Joel discovered
that his record of the changes in a liquid’s
temperature formed a pattern. In each of
the first 3 minutes, the temperature increased
1.5° F; in each of the next 2 minutes, it
decreased 0.75° F. Then this pattern repeated
itself. If Joel started measuring the
temperature at 50° F, how long would it take
the temperature to reach 62° F?

Facts: each of first 3 min–increase 1.5° F

each of next 2 min–decrease 0.75° F
starting temperature–50° F
Question: How long will it take the temperature

to reach 62° F?
To find how many minutes it will take to reach 62° F,

make a table to list the time and degrees
increased or decreased. Look for a pattern.
02. Alice makes a necklace with 24 red and white beads. If she
creates a pattern of 1 red and 3 white beads, how many red
beads will she use? how many white beads?
03. Find the next three terms in this sequence:

1 1 3 3 5
, , , , , 1. What is the pattern?
8 2 8 4 8
04. Hector caught 2 fish on Monday, 4 on Tuesday, 8 on Wednesday,

16 on Thursday, and so on. Following this pattern, how many fish
did he catch on Saturday?
05. Crystal builds a tower out of blocks for her little brother.
1
She uses 7 blocks. The edge of each block is 1 4 in. shorter
3
than the edge of the block under it. If the bottom block is 9 4 in.
on each edge, how long is the edge of the top block?
Chapter 6 213
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01. Stella paints this pattern.
What fraction, in simplest form,
names the shaded region?
1
02. Dom has these tubes of paint: 4 oz crimson,
2 2 6
oz burnt sienna, oz black, and oz
3 5 9
magenta. Which two tubes have the same
amount of paint?
19
03. Milly has 4 oz of white paint. Is this more
than 5 ounces?
04. Julio’s favorite brushes are the following

15 1 5 31
lengths: 2 in., 7 3 in., 7 9 in., and 4 in.
How would he arrange the brushes in
order from shortest to longest?
05. One sheet of watercolor paper is

0.01 in. thick. Write 0.01 as a fraction.
5
06. Jeremiah has finished 8 of his painting.
Write this fraction as a decimal.
07. Stella’s newest painting has an area

of 156.25 in.2. Write this decimal as
a mixed number. Color Length
3
3 red 6 4 in.
08. Becky has 3 4 quarts of paint thinner. She
also has 7.5 pints of turpentine. Does she orange 7.8 in.
have more paint thinner or turpentine? 2
yellow 5 5 in.
Use the table for problems 9–11. 11
green in.
5
09. Which two pencils are the same length? 9
blue 7 1
0
in.
10. What are the longest and shortest pencils? indigo 5.4 in.
40
11. Which pencils are close to 5 in. in length? violet in.
9
214 Chapter 6
8206-2_214-215 1/12/06 3:59 PM Page 215
Choose a strategy from the list or use another

1
12. A painting is 4 in. longer than it is wide.
Its length is 8.2 in. The frame is 2.7 in. thick. Use These Strategies
What is the width of the painting? Guess and Test
Write an Equation
13. James folds a sheet of drawing paper in fourths, Use a Graph
then in thirds, and then in half. Estimate into Find a Pattern
how many parts his paper is divided. Check Interpret the Remainder
your answer by following the folds. Use More Than One Step
3
14. Gary uses 8 of a 10-oz tube of raw sienna
2
to paint a fall landscape. He also uses 5 oz
of cadmium red for the same picture.
How much more raw sienna than
cadmium red does he use?
15. Joanne paints these three pictures. If she continues

the pattern in a fourth picture, what fractional part
of that picture will be shaded?
16. Every third day Fran goes to calligraphy class.

Every fourth day she goes to pottery class. On March 1
Fran attends both classes. How many days that month
will the 2 classes fall on the same day?
17. Gesso boards are advertised at 3 boards for $14.20.

How much would Danielle pay for one gesso board?
Use the circle graph for problems 18–20.

Abby’s Artworks
18. What part of Abby’s artworks are oil paintings?
1 Pastels Oils
19. What type of art makes up 5 of Abby’s work? 25
15
20. Abby did 5 charcoals this week. When these 20

30 Acrylics
charcoals are added to the data from the graph, Charcoals 10
what part of her work will be charcoals?
Watercolors
21. Write a problem modeled on problem 17.

Chapter 6 215
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Lessons 1–19
Find the prime factorization and write in exponential form. (See pp. 180–183.)
1. 28 2. 30 3. 75 4. 84
Write the missing number to complete the equivalent fraction. (See pp. 184–185.)
2 x 3 9 20 z 15 p
5. 3 9 6. 4 y 7. 9
0
9 8. 4
5
3
10 x 38 19 23 w 7 49
9. 13 65 10. 44 t 11. 69 3 12. 11 s
Find the GCF of each pair of numbers. (See pp. 186–187.)
13. 3 and 27 14. 12 and 48 15. 21 and 35
16. 10, 14, and 34 17. 22, 33, and 55 18. 27, 63, and 81
Find the LCM of each pair of numbers. (See pp. 194–195.)
19. 3 and 5 20. 6 and 18 21. 4 and 15
22. 4, 7, and 8 23. 9, 12, and 15 24. 8, 24, and 36
Rename each as indicated. (See pp. 188–191, 200–207.)

9 2
25. 4
5
in simplest form 26. 4 3 as an improper fraction
3
27. 7 8 as a decimal 28. 0.45 as a fraction in simplest form
29. 17
5
as a decimal 30. 9.6 as a mixed number in simplest form
98 121
31. 16 as a mixed number 32. 132 in simplest form
Write in order from least to greatest. (See pp. 196–199, 206–211.)

2 1 3 5 7 3 3
33. 9, 3, 4 34. 8 6, 8 1 , 8 4 35. , 2.5, 4
2 2
36. Marcia bought a bag of red, white, and blue balloons for (See pp. 178–179.)
the party. There were 49 balloons in the bag. If there are
twice as many red as blue and half as many white as
blue, how many of each color are in the bag?
8206-2_217 1/12/06 4:00 PM Page 217
The Sieve of Eratosthenes

A Greek mathematician named Eratosthenes created
a method for finding prime numbers. The method is called
the Sieve of Eratosthenes. You can use it to find all of
the prime numbers between 1 and 100.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
Copy the table above. Then use it to complete the following.

01. Cross out 1, because it is neither prime nor composite.
02. Circle 2, the first prime number. Cross out every multiple of 2.
03. Circle 3, the second prime number. Cross out every

multiple of 3, including those already crossed out.
04. Circle 5, the third prime number. Cross out every

multiple of 5, including those already crossed out.
05. Circle 7, the fourth prime number. Cross out every multiple
of 7, including those already crossed out. Circle the
remaining numbers. The circled numbers are prime numbers.
06. Tell whether each number is prime or composite:

06. a. 13 b. 37 c. 49 d. 57 e. 59 f. 84
07. Find prime numbers that complete each statement.

06. a. 69 ? ? b. ? ? 66
06. c. 91 ? ? d. ? ? 76
Chapter 6 217
8206-2_218 1/12/06 4:00 PM Page 218
Find the prime factorization.

1. 34 2. 42 3. 90
Write three equivalent fractions for each.

2 7 5
4. 5 5. 9 6. 6
Rename each as indicated.

16 1
7. 4
8
in simplest form 8. 5 2 as an improper fraction
1
9. 7 8 as a decimal 10. 0.64 as a fraction in simplest form
1
11. 16
1
as a decimal 12. 12 3 as a decimal
Compare. Write ,, 5, or .. Use a number line to help you.

17
13. 5 ? 2 1 14. 6.75 ? 7 15. 2 1 ?
2 8 8
Use a strategy or strategies you have learned. 17. Lou Ann must choose a melon
16. Dawn makes a quilt pattern from those that weigh
2 3 1
with 45 blue and yellow patches. 4 5 lb, 4 10
lb, or 4 2 lb.
If she uses 2 blue patches for If she wants to choose the
every 3 yellow patches, how heaviest, which melon should
many blue patches will she she choose? Explain.
use? how many yellow patches?
Find a pair of numbers, if any, for each description.

18. Between 9 and 25 that have 19. Between 0 and 9 that have
8 as their GCF 1 as their GCF
20. Between 0 and 9 that have 21. LCM is between 100 and 200
8 as their GCF and their LCM and their GCF is 64
218 Chapter 6
8206-2_219-220 1/12/06 4:01 PM Page 219
Test Preparation Chapters 1– 6

1. Find the value of n. 9. 4550

a. 40 R7 a. 10,920
240
n 13,024 32 b. 407 b. 109,200
c. 407 R25 c. 10,920,000
2. 1000 0.6 a. 0.600

10. Estimate.
a. 30
b. 60 8.7 19.52 b. 80
c. 600 c. 90
d. not given d. 180
3. 3 0.4 0.8 a. 0.096

11. 21.7 a. 0.868
b. 0.96 0.04 b. 8.68
c. 9.6 c. 86.8
4. 0.413 0.01 a. 0.41300

12. Estimate.
a. 5
b. 4.13 218.7 3.9 b. 50
c. 41.3 c. 90
d. not given d. 700
.9
5. 0.7334
13. 0.07875 0.75
a. 0.0562 a. 0.105
b. 0.562 b. 1.5
c. 5.62 c. 10.5
6. Which is the GCF a. 3 14. Which is equivalent a. 2.2

of 18 and 30? 2
b. 6 to 2? b. 2.4
5
c. 9 c. 2.5
d. 90 d. 2.6
7. Which is ordered greatest 7 7 2

a. , , 15. Which is equivalent 4
a.
to least? 10 8 3
to 3 14? 3
9 2 2 13
b. , , b.
10 5 3 3
5 3 1 7
c. , , c.
6 4 2 4
13
d. none of these d.
4
2
8. Which will give a 16. Rename 1 as a a.
1.2
a. 12 3
terminating decimal repeating decimal. b.
1.3
b. 13
as a quotient?
c. 17 c.
1.6
d. 19 d.
1.7
Chapter 6 219
8206-2_219-220 1/12/06 4:01 PM Page 220
17. Choose the algebraic expression. 22. What is 60 6?

1
of a number, plus 35 a. 12
4
b. 10
a. 3y5
14 b. y 14 35 10
c.
c. 1y 35 d. 14 y 35 d. 6
18. Which is the greatest number? 23. What is the value of the underlined
digit? 36.098724
a. 7 thousandths
b. 7 ten thousandths
a. 0.546 b. 0.5462 c. 7 hundred thousandths
c. 0.5478 d. 0.5593 d. 7 millionths
19. Estimate by rounding. 24. Choose the standard form of 4.6 x 104.
49.34 5.72
a. about 41 b. about 43 a. 4,600 b. 46,000

c. about 45 d. about 39 c. 46 d. 460
20. A car travels at a rate of 65 miles per 25. Subtract: 3 7

hour. How many miles will it travel in
a. 4
7 hours?
b. 10
a. 9.29 miles b. 420 miles c. 4
c. 455 miles d. 650 miles d. 10
21. Amy and Marcus sell lemonade at the 26. Michael and Emily each have to drive
neighborhood swimming pool. Marcus home from college. Michael’s drive is
has 23 of a pitcher remaining, and 1,286 miles and Emily’s drive is 245
miles. About how many times longer
Amy has 34 of a pitcher. How much more
is Michael’s drive than Emily’s?
lemonade does Amy have?
a. 18 more b. 19 more

a. 4 b. 8
c. 16 more d. not given c. 6 d. 12
Explain how you solved the problem. Show all your work.
27. Jefferson Junior High has 25 days of school remaining until summer vacation.
Williams Junior High has 45 as many days remaining. Leesville Junior High has
1.2 times as many days as Jefferson until their summer vacation begins.
a. How many days of school do Williams students have before summer vacation?
b. How many more days of school do the students at Leesville have than Williams
students have?
220 Chapter 6
8206-2_221 1/9/06 7:20 PM Page 221
4
3
5
4
Where is math in dinnertime?

One whole pizza pie:
Two toppings to choose.
Three slices with peppers: 3/8.
Four slices with pepperoni: 1/2.
(How many slices are plain?)
3
From Math in the Bath by
8
Sara Atherlay

Explore addition properties
Estimate, add, and subtract fractions
Evaluate expressions and
9 solve equations with fractions
Solve problems by working backward
12
Work with a classmate to write a pizza
problem similar to the problem above.
1 Use your favorite pizza toppings. Challenge
student pairs to solve the problem.
2
Chapter 7 221
8206-2_222-223 10/7/07 11:24 AM Page 222
7-1 Addition Properties: Fractions

The properties of addition are true for whole numbers,
decimals, and fractions. The properties can help you
compute with fractions mentally.
Commutative Property of Addition: a b b a

1 2 2 1

5 5 5 5
1 2 2 1

5 5 5 5
0 1 0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Associative Property of Addition: (a b) c a (b c)

3 1 2 3 1 2
( ) ( )
8 8 8 8 8 8
4 2 3 3

8 8 8 8
3 1 2 3 1 2
( )
8 8 8 8 8 8
0 1 0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Identity Property of Addition: a 0 a

1 1
0
2 2
1 1 0 1 1
2
2 2
Inverse Property of Addition: a (a) 0

1 1
0
2 2
00 0 1 1
2
222 Chapter 7
8206-2_222-223 1/9/06 7:22 PM Page 223
Write true or false for each equation. If false, explain why.

3 2 2 3 2
1. 2. 0 0
9 9 9 9 3
1 5 2 1 5 2 7 7
3. ( ) ( ) 4. 0
12 12 12 12 12 12 8 8
Name the property shown.

1 3 3 1 7 7 5 5
5. 6. 0 7. 0
7 7 7 7 12 12 9 9
1 1 1 2 3 1 2 3
8. 0 9. ( ) ( )
8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10
2 3 5 2 5 3 4 4
10. ( ) ( ) 11. 0
15 15 15 15 15 15 5 5
Find the value of the variable. Use the properties of addition.

8 3 3 3 7 7
12. 0 r 13. s 14. m
9 10 10 20 20 20
6 6 1 1 3 5 1 5
15. b 16. ( ) (g )
7 7 7 13 13 13 13 13
3 5 3 6 1 3 1 3
17. ( 0) k 18. ( ) ( y)
16 16 16 11 11 11 11 11
9 3 9 1 3 5 5 1
19. (0 ) z 20. d
20 20 20 10 10 10 10 10
Write an equation to solve each problem.

1
21. Jenny swam mile on Monday and 22. Of the 7 sixth-grade classes, 2 are on
3 4 3
mile on Tuesday. Bill swam the second floor. Of the 7 sixth-grade
4 1 4 classes, none has a female teacher.
mile on Monday and mile on What fraction names the sixth-grade
4
Tuesday. Who swam farther in the classes that are on the second floor
two days? or have a female teacher?
Tell whether each number is divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, and/or 10.

23. 101 24. 295 25. 682 26. 678 27. 480
28. 1611 29. 79,643 30. 53,995 31. 814,350 32. 652,248
Chapter 7 223
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7-2 Estimate Sums and Differences

9
A package of cheese weighs 16
pound.
Brittany needs 1 pound of cheese. If she buys
two packages, will she have enough cheese?
To find the approximate amount of cheese in

9 9
two packages, estimate: 16
lb 1
6
lb.
To estimate the sum (or difference)

of fractions:
1
Round each fraction to 0, , or 1.
2
Add (or subtract) the rounded numbers.
1 1 3
9 1
1
6
2 0 4 2 4 1
9 1
1
6
2 0 4 8 9 12 16
9 16 16 16 16 16 16
1
6
1
Think
9 1
is a little more than 2.
Brittany will have enough cheese. 16
9 9
So 1
6
1
6
is a little more than 1.
Tell whether the sum or difference is close

1
to 0, 2, or 1.
1 3 7 1 11 8

5
7
12
9
12
1
0
1 1 1 1
0 2 2 ..
2
0 2 .1. .1. 0
1 3 1 7 1 1 11 8

5
7 is close to 2.
12
9 is close to 2.
12
1
0
is close to 0.
224 Chapter 7
8206-2_224-225 1/9/06 7:24 PM Page 225
Match each exercise to its estimated sum

or difference in the box.
1 8 6 11 1 1
1. 5 9 2. 7 1
2
a. 1 1 2 b. 1 2 2
9 5 6 8 1 1
3. 1
0

8
4. 13

18
c. 2 2 0 d. 0 1 1
Estimate the sum or difference.

1 4 15 1 2 5 11 12
5. 6. 1 1 7. 9 6 8. 1 1
11 9 6 0 2 4
7 1 18 13 3 1 1 4
9. 1
5
10
10. 2
0
2
4
11. 11
6 12. 9 1
0
9 1 3 1 1 1 15 5 4 3
13. 1
0
6 8 14. 9 7 2 15. 1
6
8 9 25
Estimate with Mixed Numbers

To estimate the sum (or difference) of mixed numbers:
Round each mixed number to the nearest whole number.
Add (or subtract) the rounded numbers.
1 1
8 5 08 15 .2. 16
5 9
9 8 10 estimated 09 1
0
10 estimated
5 9
89 18 sum 10
09 06 difference
Estimate the sum or difference.

2 1 1 1 1
16. 7 3 17. 9 .3 18. 16 8 19. 12 .2 20. 10 6
3 5 8 7 8
4 4 3 1
2
13 9 04 1
0
09 9
3 9 2 6 3 10 8
21. 15 4 1
0
22. 19 1
5
7 23. 12 5 1
2
9 1
5
24. Antonio needs at least 15 pounds of chicken for a dinner

1 3 2
party. He buys three packages: 3 4 lb, 4 7 lb, and 5 3 lb.
Will this be enough chicken? Explain.
Chapter 7 225
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7-3 Add Fractions

Felix tapes together horizontally three
pieces of paper. They measure 1
9
in.,
M A T H
7 3 6
in., and in. How long is the
8
taped piece?
4 C L U B
To find the length, n, of the taped piece, 9 7 3

9 7 3 in. in. in.
16 8 4
add: 1
6
in. 8 in. 4 in. n.
First estimate:
9 7 3 1 1

16
8 4
2
1 1 2 2.
Then add.
To add fractions:
Find the least common denominator Multiples of 16: 16, 32, 48, 64, . . .
(LCD) of the fractions. Multiples of 08: 08, 16, 24, 32, . . .
Think Multiples of 04: 04, 08, 12, 16, . . .
9 7 3 The LCD is 16.
The (LCD) of , , and is the
16 8 4
least common multiple (LCM) of
the denominators.
9 7 2 9
Rename each fraction as an equivalent 1
6

8 2 16
fraction with the LCD as the denominator. 7 7 2 14
.8.
8 2 16
3 3 4 12
.4.
4 4 16
Add. Express the sum in simplest form. 3 3 4 35 3
.4. 2
4 4 16 16
3
n 2 1
6
Think
3
2 is close to the
3 16
The taped piece of paper is 2 1
6
in. long. 1
estimate of 2.
2
226 Chapter 7
8206-2_226-227 1/9/06 7:26 PM Page 227
Find the LCD for each set of fractions.

2 3 5 5 7 1 1 1 1 1 5 1
1. 3, 4 2. 1 ,
2 6
3. 8, 6 4. 2, 4, 8 5. 3, 9, 2
Estimate and then add. Write each answer in simplest form.

1 1 1 1 4 8
6. 2 7. 4 8. 8 9. 1
2
10. .5 11. 1
5
1 2 5 1 1 1
3 5 6 .3 2
0
.3
7 5 3 2 3 4
12. 9 13. 7 14. 1
0
15. .9 16. .8 17. 9
1 3 1 7 5 1
2 8 .6 1
2
2
4
5
1 11 1 3 3 5
18. 4 19. 2
0
20. 6 21. 4 22. 2
0
23. .6
1 2 1 1 1 5
3 .5 9 6 .5 .8
1 1 1 1 3 7
2 .2 9 2 1
0
2
4
Compare. Use ,, , or ..
1 3
24. 5 1 ? 1 4 1 13
25. 7 2 ? 1
1 4 2
26. 6 9 ? 3
7 1
27. 9 1 ? 1
0 2 4 0
9
28. In water, sound travels about 1
0
mi 29. Three fifths of the 2nd floor is used for
3
in a second. How far will it travel hallways and 2 0
for offices. What
in 2 seconds? part of the floor is used for both?
7
30. On Friday Hector skied mi and 31. Mia has 1 cup of milk that she
5 16 1
then mi. On Saturday he skied wants to use. She uses c,
8 1 3 4
2 3
mi and then mi. On which day c, and c in three recipes.
5 10 3 8
did Hector ski farther? Did Mia use the entire cup?
Write as a mixed number in simplest form.

18 11 29 76 57 85
32. 4 33. 5 34. 6 35. 8 36. 9 37. 2
0
Chapter 7 227
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7-4 Add Mixed Numbers

3
A stock gained 1 8 points on Monday and 4
1
2 8 points on Tuesday. What was the total
gain for the two days? 3
3 1 1
To find the total gain, s, add: 1 8 2 8 s. 28
2
3 1
First estimate: 1 8 2 8.
1
1 2 3 18
3
Then add.
0
To add mixed numbers with like denominators:
3
Add the fractions.
1 8
1
2 8
Add the whole numbers.
4 1
3 8 3 2 simplest form
Express the sum in simplest form. 1
s 3 2
Think
1 1
The total gain of the stock was 3 2 points. 3 is close to the estimate of 3.
2
To add mixed numbers with unlike denominators:

Think
1 3
Find the LCD of the fractions. 14 1
0
14 3
0
LCD of 10
1 2 and 15 is 30.
Rename each fraction as an 26 15 26 3
0
equivalent fraction with the 1
26 1 40 3
5
40 6
1
LCD as the denominator. 5 0
Add. Express the sum in simplest

simplest form. form

17
5
11 8 11 .8
5 Rename
3
09 1 the sum.
6 Add whole numbers. 3 6
05 4 05 .8
3 Bring down the fraction.
26 1
6 3 11 3 3
05 4 16 8 16 1 8 17 8
228 Chapter 7
8206-2_228-229 1/9/06 7:30 PM Page 229
Complete the addition.

1 ? 4 7 ?
1. 4 6 4 2
4
2. 08 5 3. 7 2
0
07 .?.
1 ? 1 4 16
3 4 3 2
4
09 5 4 .5. 04 ?
1 ? ? ? ? ?
3 4 7 2
4
7 1
2
17 ? ? 11 2
0
12 2
0
Add. Estimate to help.

2 1 1 5 2 2
4. 6 9 5. 6 7 6. 4 6 7. 1 6 8. 2 .5 9. 6 3 .
2 3 3 1 1 2
10. 3 9 10. 8 7 10. 2 8 10. 2 3 10. 3 1
0
10. 7 5 .
5 3 7 5 1 7
10. 14 7 9 11. 9 8 4 12. 8 1
2
1
2
13. 16 8 7 8
7 7 7 1 7 1 3 1
14. 12 1
0
23 3
0
15. 25 1
8
15 .6
. . 16. 3 8 3 2 17. 8 4 6 3
11 3 3 2 9 3 5 7
18. 6 1
6
12 .4 19. 18 4 20 3 20. 10 2
0
08 .4 21. 15 6 12 9
. .
3 2 1 1 1 5 3 3 1
22. 9 7 6 7 4 7 23. 6 2 3 3 4 6 24. 4 5 2 1
0
1 2
1 2 7 1 3 3 1 5 1
25. 7 2 4 3 5 1
2
. 26. 5 5 4 1
0
2 4 27. 3 3 2 8 4
2
28. It takes 1 3 gal for paint repairs in 29. A butcher sold packages of meat
1 2 3
the den and 1 2 gal for the kitchen. weighing 1 3 lb and 5 4 lb. What
How much paint is that in all? was the total weight of the meat?
Add. Look for sums of 1.

1 3 1 1 2 3 1 3 1
30. 2 4 2 31. 5 4 6 3 11 4 32. 4 7 4 5
6 1 2 1 5 1 1 5
33. 2 8 9 3 4 34. 3 1 5 7 15
35. 8 6 9 7 2 6
Chapter 7 229
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7-5 Subtract Fractions

The chart shows the fractional part of family
Family Income Spent
income spent on food for five countries.
on Food
How much greater is the fractional part for
China than for the U.S.A.? 2
India 5
1
To find how much greater, p, subtract: China
1 1 2
p. 4
2 10 Mexico 15
1 1 1 1
First estimate: 0 . 1
2 10 2 2 Japan 6
1
Then subtract. U.S.A.
10
To subtract fractions:
Think
Find the LCD of the fractions. 1 15 5
2 2 5 10 LCD of
1 2 and 10
Rename each fraction as an 1 10
1
0 is 10.
equivalent fraction with the
1 .1. 4 2
LCD as the denominator. 1
0

10 10
5
2
Subtract. Express the p 5
difference in simplest form.
simplest form
Think
2
is close to
5
The fractional part of China’s family income spent 1
2 the estimate of 2.
on food is 5 greater than that of the U.S.A.’s.
Estimate and then subtract. Write each answer in simplest form.

3 5 7 1 1
1. 4 2. 6 3. 1
0
4. .5 5. .2
5 1 1 1 3
8 2 .5 2
5
1
0
3 7 1 6 3
6. 4 7. 8 8. 2 9. 7 10. .8
2 5 2 1 1
3 6 5 2 1
0
230 Chapter 7
8206-2_230-231 1/9/06 7:32 PM Page 231

7 4 3 7 4 8 25 3
11. 8 5 12. 10
30
13. 11
22
14. 4
8
8
Use Related Sentences to Solve Equations with Fractions
You can use related addition or subtraction sentences

to find missing fractions in some equations.
1 4 1 5
n 5 5 a 3 9
4 1
related 5 1 related
n 5 5 subtraction a 9 3 addition
sentence sentence
3 5 3 8
n 5 a 9 9 9
Use a related sentence to find the missing fraction or whole number.

1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1
15. n 8 8 16. y 6 6 17. m 3 2 18. z 9 1
8
5 3 3 5 3 5
19. p 6 8 20. t 5 6 21. c 0 5 22. d 0 1
2
1 1 1 3 2 1 7 7
23. f 3 2 3 2 24. g 1 4 4 25. 3 r 3 26. 8 b 16
Use the table on page 230 for problems 27–28.

27. How much greater is the fractional 28. How much greater is the fractional
part of family income spent on part of family income spent on
food for China than for Japan? food for India than for Mexico?
29. Mr. Baumbach plans to leave his estate to four charities.

1 1
One charity gets 4 of his estate, the second gets 1
6
, and the third
3
gets 8. How much does the fourth charity get? Explain your answer.
Write a word problem with two fractions so that the:

1 1 12
30. sum is 2 31. difference is 8 32. difference is 4
5
Chapter 7 231
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7-6 Subtract Mixed Numbers

7
From a 7 1 2
-ft piece of rope, Ray cut
5
off 3 12
ft. How much rope was left?
To find how much rope was left, m, subtract:

7 5
7 1
2
3 1
2
m.
7 5
First estimate: 7 1
2
3 1
2
835
Then subtract.
To subtract mixed numbers with like denominators:

7
Subtract the fractions.
7 1
2
5
Subtract the whole numbers.
3 1
2
2 1 simplest
Express the difference in simplest form.
4 1 4 6
2 form
1
m 4 6
1
Ray has 4 6 ft of rope left. Think
1
4 is close to the estimate of 5.
6
To subtract mixed numbers with unlike denominators:

5 10
Think
Find the LCD of the fractions. 8 6 8 1
2 LCD of
3 9 6 and 4
Rename each fraction as an 4 4 4 1
2 is 12.
equivalent fraction with the 3 1
LCD as the denominator. 4 4 4 1
2
Subtract. Express the difference

simplest form
in simplest form.
When the fraction in the minuend is less than the

fraction in the subtrahend, rename the minuend.
Then subtract.
1 1 1 5
minuend 6 4 6 4 5 1 4 5 4
3 1 4 1 5 3
subtrahend 4 4 6 4 5 4 4 5 4 4 4
2 1
1 4 1 2
232 Chapter 7
8206-2_232-233 1/9/06 8:27 PM Page 233
Estimate and then subtract. Write each answer in simplest form.

4 5 3 9 1 5
1. 6 9 2. 7 8 3. 5 4 4. 2 1
0
5. 9 8 6. 11 7
1 3 3 9 5 6
4 9 3 8 1 4 2 1
0
3 8 09 7
1 5 1 3 2 7 1 2
7. 9 3 1 6 8. 13 6 9 4 9. 10 .5 3 1
0
10. 11 4 6 3
1 3 1 1 3 3 1 1 1
11. 8 6 3 4 2 2 12. 9 1
2
5 8 1 4 13. 6 2 7 3 8 4
Subtract Mixed Numbers and Whole Numbers

3 3 4
9 4 9 4 8 4 981
Subtract whole 3 3 4
3 3 4 3 4 9 8 4
numbers. Bring
3 3 1 4
6 4 down the fraction. 3 4 5 4 9 8 4

3 1 1 4
14. 7 5 15. 11 8 16. 14 17. 6 18. 8 2 19. 10 7
2 1 1 4
4 06 08 9 2 1
2
1 2 07 7
1 1 1 1
20. 10 1 4 21. 9 1 9 22. 7 2 7 23. 15 5 15
1
24. There are 16 3 yd of material on 25. Tricia usually works 40 hours a week.
3 1
a bolt. If 5 4 yd are used, how Last week she was absent 6 4 hours.
much material is left on the bolt? How many hours did she work?
Match each number sentence below with an addition property in the box.
1 1 7 5 1 7 5 1
26. 0 27. ( ) ( ) Associative Property of Addition
8 8 9 8 4 9 8 4
Commutative Property of Addition
2 2 3 11 11 3 Identity Property of Addition
28. 0 29.
3 3 5 15 15 5 Inverse Property of Addition
Chapter 7 233
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7-7 Mental Math: Addition and Subtraction

You can add and subtract fractions and mixed numbers mentally
by using the three strategies below.
Compute the whole-number

part and then the fraction part.
Think
7 5 2 1 The denominators are alike.
8 5 3
3
7 5
8 8 8 4 (85) (8 8 )
Look for sums of 1.
1 5 1 1 Think
5 2 6 8 1 5
6 3 3
1
6 6
Compensate by “adding on”

and then subtracting.
Think
5 3
5 3 3 4
10 3
8
6

8
8 8
3
Subtract 4, then add
8
.
3 3
10 4 6 and 6
8
6
8

7 1 1
7 4 n
16
3
4
1
2
n
Think Think
7 9 1 1
4
16 16
5 1
2

2
2
9 9 1 1 1 1 3
7 5 2 and 2 2
16 16
3
4
2 1
4
and 1
4

2
1
4
7 9 1 1 3
So 7 4 2 .
16 16
So 3
4
1
2
1
4
.
234 Chapter 7
8206-2_234-235 1/9/06 7:34 PM Page 235
Compute mentally. Find the whole-number part and then the fraction part.
2 1 7 5 1 7
1. 8 3 5 3 2. 6 8 2 8 3. 10 1
2
1 1
2
1 7 3 1 7 2
4. 12 1
6
8 1
6
5. 10 8 4 8 2 6. 9 1
5
3 1
5
4
Compute mentally. Look for sums of 1.

1 2 3 5 1 1 1
7. 6 3 8 3 7 8. 2 8 1 8 9. 5 4 1 4 2
1 1 3 1 1 7 1
10. 1 1
6
5 2 2 1
6
2 4 11. 3 1
2
7 1
2
8 3
1 4 2 1 3 6 1
12. 3 3 6 5 10 3 3 5 13. 9 4 5 11 6 4
Compensate to compute mentally.

1 5 1 2
14. 8 4 3 15. 12 10 6 16. 5 3 3
2 3 1 3 3 5
17. 75 5 18. 22 4 13 4 19. 10 8 7 8
1 3
20. Fred mixes 3 2 cups of flour, 21. Angela cuts 5 8 yards of ribbon from
1 2
1 4 cups of sugar, 3 cup of rye flour, a 10-yard spool to make centerpieces.
1
and 3 cup of wheat flour. Will the She orders more ribbon when there is
ingredients fit into a 6-cup bowl? less than 3 yards on the spool. Should
Explain. she order more ribbon now? Explain.
Rename each fraction as a decimal.

1 2 3 4 5 6
22. 15 23. 15 24. 15 25. 15 26. 15 27. 15
7 8 9
28. 15 29. 15 30. 15 31. 10
15
32. 11
15
33. 12
15
34. What fractions are repeating decimals? terminating decimals?
Chapter 7 235
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7-8 Addition and Subtraction

Expressions with Fractions
3
Mark mixed a solution of 1 L of colored
1 4
water, 2 L of salt water, and some liters
3
of lemon juice. What algebraic expression
represents the amount of mixed solution?
Let j represent the liters of lemon juice.
colored salt lemon
water water juice
3 1
1 2 j
4 3
1
If Mark mixed L of lemon juice, how
4
many liters of solution did he make?
To determine how many liters of solution

Mark made, evaluate the expression:
3 1 1
1 2 j, when j .
4 3 4
Commutative means “order.”
3 1 1
1 2 Replace j with 14. Associative means “grouping.”
4 3 4
3 1 1
(1 ) 2 Use the Commutative and Associative Properties.
4 4 3
1
2 2 Simplify using the order of operations.
3
1
4
3
1
Mark made 4 L of solution.
3
Study this example.

4 1 2 2
Evaluate: f 4 g 6, when f 5 and g 2 .
5 3 3 5
2 4 2 1 2 2
5 4 2 6 Replace f with 5 and g with 2 .
3 5 5 3 3 5
2 1 4 2
(5 6) (4 2) Use the Commutative and Associative Properties.
3 3 5 5
1
12 7 Simplify using the order of operations.
5
1
19
5
236 Chapter 7
8206-2_236-237 1/9/06 7:36 PM Page 237
Evaluate each expression for the given values. Use the properties of addition.
1 1 1
1. 5 n, when n 3 2. 7 y, when y 0
2 4 8
1 2 3 1 2
3. 1 r 1, when r 1 4. k 10 0, when k 14
6 5 4 10 3
1 5 1 1 3 3
5. 9 m, when m 6. 1 s 6, when s 1
6 6 2 2 4 8
3 1 1 3 5 1
7. f 1 g, when f 2 and g 5 8. 5 3 d 2, when d 6
5 4 2 8 8 6
Simplify each expression. Use mental math and the properties of addition.
2 3 1 1 1 7
9. 5 5 3 5 6 4 10. 8 8 4 4 5 8
2 1
11. 0 11 5 12. 9 6 0
1 1 3 1
13. 7 2 6 4 4 14. 3 4 2 2 11
1 1 1 1 3 1
15. 12 4 5 8 2 2 16. 9 2 4 7 1 4
1 3 1 1 1 3
17. (2 2 5) 1 2 18. 8 4 (4 9 4)
1 1 1 1 1 2 1
19. 3 2 (1 4 1 4) 20. (2 5 2 5) (3 3 1 4)

1 5
21. A stock started at 16 points. 22. Rich’s photo album has 3 pages of
2 4 12
It gained 3 points and then family photos, some pages of photos of
3 1
lost some points. If the stock pets, and 6 pages of photos of friends.
1 2 1
lost 2 points, how many If there are 1 pages of photos of pets,
2 3
points is the stock worth? how many pages are there altogether?
2 4
23. Anton used 1 c of milk to make cupcakes and c to make cookies.
13 5
If he used 2 c for bread, how much milk in all did he use?
3
2 4 1 2 4 1
a. 1 2 b. 1 2
3 5 3 3 5 3
1 2 4 2 4 1
c. 2 1 d. 1 2
3 3 5 3 5 3
Chapter 7 237
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7-9 Addition and Subtraction

Equations with Fractions
1
Jackie bought some almonds and lb of cashews.
7 8
She bought lb of nuts in all. How many pounds
8
of almonds did she buy?
To find how many pounds of almonds, a,

1 7
write and solve the equation: a . Let a represent the weight of almonds.
8 8
1
1 1 7 1 Subtract from both sides
a 8 Think
8 8 8 8 to isolate the variable. Solve equations with fractions
6 3
a Simplify. the same way as equations
8 4
with whole numbers.
3 3 1 ? 7 6 1 ? 7 7 7
Check by replacing a with . True
4 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
3
Jackie bought lb of almonds.
4
You can add a variable to both sides to solve an equation.

6 2 6
k k is subtracted from .
7 7 7
6 2
k k k Add k to both sides. Inverse Property of Addition
7 7
6 2 kk0
k Simplify.
7 7
6 2 2 2 2
k Subtract from both sides to isolate the variable.
7 7 7 7 7
4 2 2 2 2
k Use the Commutative Property of Addition to rewrite k as k .
7 7 7 7 7
4 4
k, or k
7 7
Study this example.

4 3 4
w 3 Simplify by adding the numbers on one side.
5 5 5
2 4
w 1 3
5 5
2 2 4 2 2
w 1 1 3 1 Subtract 1 from both sides to isolate the variable.
5 5 5 5 5
2
w 2
5
238 Chapter 7
8206-2_238-239 1/9/06 7:38 PM Page 239
Solve and check.

7 2 5 1 3 1
1. y 2. k 3 3. 2 g 1
9 9 8 8 10 5
3 4 5 1 4 5
4. d 5. h 1 3 6. x
5 5 8 8 7 14
1 11 1 3 3 3
7. t 2 7 8. 10 u 8 9. p 1 3
6 12 2 8 5 10
1 5 5 5 1 4
10. w 2 4 11. 10 s 3 12. 2 v 7
4 12 6 8 6 9
Choose the correct equation to solve each problem. Then solve.

1 1 1
13. Brit buys some peanuts and 2 pounds of a. p 2 5
1 4 4 8
walnuts. He buys 5 pounds of nuts in all. 1 1
8 b. p 5 2
How many pounds of peanuts does Brit buy? 8 4
1 1
c. p 2 5
4 8
1 1 3
14. Roger had 3 pounds of grapes. He gave a. 3 g 1
2 3 2 4
some to Catie. Now Roger has 1 pounds 1 3
4 b. 3 g 1
of grapes. How many pounds of grapes did he 2 4
3 1
give to Catie? c. 1 3 g
4 2
3 3 1
15. Becca had some flour. She used 1 pounds a. f 1 2
4 4 2
of the flour to make ornaments. Now she has 3 1
1 b. f 1 2
2 pounds of flour. How much flour did 4 2
2 1 3
Becca have to begin with? c. f 2 1
2 4
2 3 2 3 1
16. Liam made cup of red icing, cup of a. b 2
3 4 3 4 2
white icing and the rest of blue icing. Liam 2 3 1
1 b. b 2
made 2 cups of icing altogether. How 3 4 2
2 2 3 1
many cups of blue icing did Liam make? c. b 2
3 4 2
Solve and check.

2 3 7 3 4 1 1 5 3 1
17. r 2 18. b 9 19. 4 e 2 1 9
5 10 10 8 5 10 3 6 6 3
Chapter 7 239
8206-2_240-241 10/7/07 11:29 AM Page 240

Work Backward
3
Mrs. Kline bought a bolt of fabric. She used 4 4 yd
3
to make a dress and 28 yd for a jacket. After buying
1 1
18 yd more, she had 6 2 yd left to make two pairs
of pants. How much fabric was on the bolt she bought?
Visualize yourself in the problem above as you reread it.

List the facts and the question.
3 3
Facts: She used 4 4 yd and 2 8 yd.
1
She bought 1 8 yd more.
1
She had 6 2 yd left.
Question: How much fabric was on the bolt she bought?
1
Begin with the amount of fabric she had left (6 2 yd) and work
backward. Subtract the extra amount she bought and add the
amounts she used to find the amount of fabric, m, on the bolt.
1 1 3 3
6 2 yd 1 8 yd 2 8 yd 4 4 yd m
left bought used used amount on bolt
Add or subtract in order from left to right. Think

4 1 3
1 1 3 3
6 2 yd 1 8 yd 2 8 yd 4 4 yd m 6 1 5
8 8 8
3 3 3
5 8 yd 2 8 yd 4 4 yd m Think
6 3
7 7
3 3 8 4
7 4 yd 4 4 yd m
Think
2 1 6 2 1
12 4 yd 12 2 yd 11 12 12 2
4 4
1
There was 12 2 yd of fabric on the bolt.
Begin with the first amount and compute by working forward:

1 3 3 1 1
12 2 yd 4 4 yd 2 8 yd 1 8 yd 6 2 yd
240 Chapter 7
8206-2_240-241 1/9/06 7:40 PM Page 241
Solve. Use the Work Backward strategy.

1
01. After losing 2 2 lb in each of the first 2 weeks
3
of March and gaining 1 8 lb in each of the next
2 weeks, Ted’s prizewinning piglet weighed
110 lb. How much did his piglet weigh on March 1?
Visualize yourself in the problem as you

reread it. List the facts and the
question.
1
Facts: 2 2 lb lost each of the first 2 weeks
3
1 8 lb gained each of the next 2 weeks
110 lb is its final weight.
Question: How much did the piglet weigh on March 1?
Begin with the piglet’s final weight of 110 lb and work

backward. Subtract the pounds it gained and add
the pounds it lost to find its weight on March 1.
Think
3 3 1 1
110 lb 1 lb 1 lb 2 lb 2 lb
8 8 2 2
2. At the end of one school day, Ms. Dinger had 17 crayons left.
She remembered giving out 14 crayons in the morning, getting
back 12 crayons at recess, and giving out 11 crayons after lunch.
How many crayons did Ms. Dinger have at the start of the day?
3. Jason was given his allowance on Sunday. On Monday he bought

a book for $2.95. On Tuesday Kurt paid Jason the $3.50 he owed
him. Jason now has $6.05. How much was his allowance?
4. Lee wrote a 2-digit number. She divided it by 9, added 24,

and doubled the result. Her final answer was 64.
What number did Lee write?
2
5. Rita bought some peaches. She used 3 3 lb to make peach cobbler.
5
Then she used 6 lb in fruit salad. After her neighbor gave her
1 1
2 2 lb from her tree, she had 3 4 lb. How many pounds of peaches
did she buy?
Chapter 7 241
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Solve each problem and explain the method used.
01. Ms. Carson’s class makes silk flowers for a
1
craft fair. A silk rose is 12 2 in. long. A silk lily
is 15 in. long. How much longer is the lily?
02. Marissa cuts petals out of red ribbon. One of the

9 13
petals is 1
6
in. long, another is 1
6
in. long, and
5
a third is 1 1
6
in. long. How many inches of ribbon
does she cut for all three petals?
03. Paul cuts wire stems for the flowers. He has

a piece of wire 12 in. long. He cuts a stem
1
9 2 in. long. How much wire does he have left?
2
04. Paul uses 3 yard of green tape to wrap
one stem and 3 yard of green tape to wrap
4
another. How much tape does he use in all?
05. Gloria made a wreath using 4 2 yards of

3 3
green ribbon and 5 4 yards of yellow ribbon.
How much ribbon did she use?
06. José made a flower arrangement that measured

1
18 5 in. tall. It was a little too tall, so he cut 2 2 in.
16
off the stems. How tall was the finished
arrangement?
1
07. At the fair, 5 of the class worked the booth. Another
2
of the class had created the flowers. The remaining
3
part of the class decorated the booth. What part of
the class decorated the booth?
08. Mr. McCauley’s class made wicker baskets for the

5
craft fair. Each basket is 6 1 in. tall and 2 1
6
in. wider
8
than it is tall. How wide are the baskets?
242 Chapter 7
8206-2_242-243 1/9/06 7:41 PM Page 243
Choose a strategy from the list or use another strategy

you know to solve each problem.
09. Dan started with a 36-in. strip of wicker.
5
He cut two 11 8-in. pieces. Does he have Use These Strategies
1 Work Backward
enough left over to cut two 6 2-in. pieces?
10. Ben cut wicker strips to make a basket. He cut Use a Diagram
3 1 Find a Pattern
two 8 4-in. strips and one 6 2-in. strip from Use Simpler Numbers
5 Write an Equation
one long piece. He had 8 in. of wicker left over.
Make a Table
How long was the original piece of wicker?
11. Write the next five numbers in this series:

23 11 21 5 19 3
, , , , , .
24 12 24 6 24 4
12. Mr. Cortez spent $10.25 of his money on wicker each

week for 2 weeks. Next he collected $4.65 and $6.70
from students. Then he had $45.53 to spend. How much
money did he have originally?
13. Nedra made a basket handle using three pieces of wicker.

1
The first piece was 9 in. long, the second was 2 in.
3
longer than the first, and the third was 4 in. shorter
than the second. How much wicker did she use?
Widths of Wicker
Use the diagram for problems 14–16. 5
in.
16
14. How much wider is the thick wicker than the thin?
Thin Wicker
15. Jason makes a basket using the medium width
wicker. The basket is as tall as 8 strips of the 7
in.
wicker. Is the basket taller than 4 inches? 16
16. Arlene’s basket is 9 strips tall. The pattern Medium Wicker

is thin, thick, thick, thin, thick, thick, and
so on. How tall is Arlene’s basket?
1 1 in.
8
17. Plan a wicker basket of your own. Then write a Thick Wicker
problem about it. Have a classmate solve it.
Chapter 7 243
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Lessons 1–11
Estimate the sum or difference. (See pp. 224–225.)

5 3 14 7 1 1 9 6
1. 9 7 2. 1
5
8 3. 9 6 7 2 4. 12 1
0
11 7
Add or subtract. Estimate to help. (See pp. 226–233.)

1 1 1 5
5. 2 6. 4 8 7. 3 8. 4 7 9. 5 10. 10
1 3 1 2 1 3
3 6 8 4 1 7 1 2 02 4
3 1 3 2 1 3 1
11. 14 1
0
1 3 12. 1 8 19 3 13. 10 1 1
0
14. 4 7 1 6
1 1 3 1 2 7 3 7
15. 4 4 1 2 2 8 16. 8 3 3 3 8 17. 15 8 9 8
Compute. Use mental math and the properties of addition. (See pp. 222–223, 234–235.)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
18. 4 4 19. 5 6 (3 2 3 2) 20. 7 4 3 2
Evaluate each expression for the given values. (See pp. 236–237.)
3 1 1 3 2
21. 7 n, when n 3 22. r 5 2, when r 1
8 8 3 5 5
3 1 2 3
23. 7 c 1 d, when c 3 and d 2
4 4 6 8
Solve and check. (See pp. 238–239.)

1 5 1 3 2 3 7
24. a + 7 25. 3 y 8 26. w 8 9
6 6 3 7 3 4 12
(See pp. 240–243.)

1
27. A stock rose 3 points on Tuesday. 28. A veterinarian recommended that Troy
3 4
It fell 1 points on Wednesday. On put his cat on a diet. The first week
4 3
1
Thursday the stock rose 4 points. the cat lost 1 lb. The second week
8 14
By Friday the stock was worth 28
1 she gained lb. The third and fourth
2 2 3
points. How much was the stock weeks she lost 2 lb each. If the cat’s
4
worth on Monday? weight after four weeks was 12 lb,
how much did the cat weigh before
the diet began?

8206-2_245 1/9/06 7:42 PM Page 245
Logic: Statements and Negations

In logic, the negation of a statement is formed
by denying the original statement. When a statement
is true, its negation is false. When a statement
is false, its negation is true.
Statement Negation
A square is round. False A square is not round. True
Seven is an odd number. True Seven is not an odd number. False
All squares have 5 sides. False No squares have 5 sides. True
Tell whether each is a negation of the statement:

“A triangle has 4 sides.” Write Yes or No.
01. A triangle does not have 4 sides. 02. A square has 4 sides.
Tell whether the statement is true or false. Then write the

negation of the statement and tell whether it is true or false.
03. A whole number is an integer. 04. All decimals are rational numbers.
05. All squares have 4 sides. 06. Sixteen is a prime number.
07. No circles have 3 sides. 08. No prime numbers are even.
09. A fraction cannot be renamed 10. An odd number is not

09. as a decimal. 09. divisible by 4.
11. Fractions can be added if they 12. The product of a fraction and
09. are like fractions. 09. zero is zero.
Write a statement and its negation for each description.

13. A statement about adding fractions or mixed numbers
whose statement is true and negation is false.
14. A statement about subtracting fractions or mixed numbers

whose statement is false and negation is true.
Chapter 7 245
8206-2_246 1/9/06 7:43 PM Page 246
Add or subtract. Estimate to help you.

7 13 5 1 1 3 5 2
1. 12
2
4
2. 6 5 3. 2 5 4 5 4. 9 7 8 7
3 1 5 3 1
5. 8 5 6 3 6. 5 7 4 7. 4 8 1 7
1 1 5 1 9 1
8. 1 2 2 3 1 6 9. 12 1 8 10. 15 1
0
14 3
Compute. Use the addition properties when possible.

4 1 1 1 3 3 1 1
11. 2 5 (1 3 1 3) 12. (4 5 8) 3 4 13. 2 2 4 1 4
Evaluate each expression for the given values.

5 1 5 1 2
14. 2 n, when n 1 15. 4 c 2, when c 1
6 2 8 8 5
Solve and check.

1 1 1 1 3 5
16. a 4 2 17. t 1 2 3 2 18. n 8 1
6
Use a strategy or strategies you Explain how you solved the problem.
have learned. Show all your work.
19. Javier received a paycheck on Friday. 20. Laura wrote a 3-digit number. She
From the paycheck he bought a CD doubled it, added 150, divided by
for $12.95 and a book for $8.65. Then 100, and added 6. Her final result
Macy paid Javier the $4.00 she owed was 10. What number did Laura
him. Javier now has $48.60. How write?
much was his paycheck?
Solve the problems and explain your methods.

21. Eduardo wrote a fraction problem: He chose a fraction or a mixed number,
1 1
added 4, and subtracted 22. In the same pattern, Eduardo got these numbers:
5 1 3 7
? , 8 8, 6 8, 6 8, 3 8, ? , ?
What are the sixth and seventh numbers in this sequence?

With what number did Eduardo start?
246 Chapter 7
8206-2_247-248 1/9/06 7:43 PM Page 247

1. Round 378,642,133,002 to the 7. Estimate by rounding.

nearest ten million.
3611.42
268
a. 380,000,000,000 a. 600,000
b. 378,600,000,000 b. 800,000
c. 378,640,000,000 c. 1,200,000
d. 378,642,000,000 d. 12,000,000
2. An expression for “5 more than x, 8. Which is the greatest number?

multiplied by 6” is:
a. (x 5) 6 b. (x 5) 6 a. 0.00189 b. 0.01890
c. 5 (x 6) d. 5 (x 6) c. 0.10890 d. 0.18900
3. Which statement is true? 9. Choose the product.
0.91 0.37
a. ⏐4⏐ ⏐4⏐ a. 0.3367
b. ⏐4⏐ (4) b. 1.28
c. ⏐4⏐ (4) c. 33.67
d. not given
d. ⏐4⏐ ⏐(4)⏐
4. Which makes the inequality true? 10. Choose the product of 14,027 and 245.
⏐n⏐ 6
a. 5 b. 2 a. 154,297 b. 3,436,615
c. 8 d. 6 c. 2,800,000 d. 3,460,115
1
5. Use A bh. Find b when 11. Choose the number sentence that represents
2
A 60 ft and h 8 ft.
2 the Commutative Property of Addition.
3 1 1
a. n
5 2 5
3 1 1 3
b.
a. 120 ft 5 5 5 5
b. 15 ft 3 3
c. 0
c. 8 ft 5 5
3 3
d. 6 ft d. 0
5 5
1 1
6. 714,288 subtracted from 800,379 is: 12. When x and y , which expression
3 2
5
has a value of ?
12
5 5
a. x y b. x y
12 12
a. 86,091 b. 86,091
5 5
c. 86,451 d. 196,551 c. x y d. x y
12 12
Chapter 8 247
8206-2_247-248 1/9/06 7:44 PM Page 248
13. Evaluate 2a3 5b, when a 3 and b 5. 18. Which does not name an integer?
6
a.
3
a. 7 b. 0
b. 29 1
c.
c. 79 2
d. 235 d. 14
14. Choose the scientific notation of 53,000. 19. Add.
a. 5.3 104 13 26 a. 39

b. 5.3 105 b. 13
c. 53 104 c. 13
d. 53 105 d. 39
15. Add. 20. Solve.

18 3 a. 21 y (9 4.28) 18 a. y 12.72
b. 15 b. y 13.28
c. 15 c. y 22.72
d. 21 d. not given
16. Simplify:
21. Simplify:
2 1 3
6 4 1 10 (6 7) 2
5 2 5 a. 11
1
b. 11 a. 46
2
1 b. 16
c. 12 c. 16
2
d. not given d. 46
3 1
17. A chef used 2 lb of strawberries, 1 lb of 22. The temperature at noon was 6˚F.
4 2
5 It dropped 8 degrees. What is the
grapes, and 3 lb of bananas. How many temperature now?
8
pounds of fruit did the chef use?
9 7
a. 6 lb b. 6 lb
14 8 a. 14˚F b. 2˚F
1 7
c. 7 lb d. 7 lb c. 2˚F d. 14˚F
8 8
Explain how you solved the problem. Show all your work.
23. Dana spends half of her money on a new book. She then spends
half of the money she has left on lunch. Then Dana buys a bus pass
with half of the remaining money. After these three purchases, Dana
has $2.25 left. How much money did she have to begin with?
248 Chapter 7

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8206-2_033 11/4/05 6:28 PM Page 33

Ruler and tape

Without numbers and measure

In this chapter you will:

Critical Thinking/Finding Together

1-1 Place Value

To read the number 7,800,000,000,000, A set of three digits

Trillions Billions Millions Thousands Ones

To read a decimal, read the numbers and say

Write the word name for each number.

Write each number in standard form.

Ellen wrote three statements about the decimals in the

39. What is another name for a thousand million?

1-2 Expanded Form

To express a number in expanded form, multiply each digit

Trillions Billions Millions Thousands Ones

Standard Form 3,007,000,091,806

Decimal numbers can also be written in expanded form. For decimals,

Standard Form Expanded Form

Complete each expanded form.

2. 4.0008 ( ? 1) ( ? 0.0001) 3. 0.000009 ( ? 0.000001)

Write each expanded form in two ways.

7. 0.045678 8. 3.050904 9. 78.5009

Write each expanded form in standard form.

11. (4 1,000,000,000,000) (5 10,000) (2 1000) (9 1)

12. 4 0.1 0.07 0.000009 13. 20 0.008 0.0001 0.00005

Write each number in standard form and in expanded form.

16. 13 billion, 7 hundred 17. 14 hundred thousandths

18. 80 and 13 ten thousandths 19. 907 millionths

Solve each problem.

Choose the letter corresponding to the correct answer.

1-3 Place Value and Exponents

Positive powers of 10 are used to show whole number place value.

Negative powers of 10 are used In negative powers of ten, the exponent

You can write numbers in standard form

in expanded form using exponents.

103 102 101 100 10–1 10–2 10–3

Write each power of ten in standard form.

Write each as a power of ten.

Write each number in expanded form using exponents.

Write each in standard form.

Use the place-value chart at the right.

31. Copy and complete the place-value

chart to the right. Explain the pattern

you find as you fill in the bases and the

exponents from left to right. 100 10–1 10–2 10–3

1-4 Compare and Order Decimals

0.834 ? 0.8342 0.8340 ? 0.8342 Remember: You can add a zero

Check using a number line.

Since 0.834 is to the left of 0.8342

Order these decimals from greatest to least:

Use place value to compare and order decimals.

0.1285 0.1285 0.0668

1.6993 0.1285 0.0914 0.0668

From least to greatest, the decimals are:

4. 9.8 ? 9.80 5. 0.509 ? 0.510 6. 0.623 ? 0.627

7. 0.4286 ? 0.4190 8. 0.5691 ? 0.5690 9. 0.53 ? 0.536

10. 0.8 ? 0.78 11. 7.610 ? 7.61 12. 7.3 ? 7.301

13. 2.34 ? 2.3513 14. 91.42 ? 90.425 15. 0.059 ? 0.59

Write in order from greatest to least.