CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION:
THE EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
Where did it come from and for what reason that we need to study SOCIAL SCIENCES?
SOCIAL SCIENCE as a discipline came out as a result of the need to
understand society that is evolving to be ever more complex and multifaceted.
It introduces students to the nature and disciplines of the social sciences that
can explain the nature of social problems and how social issues affect mankind.

PRE TEST

1
 Direction: encircle the correct answer.
1. The emergence of social science is to understand the needs of the
a. People c. Animals
b. Society d. none of the above
2. This is the study of human society
a. Natural Science c. Humanities
b. Politics d. Social Science
3. A science that studies the physical and natural world or the events that happen in
nature.
a. Social Science c. Humanities
b. Natural Science d. Anthropology
4. It is the branches of learning that investigate human construct and concerns as
opposed to the natural process.
a. Natural Science c. Sociology
b. Social Science d. Humanities
5. This is a systematic and logical approach in acquiring and explaining knowledge.
a. Social Science c. Research
b. Scientific method d. Research Design

LESSON 1: Definition of SOCIAL SCIENCE

SOCIAL SCIENCE a branch of science that deals with the institutions and functioning of
human society and with the interpersonal relationships of individuals as members of
society.

OBJECTIVES:
 To define Social Science as the study of society
 To distinguish Social science and Natural science and Humanities
 Describe the different types of research design
 Apply the use of Scientific method in Social research

The three fields of study in Science

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 SOCIAL NATURAL SCIENCE HUMANITIES
SCIENCE
T
h The study of human A science that studies The branch of learning
e society the physical and natural that investigate human
world or events that construct and concerns
t happen in nature. as opposed to natural
h processes ( as in physics
r or chemistry ) and social
e relations ( as in
e Anthropology or
Economics )
f A particular area of That deal with matter The quality or state or
i study that relates to energy, and their being human.
e human behavior interrelations and
l and society. transformations or with
d objectively measurable
s phenomena.
Ex: Economics and Ex: physics, chemistry Seek human reaction
o Politics or biology
f Human behavior Experimental and
natural phenomena
s
tudy unite by using the SCIENTIFIC METHOD, but it is commonly used in SOCIAL
SCIENCES and NATURAL SCIENCES than in HUMANISM.

ACTIVITY FOR TODAY

Question:
In what way that the Social science, Natural science, and the Humanities are different in
their field of studies?
____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_________________________

How can Social Science help the people to understand the Society that we are living in?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
______________________________

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 What will be the contributions of the people to their Society?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
___________________________

SCIENTIFIC METHOD is a systematic and logical approach in acquiring and explaining

knowledge. This method requires critical thinking skills in solving problems, it is very
important in the field of SOCIAL SCIENCE because it became the instrument by which
issues and problems are well examined on the findings of the study conducted.

It involves step-by-step procedure of identifying the problems.

1. Formulating a hypothesis and testing this hypothesis

2. By gathering data
3. Analyzing relevant data

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION

Question: How can we use SCIENTIFIC METHOD in conducting

research?

The” Scientific method refers to a standardized set of techniques for building scientific
knowledge,” such as how to make valid observations, how to interpret and generalize
results.
In the field of Social Science, RESEARCH is an indispensable tool in addressing
social issues and problems. The objectives of research are to investigate and studies
different materials and sources in the pursuit of advancing knowledge. Through research,
a social scientist can try to find answers to the questions like: WHAT/ WHO? WHY? and
HOW?

In research, the use of scientific method is required. Steps in scientific method

(Rajasekharan 2013) are as follows:

1. Defining the problems

2. Reviewing the literature
3. Forming hypothesis
4. Collecting and analyzing data
5. Drawing conclusions

The chart below can serve as a guide in pursuing research; this is the application of the
scientific method to social science.

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 Stages of Questions to be as?
the
Research
problem
Define the research problem What are the variables or the units of analysis
being studied?
What is the time frame or period of the study?

Review the related literature What has been written about the topic?
What are the researches gasps?

Formulate hypothesis What are the specific parameters of the research

problem?
What are the means of manipulating the variables
and /or measuring the result of the study?

Prepare the research design Is the research going to be descriptive,

exploratory, or experimental?
How should the sample be selected from the
population?

Collect data Will the interviews be done personally or over the

phone?
Who are the target participants of the survey?
Analyze data What do the data reveal about the
relationships of the Variables being studied?
How the data do answers the research problem?

TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN

According to Selluz, et al. RESEARCH DESIGN is the arrangement of conditions for the
collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research
purpose with the economy in procedure. It determines the type of data that will be used in the
study, the methodology that will be used in gathering and analyzing data, and the direction of the
narrative, which ultimately addresses the research problem.

This is the RESEARCH DESIGN table:

Types Characteristics

Descriptive research It provides answers to the basic questions associated with

the research Problem. The descriptive research will able to
describe “what exists” with respect to the variables of a given
situation.
Ex. A descriptive study of the factors that lead to domestic
violence.

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Historical research This design collects, verifies, and synthesizes evidence from
the past in order to validate or reject a hypothesis. In
historical research they use primary and supplemental
sources or evidence such as: newspapers clipping, diaries,
government records and archival materials.
Ex. Martial law in the Philippines.

Experimental research This type of research answers the question, ‘What causes
something to occur? Experimental and control group are
used to allows a measurement of the defendant variable
when the independent variable is administered to
the experimental group and not to the control group.
Ex. A study on the effect of sleep deprivation on health and
productivity.

Exploratory research This design tackles research problems that have little or no
previous studies done on it. It aims to develop tentative
theories or hypothesis on research problems that are still in
the preliminary stages of investigation.
Ex. A comparative study on the effectiveness of same sex
parenting vs. conventional parenting.

Cross- sectional research This design measures similarities or differences across

groups and
Subjects. A specific variables is examined across different
groups or
Subjects. It is rather limited because it does not capture the
process of change following intervention.
Ex. A study on the incidence of breast cancer across different
age groups
Of women.

Longitudinal research It studies the same sample across time or across regular
time intervals,
This design allows researchers to track changes that occur
over a period of and identify the variables that might be
causing the changes.
Ex. A study on the effect of TV programming to violent
behavior among children.
Sequential research This type of design carried out in a series over a time
interval. It has
No predetermined sample size as the researcher can accept
the null hypothesis, accept an alternative hypothesis, or
choose a new set of samples and repeat the study once
again.
Ex. A study on the effects of diet, exercise, and common
medication on heart disease conducted across different age
groups.

Case study This type of design is applied to study a very particular

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 research problem. This is used to test whether a specific
theory or model is applicable to real world issues or
scenarios.
Ex. Improving school conditioned by changing public in South
Los
Angeles

Meta analysis This is a type of design that evaluates and summarizes the
result of other individual studies. It requires strict adherence to
a set criteria in selecting the studies that will be used.
Ex. Fertility and women’s employment

QUALITATIVE and QUANTITATIVE

QUALITATIVE method analyzes data as interviews, narratives, and literary texts. The
emphasis in qualitative analysis is sense-making or understanding a phenomenon, rather than
predicting or explaining.
QUANTITATIVE method analyses quantifiable or numeric data does not provide an
absolute measurement of human ideals like happiness or quality education, this method provide
the indicators like the size of the population of the country, and the presence or absence of
corruption in the country.
According to JOHN CRESWELL (2013), described the mixed method as a research
approach that integrates both QUANTITATIVE and QUALITATIVE data in a single to address the
research question.

POVERTY as a social issue in the Philippines

 According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the poverty incidence among

Filipinos for the first quarter of 2015 is at 26.3% is lower compared to the same
period in 2012 is at 27.9%.
POVERTY threshold is the minimum income required to meet the basic need food,
clothing, housing, transportation, health, and education expenses. Poverty has a serious
impact on the quality of life and labor productivity of the people.

How Social Science shapes lives?

Social science help to shape the lives of the Filipino through the help of the
Government policies that is also based on scientific studies conducted on real life
social issues and problems. The scientific study will reveal the necessity of the
project, the number of the beneficiaries expected to gain from the project, and may
even provide possibly more cost-effective alternatives.
Ex. The 4Ps of former President Noynoy Aquino and the cct by former President Gloria M.
Arroyo.

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 POST TEST

Name : _________________________________ Score :_________________

Grade and Section: _______________________ Date :__________________
A. Identification

1._________________ it is the study of society.

2._________________ a systematic and logical approach in acquiring and
explaining knowledge.
3. _________________ a science that studies the physical and natural world or
events that happen in nature.
4. _________________ it is the arrangement of conditions for the collection and
analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research
purpose with the economy in procedure.
5. _________________ a method that analyze data such as interviews, narrative
and literary texts.
6. _________________ a method that analyses quantifiable or numeric data in the
research.
7. _________________ it has a serious impact on the quality of life and labor of the
people.
8. _________________ it is an indispensable tool in addressing social issues and
problems of the society.
9. _________________ the branch of learning that investigates human construct
and concerns as opposed to natural processes.
10. ________________ a science that studies the physical and natural world or
events that happen in nature.

LESSON 2: SOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES

Disciplines or branches in the social sciences
 Anthropology
 Geography
 Linguistics
 Psychology
 Economics
 History
 Political science
 Sociology

OBJECTIVES:

 Identify the different disciplines or branches in the Social Science.

 Trace the historical foundations and the social contexts that led to the development of
each discipline.

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  Differentiate the various social science discipline and their contents, areas of inquiry,
and methodologies.

The disciplines or branches under the Social Science studies provide a better understanding
and appreciation of the complex issues in the society.

1. ANTHROPOLOGY is the study of ancient societies

and their cultural traditions. It from the two Greek word
anthropos meaning “humankind “and logos meaning the
“study “. (Bostingl 1996 ). Anthropologist investigates the
people’s language, values, technologies and how they
group and re-group themselves in the society. They also
study the cultural traditions of different people over the
years.

The two broad fields of Anthropology:

 PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY is also called biological anthropology that studies the

biological evolution of man. That provides explanations on the reason behind the
biological variations among contemporary human population.

 CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY it investigates and seeks to understand the cultural

features of societies.

The three sub branches of Cultural Anthropology:

 ARCHAEOLOGY to understand the past life of ancient societies, trace the cultural
changes that took place and the reason behind the changes. The archaeologists
investigate and understand the by using the fossil remains of human culture.

 ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTIC is the study

of language in the society or community language
(written or not written languages). It also involves the
emergence, divergence of languages, and the changes
in the languages across time.

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  ETHNOLOGY is the study of marriage customs, kinship patterns, economic systems,
and religious rites of cultural groups, and compares it with the way of life of
contemporary societies. (ember 2002 )

The emergence of Anthropology in the area of inquiry can go as far back from the time of
HERODOTUS of HALLICARNASSUS. He is known for his work on the Persian wars, and
traveled a great deal and was able to write narrative report about West Asia and Egypt.
His narrative report unraveled the importance in the area of inquiry in Anthropology, in
answering the question (“how are we to relate to the other”)

2. ECONOMICS is the study of the efficient

allocation of scarce resources in order to satisfy unlimited
human needs and wants. The word Economics came from
the two Greek word, “ oikos meaning home and nomos
meaning management”. The factor of production is the
economic resources that can be used to produce goods and
services.

The factors of production are classified into four categories are the following:

 LAND is anything that comes from nature and which gives life and support to
all living creatures.
Ex. Clean air, timber resources, and water
 LABOR refers to any human effort exerted during the production process.
Ex. Physical exertion, application of skill, talent, and exercise of intellectual
faculties.
 CAPITAL refers to anything that can be used to create and manufacture goods
and service.
Ex. Buildings, infrastructures, machines, and other tools that are used in the
production process.
 ENTREPRENEURSHIP is the ability to organize all the factors of production in
order to carry out effectively the production process.

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Classification of Economics:
 MICROECONOMICS is the study of the choices made by economic actors such as
households, companies, and individual market.
 MACROECONOMICS studies the choices of individuals as consumers and as
workers.

ECONOMIC THINKERS ARE:

ADAM SMITH also known as the Father of

Economic, his famous work (“ An inquiry into
the nature and Causes of the wealth of
nation “1776)

THOMAS MALTHUS An known for his work

(“ An essay on the principle of population” 1798)

DAVID RICARDO his work is the (“

Principle of political Economy and Taxation”)

3. GEOGRAPHY studies the interaction

between the natural environment and the people
living in it. GEO meaning “earth” and GRAPHOS
meaning “charting or mapping. This discipline
explains where, and why things are are on earth,
and the relationship of people, places and things
to one another.

DIVISION of GEOGRAPHY

 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY studies the

natural features of the earth such as
climate, soil, vegetation and water.
 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY studies
human population and the impact of
its activities on the planet. This

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 discipline explains and studies how people use the resources available to
them and how they cultivate their environment to suit their needs.

ERASTOSTHENES of CYRENE is also known the Father of Geography, he wrote

the first scholarly treaties “GEOGRAPHIKA”.

4. HISTORY as the study of the recorded past. It comes from the Greek word LOTOPIA
or HISTORIA, meaning “learning”. It meant a systematic account of a set of natural
phenomena, whether or not chronological order was a factor in the account (Gottschalk
1956).This discipline attempts to reconstruct the past given by the available resources.

HERODUTOS of HALICARNASSUS goes the credit by employing the

historical method; he wrote about the Greek wars against Persia during the 3rd
decade of the 5th century BC .RIGOROUS method were employed as he wrote the
HISTORIES. H e checked against the eyewitness account and participants of the
event, inscriptional records, achieve, and official chronicles are being presented in
his work.
THUCYDIDES wrote about the history of the Peloponnesian war in the 5th
century BC. His narrative report include materials were gathered and the test he
used to separate fact from fiction.

ACTIVITY
1

Instruction: Using the Scientific Method and Research Design, make your own family
history that will trace your family background and support your work with documents,
materials and narrative report that will testify about the information that you want to
know about your family history.

5. LINGUISTIC came from the Latin word ligua, meaning “language.” The discipline
studies the nature of language through an
examination of the formal properties of
natural language, grammar, and the
process of language acquisition.

 PHONETICS is the study of speech

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  PHONOLOGY is the study of speech sounds pattern
 MORPHOLOGY is the study of how words are categorized or formed.
 SYNTAX is the study of how words are combined to form a sentence.
 SEMANTICS is the study of meaning-making.
 PARGMATICS is the study of language context.

Some Scholars who have made relevant contribution to the study of Linguistics
European Linguist:
Friedrich Von Schlegel
Franz Bopp
Rasmus Christian Rask
Wilhelm Von Humboldt (The Basque language)
Ferdinand de Saussure ( Cours delinguistique generale)

6. POLITICAL SCIENCE is the study of politics, power and government.

POLITICS comes from the Greek word politea, or a person who participates in polis,
POWER is the means for the government to rule the people. GOVERNMENT is the
authority or the bureaucracy that provides the system of rule over its territory and for its
people.
POLITICAL THINKERS
ARISTOTLE is considered a pioneer in the field of political inquiry, his book
entitled POLITICS that makes the connection between the happiness and virtue of
political community to the people participation in politics.
JOHN LOCKE wrote the “Two Treaties of Government (1689), explain the concept
of representative government and the people’s right to revolution.
JOHN STUART MILL he wrote the book entitled “Consideration on Representative
Government” (1861).

6. PSYCHOLOGY is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It comes from
the two Greek words, Psyche meaning “Soul or Spirit’, and logos meaning “study”. The
discipline of psychology is in the interest of society to
understand how its people think and why they behave in
a certain way.

The Three major field of Psychology:

 CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY assesses and finds treatment
for people with psychological disorders.
 DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY studies the
intellectual, social, emotional, and developmental across
lifespan.
 EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY studies the most basic concepts of Psychology like
cognition, perception, memory, and learning but mostly conducted on animals instead
of human.

13
WILHELM WUNDT is considered as the Father of Modern Psychology.

WILLIAM

JAMES studied the concept of functionalism, which analyzes the function or

purpose of behavior and not simply a description.

SIGMUND FREUD is known for his Psychoanalytic Personality Theory, which

divides the personality into Id, Ego, and Superego.

8. SOCIOLOGY is the systematic study

of human society. It comes from the Latin
word socius meaning “friend” or “companion”
and the Greek word logos meaning “study”.
This discipline studies how people relate to
each other and how they work as a whole in
the larger society. Sociology was born as a
result of powerful and complex economic and
social forces.

14
 AUGUSTE COMTE he is a French social thinker who coined the word Sociology in
1838 to encapsulate the idea of improving society by understanding hoe it operate.

HARRIET MARTINEAU is regarded as the first woman sociologist.

JANE ADDAMS

9. DEMOGRAPHY is the study of human population. It comes from the two Greek
words, demos meaning “the people” and graphos meaning “charting or mapping”. The
discipline also studies how people move from place to place.

Factors that affect the population:

 FERTILITY is the incidence of child bearing in a country’s population (Macionis,
2006). It is measured using crude birth rate or the number of live births for every
1000 people in population.
 MORTALITY or the incidence of death rate, or number of death for every 1000 in a
population.
 MIGRATION this is the movement of people into and out of a particular territory.

DEMOGRAPHERS:

EDMOND HALLEY is one of the earliest demography and a scientist that study a
person’s likelihood of death. Using death statistics from across different age groups.
THOMAS MALTHUS highlights the main area of inquiry which is population growth
rate, and which he believes to be growing in a geometric progression.

15
POST- TEST

I. Instruction: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement
is in correct.
________ 1.Anthropology is the study of interaction between the natural environment and
the people living in it.
________ 2.Thomas Malthus is the Father of economics.
________ 3.Phonetics is the study of speech sounds pattern.
________ 4.Syntax is the study of how words are combined to form a sentence.
________ 5. Political Science is the study of Economics.
________ 6.Psychology is a scientific study of behavior and mental process.
________ 7.Sociology is the systematic study of human society.
________ 8. Fertility, Mortality, and Migration are factors that affect the population in
the society.
________ 9.The different discipline in the Social Science gives us a better
understanding and appreciation of the complex issues in the society.
________10.Anthropology is the study of ancient societies and their cultural
traditions.
II. Instruction: Identify the correct answer to each statement.
__________ 1. This is the incidence of child bearing in a country’s population.
___________ 2.This is the movement of people into and out of a particular territory.

16
 ___________ 3 .A branch of Science that deals with the institutions and functioning
of human society and with the interpersonal relationship of individual as members of
society.
___________ 4.This field of Science that seek human reaction.
___________ 5. This is the study of recorded past.
___________ 6. Studies the intellectual, social, emotional, and moral development
across lifespan of the people.
___________ 7. What do you call the field of Psychology that assesses and finds
treatment for people with psychological disorders?
___________ 8.This is the minimum income required to meet the basic needs like
food, clothing, housing, transportation, health, and educational expenses.
___________9.It investigates and seeks to understand the cultural features of
societies.
___________10. He is the Father of GEOGRAPHY.

CHAPTER 2
DOMINANT APPROACHES AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

LESSON 1: EMPIRICAL- ANALYTICAL APPROACHES IN THE

SOCIAL SCIENCES

OBJECTIVES:

 Analyze the key differences between empirical-analytical, historical-hermeneutic,

and empirical-critical approaches in the social sciences.
 Define key concepts and ideas relevant to the various approaches in the social
sciences.
 Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the dominant approaches in the social
science.

The dominant approaches and ideas in the social sciences, identifies the key and
assumptions as well as the key theoretical and methodological issues associated with each
approach. The emphasis of this study is to help the students to understand and appreciate
the varied ways of thinking and theorizing offered by social scientist.
According to RICHARDSON and FOWERS 1998, each approach has a different
disciplinal orientation characterized by a set of “epistemological ideals and value
commitments”. The task makes even more difficult if the desire is to give each of the
approaches an unbiased interpretation of its strengths and limitations as well as its
epistemic position within the social sciences while showing the breadth of scope of
approaches within the discipline.

According to JURGEN HABERMAS were a German Philosopher and Sociologist whose

work was closely tied to a form of Political Philosophy and social criticism known as

17
CRITICAL THEORY. The empirical-analytical disciplines are associated with the technical
interest of understanding nature, forming general laws, and making prediction.

1.1 MICROLEVEL APPROACHES IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

 RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY (RCT) is a powerful

tool in making sense of why people act or behave in the way they do. The beginnings
of rational choice theory can be traced back to the behavioral revolution in American
Political Science of the 1950-1960s.

According to the person who studied RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY

ELSTER 1989 the essence of rational choice theory is that “when faced with
several courses of action, people usually do what they believe is likely to have
the best overall outcome.
WARD (behavioralists) “individuals” actions are based on their preferences,
beliefs, and feasible strategies. He observed (RCT) to explain why” individuals
have the interest they do, how they perceive those interests, and the
distribution of rules, powers, and social roles that determine the constraints on
their actions”.
BEHAVIORALISTS believe that “observable behavior, whether it is at the level
of the individual or the social aggregate, should be the focus of analysis; and
any explanation of that behavior should be susceptible to empirical testing.
Rational choice theorists’ explanations of individual actions and the outcomes
they lead to are anchored on three pillars:
 Strategies or courses of action open and available to them.
 Their preferences over the end-states to which combinations of actions
chosen by the various players lead.
 Their beliefs about important parameters such as others ‘preferences.
HERBERT SIMON believes that individuals use standard operating procedure as
a heuristic device and as a shorthand guide to rational action. For him an action is
procedurally rational if it is based on beliefs that are reasonable given the context the
actor is in.

 SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM is a sociological framework that focuses on the

different meanings individual attach to objects, peoples, and interactions as well as the
corresponding behaviors that reflect those meanings and/ interpretations.

GEORGE HERBERT MEAD was an influential figure in the field of symbolic

interactionism. According to him GESTURES are important in communication. When
we interact with others, our posture, tone of voice, voice inflections, as well as hand
and facial movements convey significance. They can either accentuate or contradict
that which we are verbally stating.
MEAD’S central concept is the self, “the part of an individual’s
personality composed of self-awareness and self-image” (Macionis 2007).

18
 USAGE OF GESTURE THREEFOLD

1. PLAY STAGE children identify with key figures in their environments, such as the
mother or father, as well as occupational or gender-specific roles to which they
have been exposed and replicate the behavioral norms that correspond their
actions.
2. GAME STAGE children understand from the better or good point of the roles they
have imitated by assuming the roles that their counterparts concurrently
undertake.
3. GENERALIZED refers to the widespread cultural norms and values we use as a
preference in evaluating ourselves.

The Three overarching premises that constitute Symbolic Interactionism

1. Assumes that meaning is an important element of human existence, a concept that is

both subjective and individualistic, and that people consequently act in accordance with the
meanings they construe.
2. Assert that people identify and mold their unique symbolic reference through the
process of socialization.
3. Affirms that there is cultural dimension that intertwines the symbolic “educational”
development.

Symbolic Interaction has both “insider” and “outsider” critics. The insiders’ criticism focus on
the method and the central concepts of symbolic interactionism. Outsiders’ criticism, on the
other hand, highlights the structural bias in symbolic interactionism.

ACTIVITY 1
Instruction: You are required to do experiment with three of your cousins. Ask them to help
you out with your assignments. Once they agree to help you with your assignments, start
asking them about the topic that you need to answer.
With cousin #1, you should act like you appear and sound so warm and friendly.
With cousin #2, you should act like you are commanding her to do the assignment for you.
With cousin #3, you pretend to ignore him after you make your request. Observe your
cousins’ reactions or responses, and answer the following Questions in the following
worksheet.

How did your Who among Why do you

cousins react? your cousins think your
(single words or helped you out cousins helped
adjectives only) with your you out? Or did
assignments? not help you
Please put a (√) out?
or (x) mark

Cousin # 1

19
 Cousin # 2

Cousin # 3

Processing Questions:
1. Do you think your manner of approaching each one of them, that is, your way of asking/
requesting for help mattered to each one of them? Please explain your answer.
2. Would you get the same result if you approached each one of them in the same manner?
Please elaborate answer.
3. Does symbolic interactionism make sense?

LESSON 1.2: MACROLEVEL APPROACHES IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCE

OBJECTIVES:
 Explain the contribution of structural functionalism and institutionalism to the
understanding of social order and system maintenance of the society.
 Identify the factors that and forces that maintain social order in the society.
 Determine the manifest and latent functions as well dysfunctions of social structure
(structural-functionalism).

 STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM” is a framework for building a theory that

sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and
stability” (Macionis 2007). Such parts of the whole system may vary in terms of functions but
they are all related to each other. Interdependent as they are, they all have one goal and that
is to maintain or keep the whole system, at least in its present form.

TALCOTT PARSONS was the one who developed STURTURAL FUNCTIONALIS M

in the 1930s under the influence of the works of MAX WEBER and EMILE DURKHEIM
(McMahon2015). According to him “any relatively stable pattern of social behavior” and
social functions, “the consequence of any social pattern for the operation of society as a
whole”. Examples of social structure are the Family, Government, Religion, Education,
and Economy. That shapes our lives in various contexts, such as the family, the
workplace classroom, and community; and all social structure functions to keep society
going, at least in its present form (Macionis 2007).
ROBERT MELTON (1910-2003) expanded the concept of social function by arguing
that any social structure may have many functions. He distinguished between manifest
functions and latent functions.
MANIFEST FUNCTIONS “the recognized and intended consequences of any social
pattern”.
LATENT FUNCTIONS “the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any
social pattern”.
SOCIAL DYSFUNCTION ‘is any pattern that may disrupt the operation of the
society”. There are two reasons why social dysfunctions manifest in the society, first the
lack of consensus among people on a given society and differences in backgrounds or
status.

20
 The structural-functional approach built on the following premises:

1. Within every social structure or system –politics, family, and organizations-each

member of the system has a specific function.
2. Those functions can be small or substantial, are dynamic in nature, and work toward
the same purpose: to keep the system operational within its environment.
3. Change is evident within any society or system; however, for the system to survive, it
must adapt to that change in order to maintain equilibrium (McMahon 2015

To maintain the equilibrium in the society, Parsons identified four imperatives for societies
to survive, and he called it AGIL model. These are:
1. Adaptation: acquiring and mobilizing sufficient resources so that the system can
survive.
2. Goal Attainment : setting and implementing goals
3. Integration: maintaining solidarity or coordination among the subunits of the
system.
4. Latency: creating, preserving, and transmitting the system’s distinctive culture and
values.

o Structural functionalism was also under criticisms in the late 1960s, and in the 1970s it
has lost its credibility for being unable to explain phenomena such as change, disagreement
with social and political aims, and influential underpinnings of wealthy.
Critics debated that structural functionalism’s focus on social stability and social order
ignore inequalities of social class, race, and gender which cause tension and conflict in the
society. FEMINISISTS, in particular, are critical of structural functionalism due to the theory’s
social scientists revert to structural functionalism that offers a valid explanation of consensus
to supports the concept of social order (McMahon2015). Marxism is an example of this
social-conflict in the Social Science that offers a critical response.

 INSTITUTIONALISM can be understood as a SUBJECT MATTER, that study of

political institutions is central to the identity of the discipline of Political Science. Public
administration, a sub discipline within political science, which studies “the institutional
arrangements for the provision of public services” or “the study of public bureaucracies”.
(Rhodes 1995). It concentrated attention on the authorities engaged in the public
administration, analyzed their history, structure, function, powers, and relationship. As a
METHOD, the tradition or classic institutional approach is “descriptive inductive, formal-legal,
and historical-comparative”. Because it employs the techniques of historian and explores
specific events, eras, people, and institutions and inductive because inferences are drawn
from repeated observation (Rhodes1995).
The classic institutional approach systematically describes and analyzes phenomena that
have occurred in the past and explain contemporary political phenomena with reference to
past events. The goal of this approach is to explain and understand the events in the society
but not to formulate laws (Kavanagh 1991 and Rhodes 1995).
The institutional approach also applies the formal-legal inquiry that involves the study of
formal governmental organizations, and legal because it includes the study of public law
(Eckstein 1979 and Rhodes 1995).

21
 According to Woodrow Wilson, this approach is also comparative. He argued that
one’s “institution can be understood and appreciated only by those who know other
system of the government.
As a theory, the classic or traditional approach does not only make statement about the
causes and consequences of political institutions. It also espouses the political value of
democracy (Rhodes 1995). The approach offers an opportunity for infusing into the empirical
study of politics the analysis of political values.
MICHAEL OAKESHOTT, JOHNSON describes the rationale for the study of political
institutions in the following manner:
 Political institutions express particular choices about how political relationship ought
to be shaped;
 Political institutions are in nature of continuing injunction to members of a society that
they should try to conduct themselves in specific ways when engaged in pursuit of
political ends

Critics that attack the Classical or Traditional Approach both in terms of scope and
method

PETERS describe the ‘proto-theory” of the traditional approach as

“normative” (concerned with good government), structuralist (structures determine
political behavior), historicist (the central influence of history), legalist (law plays
important role in governing) and holistic (concerned with describing and comparing
whole system of the government)” (Lowndes 2002).

ROY MACRIDIS critiques the approach’s subject matter and method while
focusing of comparative government that “excessively formalistic in its approach to
political institutions”; insensitive to the non political determinants of political behavior”;
was “descriptive rather than problem-solving, or analytic in its method”, was insensitive
to hypotheses and their verification; and therefore, was unable to formulate a
comparative “political theory of dynamics (Macridis 1963).

DAVID EASTON the most influential critic of the traditional study of politics,
found the classic institutional approach wanting on two grounds :
First: the analysis of law and institution could not explain policy or power because it did
not cover all the relevant variables.
Second: “hyper factualism”, or “reverence” for the fact, meant that political scientist
suffered from ‘theoretical malnutrition” neglecting “the general framework within which
these facts could acquire meaning.

MARCH and OLSEN coined the term “NEW INSTITUTIONALISM”

critiquing the traditional or classical institutional approach. “Asserting that political
institutions played a more autonomous role in shaping political outcome”. New
institutionalist argue that institution do matter that emphasized the central value of
institution Vis-a Vis individual choices in explaining political phenomena. They also
argue that political behavior embedded in an institutional structure of rules, norms,
expectation and traditions that several limited the free play of individual will and
calculation.

22
1. What is the difference between micro- and macro-level approaches in the Social Science?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_____

2. Cite an example that can best describe each approach in the society.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________

3. Draw an icon or logo that will represent each approach in the society.

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LESSON 1.3: INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH IN THE SOCIAL
SCIENCE

OBJECTIVE:
 Describe the central features of the human-environment system as an
interdisciplinary approach
 Explain the contribution of human-environment system approach to the study
of environment and social issues
 Interpret thematic and mental maps to understand landscape changes and an
individual’s sense of place

 The human-environment system approach is designed as interdisciplinary

that integrates knowledge from the social and the natural sciences within one framework
to address environmental and social-issues.
HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT SYSTEM (HES) refers to “the interaction of human
systems with corresponding environment or technological system. This approach
conceptualizes mutual dependence between human and environment system.
The human-environment system also referred to as “coupled human-environment
system” or “coupled human and natural system” or CHANS, “acknowledges the fact that
humans. As users, actors, and managers are not external, but integral elements of the
human-environment system.

The three central features of HES or CHANS:

1. CHANS research focuses on the patterns and processes that link human and natural
system.
2. CHANS research, such as integrated assessment of climate change, emphasizes
reciprocal interactions and feedback-both the effects of human on the environment
and the effects of the environment on human.
3. Understanding within-scale and cross-scale interactions between human and natural
components.

The three areas field of Inquiry where the HES or CHANS approach is relevant and
necessary both as an analytical tool and framework:

1. The study of human causes of environmental change-not only proximate causes, such
as burning coal, releasing heavy metals into rivers, and clearing forests, that
immediately change a part of the environment. But also indirect causes such as
population, growth, economic development, technological change, and alterations in
social institutions and human values.
2. Concerns the effects of environmental change on things people value, such as on
growing seasons and rainfall in agricultural areas, soil fertility, endangered species,
and indirect effects such as population migrations, international conflict, agricultural
markets, and government policies.

24
3. The feedbacks between humanity and the environment-the ways individuals,
organizations, and governments act on the basis of experienced or anticipated
environmental change to manage human activity and preserve environmental values.

Adopting the National Research Council’s report’s recommendations for global research:

1. Increased institutional and financial support for research, post graduate and doctoral
fellowship, as well as interdisciplinary research centers to enhance interdisciplinary
training.
2. Improved systems for acquisition and management of data related to human-
environment interactions, and;
3. Environmental research activities of disciplinary associations in social science.

ACTIVITY: identify one environmental issue or problem in your community. Identify the
areas in your community where the problem is visible; locate the areas that are not very
much affected by the problem. Compare these two areas and sets data. Using the
information that you gathered, analyze the degree of the problem that affect your family,
economy, as well as political policies.
Please write your analysis or assessment about your research, use the space
below to answer the activity.

25
 LESSON 2: HISTORICAL-HERMENEUTIC APPROACH IN THE
SOCIAL SCIENCES

OBJECTIVE:
 Explain the value of interpretation in social scientific inquiry.
 Analyze the psychodynamics of the person’s personality in terms of Id, Ego,
Superego (psychoanalysis)

LESSON 2.1: PSYCHOANALYSIS

SIGMUND FREUD He is a young physician that search for the treatment of his
patients with emotional problems and PSYCHOANALYSIS began in his time and his
theory was known as PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY (Lahey 2007). Freud theorized the
three level of consciousness and the three components of personality.

The three level of consciousness:

 The conscious mind is merely the tip visible above the surface, whereas the bulk
of the important working of the mind lurks mysteriously beneath the surface.
 The Preconscious mind it consists of memories that are not presently conscious
but can easily be brought into consciousness… The contents of preconscious
were once conscious and can be returned to consciousness when needed.
 The unconscious mind it stores primitive instinctual motives plus memories and
emotions that are so threatening to the conscious mind that they have been
unconsciously pushed into the unconscious mind through the process of
repression.

The three components of personality (PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY)

 The Id is composed primary two sets of instincts, life instincts and death instincts.
LIFE INSTINCTS is termed LIBIDO by Freud, give rise to motives that sustain and
promote life, such as hunger, self-protection, and sexual desire, and DEATH
INSTINCTS…. Aggression even suicidal urges arose from these instincts.
The Id-operates according to the pleasure principle and wants to obtain immediate
pleasure and avoid pain, regardless of how harmful it might to others.

 The Ego is formed because the id has to find realistic ways of meeting its needs
and avoiding trouble cause by selfish and aggressive behavior. It operates
according to reality principle.

 The Superego the part of the mind that opposes the desire of the id by enforcing
moral restrictions and by striving to attain a goal of “ideal” perfection.

LESSON2.2: HERMENEUTIC PHENOMELOGY is a particular type of phenomenology

among the range of phenomenological methodologies.

26
 Hermeneutic phenomenology classified into two camps:

 Descriptive phenomenology also known as transcendental phenomenology was

developed by Edmund Husserl. Is based on discovering the objective universal
essences of lived experiences and communicating them through pure description
(Newberry 2003). Is considered to be the father of phenomenology.
Husserl recognized the intimate connection between the subject and object through
conscious knowing. His key idea lies within lived experiences.

 Hermeneutic phenomenology is also known as interpretive phenomenology was

interpreted by Martin Heidegger. Defined as the interpretation of text language by an
observer, or the art and science of interpretation.

The common features of Descriptive and Interpretive phenomenology:

 Description is the aim of phenomenology.

 Reduction is a process that involves suspending or bracketing the phenomena
so that the things themselves can be returned to.
 Essence is the core meaning of individual’s experience that makes it what it is.
 Intentionally refers to consciousness since individuals are always conscious to
something. Intentionally is the total meaning of the object or the idea which is always
more than what is given in the perception of a single perspective (Kafle 2011).

The differences of Descriptive and hermeneutic phenomenology

Descriptive Hermeneutic

According to Husserl the observer could According to Heidegger the observer

transcend the phenomena and meanings could not remove him or herself from
being investigated to take a global view the process of essence identification,
of the essences discovered. that he or she existed with the
phenomena and the essences

As a method one has the technique of One has approaches that recommend
“bracketing off” influences around to the researcher to interpret the
phenomena to get to the essences. meanings found in relation to
phenomena

The focus of descriptive is the correlation The focus is on understanding the

of the noema of experience (the what) meaning of experience by searching for
and the (the how it is experienced). themes, engaging with the data
interpretively, with less emphasis on the
essences that are important to
descriptive phenomenology.

27
 In terms of REFLEXIVITY has no place In hermeneutic REFLEXIVITY is where
to descriptive. the researcher uses empathy or
relevant prior experience as an aid to
data analysis and/or interpretation of
meanings.

In the fields of inquiry, it was a discipline of The application or use of hermeneutic

psychology. It can be seen as a “family phenomenology in recent years in various
approaches” which are all informed by applied disciplines such as nursing, social
phenomenology but with different emphases, work, mental health, and in the study of the
depending on the specific strand of experiences of hope and of grief.
phenomenological philosophy that most
informs the methodology.

Guess Who and Guess What? Write a word that will describe who Edmund Husserl is and
what Descriptive is all about?

Who is Edmund Husserl

28
 What is Descriptive or
transcendental
phenomenology?

LESSON 3: EMPIRICAL-CRITICAL APPROACHES IN THE

SOCIAL SCIENCES

OBJECTIVES:

 Identify the factors and forces that produce or cause social conflicts a
inequalities in the society
 Explain the contribution of Marxism and Feminist theory to the
understanding of social conflicts and inequalities
 Examine the relationship between gender ideology and gender
inequality (feminist theory)

LESSON 3.1: MARXISM

KARL MARX (1818-1883), a German philosopher,
historian, and economist. Marx spent most of his adult life in
London, the capital of what was then the vast British empire
What astounded Marx even more how the riches produced
by this new technology ended up in the hands of only a few
people? He could see for himself how a handful of aristocrat

29
 and industrialists lived in fabulous mansions staffed by servants, where they enjoyed
both luxury and privilege.
Marx saw his society in terms of a basic contradiction: in a country so rich, how could
so many people be so poor? Just as important, he asked, how this situation can be
changed (Malcionis 2007).

KARL MARX and FRIEDRICH ENGELS (1820-1895) co-authored the

COMMUNIST MANIFESTO, a seminal work reflecting Marx’s theory of the state and
society.
SOCIAL CONFLICT “struggle between segments of society over valued resources “with
class conflict arising from the way the society produces material goods.
CLASS CONFLICT or CLASS STRUGGLE refers to the “conflict between the entire
classes over the distribution of a society’s wealth and power” (Malcionis 2007).

 Based on his observations of the early decades of

industrial capitalism in Europe, Marx set out to
expose the inherent economic, social, and political
contradictions of capitalism.

Capitalism turns most of the population into

industrial workers….PROLETARIANS, people who
sell their labor for wages. Capitalist production
always ends up creating conflict between capitalist
and workers.
To Karl Marx, the end of capitalism will be prompted
by the Proletarian revolution. He promised that
industrial workers must become aware of their
oppression under a capitalist system and realize that capitalism is the cause of their
oppression. This means that they develop their class consciousness, “workers” recognition of
themselves as a class unified in opposition to capitalist and ultimately to capitalism itself. He
is a critique of capitalism for producing alienations

 Class consciousness explains of social problems as the shortcomings of

individuals rather than as the flaws of society. To Marx, “it is not people who make
society unequal; it is the system of capitalist production.
 False consciousness hurts the people by hiding the real cause of their
problems (Malcionis 2007).

CLASSICAL MARXISM vs MODERN MARXISM

30
CLASSICAL MARXISM MODERN MARXISM

Alienation from the act of working: Capitalism Marxist has responded to theoretical critiques
Denies workers a say in what they make or how from both side and outside the Marxist
they make. Work is a constant repetition of tradition.
routine tasks. Workers are replaced by and/
Or turned into machines.

Alienation from the products of work: worker’s Such an econometric formulation has proved
product belong to the capitalist who sell it to unable to explain economic, social and political
profit. As workers invest more of themselves in developments, and
their work, the more they lose.
Alienation from other workers: industrial capita- Economic, social and political changes in world
lism creates competition in work that prevent Have stimulated new theoretical development
bonds of community to develop, and hence, sets (Marsh 2002)
each workers apart from everyone else.

Alienation from human potential: capitalism pre Modern Marxism rejects the four “isms”.
vents workers to develop their best qualities as Emphasizing contingency; accepting a key role
human beings. Instead of fulfilling one’s self in for ideas, accepting a key role for agents, ackno
work, one denies one’s self; instead of well-being, wledging the crucial role of other bases of stuct
misery; instead of freely developing one’s phy ured inequality; and to the extent, privileges
sical and mental energies, one gets physical politics (Marsh 2002)
exhausted and mentally debased.
Classical Marxism consists of four related ‘isms’
Namely, economism (economist to the extent
That it privileges economic relations),determinism
(determinist to the extent that it argues that eco
nomic relations determine social and economic
relation, (materialism) determines consciousness
and the economic base determines super-
structure, and structuralism (to the extent that it
contends that economic structure, determine the
action of agents.

Critiques of Classical Marxism

ANTONIO GRAMSCI has emphasized the role of political or hegemonic

struggle, the importance of ideology and the significance of agents, such as parties,
workers’ councils, and intellectuals in overthrowing capitalism (Marsh 2002). He believed
that “overthrowing the capitalist state depends on a successful hegemonic struggle”
NICOS POULANTAZ theorized the relative autonomy of the state. His argument is
“that if the capitalist state was to function successfully as a class state, acting in a long- term
interest of the bourgeoisie (Taylor 1995).

31
 MARSH is the one who critique of classical Marxism that significantly contributed to
its ‘”fall’. According to him empirical analysis indicated that economic relations of production
did not determine culture and ideology or the form and actions of the state.
According to Marsh (2002), in spite of its limitation Marxism remains relevant and there
are three main reasons why?
 Capitalism still contains significant contradictions. In this way, it claims to be a
progressive force at a time when conditions in many parts of the world are getting
worse, in, large part because of the activities of TNCs and international
organizations.
 Capitalism is exploitative as Marx emphasized a century and a half ago.
 Nationality and internationally, societies are characterized by massive
inequalities.

LESSON POST TEST

Identification: identify the correct answer to each statement.

_______________ 1. The psychoanalytic theory was develop by

_______________ 2. And how many levels of consciousness in once personality.
_______________ 3. According to Freud it is formed because the Id has to find realistic
ways of meeting its needs and avoiding trouble caused by selfish and aggressive
behavior.
_______________ 4. It refers to “the interaction of human systems with corresponding
environmental and technological system”.
_______________ 5. It is merely the tip visible above the surface, whereas the bulk of
important working of the mind lurks mysteriously beneath the surface.
_______________ 6. It is based on the discovering the object universal essences of lived
experiences and communicating them through pure description.
_______________ 7. He is the co-authored of Karl Marx writing the Communist
Manifesto.
_______________ 8. What type of Marxism that consists of related “isms”.
_______________ 9. He believed that “the observer could transcend the phenomena and
meanings being investigated to take global view of the essences discovered;
______________ 10. In contrast to the statement of Husserl, he views that “the observer
could not move him or herself from the process of essence-identification.

 FEMINIST THEORYunlike the other dominant approaches in social sciences,

feminism did not evolve out of any of the sub-fields in the discipline of the social sciences.

32
 FEMINISM is an ideology and a movement that advocates for equal rights between
the sexes, and an opposition to patriarchal structures.

SEX and GENDER

SEX refers to the biological distinction between females and males. It depends on those
physical characteristics that make one either male or female.
PRIMARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS comprise the external genitalia that one is born
with,
SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS refer to bodily development, such as growing
an Adam’s apple or having breasts, that further distinguishes biologically mature males and
females.

GENDER refers to the significance society attaches to the biological categories of male and
female. This means that societies assign cultural traits to these two categories, based on
beliefs become what males and females should be and this belief become the basis of
gender. However gender is distinct from sexual orientation.

SEXUAL ORIENTATION refers to the manner in which people experience attraction or

sexual pleasure, sexual orientation include heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality.

PATRIARCHY and SEXISM

Patriarchy is a form of social organization in which males dominate females.

Matriarchy is a form of social organization in which females dominates males.
Sexism is an ideology responsible for the continued perpetration of patriarchal structures.
Gender stratification divides the sexes into unequal distribution of wealth, power, and
privilege between the sexes.

First wave feminism started in the 1800s to the early 1900s in USA and UK. Its goal revolved
around the fight for equal opportunities for women. Women worked in the factories alongside
men, but they were still not allowed a political voice in the public sphere. Campaigns
therefore, focused on women’s suffrage, or the right to vote. The right to vote of women over
the age of 32 years old was marked under the Representation of the people act of 1918 in
Great Britain. While in the USA the right to vote was granted to all women over the age of 21
in 1919, and 1928 the right to vote to all women was granted.

First wave feminist:

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Susan B. Anthony
Millicent Fawcett

Second wave feminism started in the 1960s to the 1990s is more popularly known as
Women’s Liberation, the goal of this movement called for the equality between men and
women in social and cultural life.
The second wave feminism invited not only the men but also the women to understand
sexism, and the ways that their actions reproduce sexist power structures.

33
 Second wave feminist:

Betty Friedan (The Feminine Mystique)

Gloria Steinem

Third wave feminism started from 1990s to 2000s, was a response to the second wave
feminism. The third wave emphasized the diversity of women and women’s
experiences, in the present day, feminist still fight for the recognition of “feminism”, of
the diversity of social locations, needs, and concerns among women.

Third wave feminist:

Maxine Hong Kingston
Gloria Anzaldua

According to RANDALL (2002), FEMINISM “originated outside academia as the

ideology of a critical and disruptive social movement.
CHAFETZ (1997) describes the term “feminist theory” as referring to myriad kinds of
works, produced by movement activists and scholars in a variety of disciplines.
MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT who wrote “A vindication of the rights of woman” in
1972, was one of the primary female writers who examined the social conditions of
women
The emergence of feminist theory in the social sciences was stimulated by and has
evolved simultaneously with the contemporary feminist movement.
As subfields within the discipline of social sciences, this theory in political science
grew out of its “critiques of the ways in which the philosophical canon of political
theory and the empirical canon of behavioral political science excluded women and
women’s activity from their subject matter.

The emergence of RADICAL FEMINISM and the women’s LIBERATION

MOVEMENT in late 1960s and early 1970s ushered in a political perspective within
feminism. This new political perspective “was grounded in women’s experience of the
limitations of ‘equal rights’; of their marginalization in leftwing and radical male-
dominated movements and above all in the advances of knowledge and
understanding made by women over the decades since access to education had been
opened up”.
Both as a movement and bodies of ideas, feminism aimed to enhance women’s
status and power. Feminism called into question power relations within the society, in
general, and between men and women.

THE WOMEN’S LIBERATION MOVEMENT its ultimate goal was to expose the whole
gender-based system of sexism and patriarchal power, expressed in social, economic,
and political structures;
In language and cultural images of men and women;
In the alienation of women from their bodies
The repression of their sexuality and male control of women’s reproduction; and
In male violence against women (Chapman 1995).

34
The three strands of feminism:

LIBERAL FEMINISM followed existing liberal

thought and its logic of individual rationality, the
private-public distinction, and the reform ability
of institutions (Randall 2002).

MARXIST FEMINISM built on the tenets of Marxism particularly on the critique of how
women’s oppression was functional and necessary to the development of capitalism.

RADICAL FEMINISM pushed the limits of the

feminist agenda by identifying the sex war as
the most basic political struggle and pointing to
the private sphere as the terrain where women’s
oppression was founded. It exposed male
power or patriarchy in the context of rape,
domestic violence and sexual abuse, and
attacked pornography (Randall 2002)

The impact of feminism in political

science was significant:

 Feminist within the discipline of

political science began to bring
private issues such as “domestic
violence, abortion, or children on
to the public policy agenda.
 Exploitation and control
 Action and emotion
 Meaning and identity
 Distinction between male and
female
 Masculine and feminine

35
CHAPTER 3
INDIGENIZING THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

This chapter studies the development of Filipino social thoughts and thinking and also
examines the major indigenous social science frameworks that promote a Filipino
perspective in the study of Psychology, Society, Culture, and History.

LESSON 1: FILIPINO SOCIAL THINKERS

OBJECTIVE:

 Define the characteristics and nature of a social thinker

 Identify and explain the social ideas and contribution to Filipino social and to
Claro M. Recto
 Compare and contrast the major threads of the indigenized social sciences in
the Philippines, in terms of their main areas of inquiry, key concepts,
perspectives, methods, and strengths and weaknesses.

Brief History of Filipino Social Thinkers:

When the Spanish Government colonized the Philippines, Filipinos were called
“INDIO” was a derogatory term used by the Spaniards to denote or degrade the native
people in the Philippines.

The word ‘FILIPINOS’ was given to those Spaniards born in the Philippines
(INSULARES), as opposite to those who born In Spain called (PENINSULARES).

Governor-general Basilio Agustin, in 1898 indios were called “FILIPINOS”.

SOCIAL THINKERS
 Are individuals in society who can be regarded as forefronts and visionaries
toward the improvement of society in a particular time.
 They are great individuals that contributed significantly to the development of
political and social thoughts and philosophy.
 They also contributed to the advancement of the disciplines of the social
sciences in the Philippines.

36
 INDIO

RACIAL
DISCRIMINATION

motivation for the rise of ilustrados/revolutionist

writing evils of colonialisim
filipino nationalism

FILIPINO SOCIAL THINKERS:

Dr. Jose P. Rizal (1861-1896) one of the earliest

known social thinkers to have emerged from the
Philippines. Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo are
his famous novels that provide a satirical portrait of the
social conditions in the Philippines during Spanish rule.
 Born in Calamba, Laguna on June 19,1861
 His social ideas focused on the necessity to
promote a genuine propaganda campaign that
will provide information about the Philippines and
their people, their capabilities and achievements,
aspirations, and moral rights.
 He also criticized the corrupt system of the Spanish colonial government
including its abusive officials.
 He also proved a number of things about the Philippines social realities during
the 19th century.
 He is also an advocate of human rights, particularly on women’s rights in
Philippine colonial society.
 He is a reformist
 According to him, intelligence is the solution to the ills of the country.
 He started La Liga Filipino with the job of enlightening the mind of the people.
 “What is the use of independence if the slaves of today will be the tyrants of
tomorrow?”

37
Jose Rizal provided of important ideas on the rights of women and gender issues in
the Philippines during the 19th century.

Filipino must be educated. Filipino women must be courageous,

strong-willed, and educated.

Tyranny happens if people remain Ignorance is tantamount to servitude

coward and negligent.
A person who loves his independence If the Filipino women will remain
must first aid his fellow men. ignorant, complacent, weak, and
passive, they should not bear children.
All men are born equal, naked, and He also examined the nature of
without bonds God did not create man to Catholicism in the Philippines during the
be slave nor did He provide him with Spanish period.
intelligence just to deceive him. God did
not give man reason to have him
deceived by others.

ACTIVITY 1

Instruction: Dr. Jose P. Rizal wrote a letter “To Young Women of Malolos”
(1889). Try to analyze the document by putting yourself in the situation of the
said document, and answer the questions below using the spaces below.

 What type of document is this?

 Who is the intended audience of the document?
 What do you know about the document?
 Why was the document written?
 What are the basic assumptions made by Rizal of the document?
 Why do you think that the document is reliable?
 What does the document mean to you?
 Who wrote the document?
 What is your understanding about the letter of Dr. Jose P. Rizal

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Isabelo de los Reyes (1864-

1938) he is considered to be the Father of Filipino
Socialism and the first Filipino Marxist, he fought
against the abuses of the church and government
under Spain, denouncing the condition of landless
peasant amidst the concentration of land ownership
among the friars.
 He was born on July 7, 1864 in Vigan,
Ilocos Sur.
 De los Reyes also criticized the friars’
ownership of large tracts of haciendas and

39
 demanded for agrarian reform for the Filipino farmers.
 He also initiated the celebration of the first Labor Day on May 1, 1902.
 He is a labor activist and Anthropologist
 He organized the first labor union (union obrera democratic Filipina).
 Initiated labor strikes against American business firms.
 Founded the ‘El Ilocano’.

ASSIGNMENT

 Research for the contributions of Isabelo de los Reyes as a social thinker of the
Philippine history. And why do we consider him as a social thinker?

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Apolinario Mabini
 Was born on July 23, 1864 in Talaga,Tanuan
Batangas.
 He served as the 1st prime minister and
Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the 1st Philippine
Republic from Jan-May of 1899.
 He also appointed as the President of the
Supreme Court.
 Acted as the chief adviser of President Emilio
Aguinaldo in 1898.
 His influence was evident in the proclamation
of the Philippine Government from Dictatorial to
Revolutionary form of Government.
 He was also considered as the brain and conscience of the Revolution.
 His Social Philosophy included the following:

 Definition and the role of citizenship.

 The need for radical changes.

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 Concept of man and society.
 Role of Government.
 The True Decalogue (El Verdadero Decalogo)

Love God and your honor over all things: Strive for the independence of your country,
God as the source of all truth, all justice, because you alone can have s real interest in
and all activity; your honor, the only her aggrandizement and ennoblement, since
power her independence will mean your own
That obliges you to be truthful, just, and freedom , her aggrandizement your own
industrious. perfection, and her ennoblement your own
glory and immortality.

Worship God in the form that your In your country, do not recognize the authority
conscience that God speaks to you, of any person who has not been elected by
reproaching you for your misdeeds, and you and by your compatriots, because all
applauding you for your good deeds. authority comes from God, and as God
speaks to the conscience of each individuals
of a whole town is the only one that can
exercise the real authority.

Develop the special talents that God has Strive that your country be constituted as a
given you, working and studying republic, and never as a monarchy: a monarchy
according to your capabilities, never empowers one or several families and lays the
straying from the path of good and foundation for a dynasty; a republic ennobles
justice, in order to achieve your own and dignifies a country based on reason, it is
perfection, and by this means you will great because of its freedom, and is made
contribute to the progress of humanity: prosperous and brilliant by dint of work.
thus you will accomplish the mission that
God himself has given you in this life,
and achieving this, you will have honor,
and having honor, you will be glorifying
God.
Love your country after God and your Love your neighbor as you love yourself,
honor, and more than you love yourself, because God has imposed on him and on
because your country is the only you the obligation to help one another has
paradise that God has given you in this dictated that he does not unto you, and you to
life; the only patrimony of your race; the do unto what he does not want you to do unto
only inheritance from your ancestors; him; but if your neighbor is remiss in this
and the only future of your descendants: sacred duty and makes an attempt on your
because of your country you have life, life, your freedom and your priorities, then you
love and interest; happiness, honor, and should destroy him and crush him because
God. the supreme law of self preservation must
prevail.

Always look of your countryman as more than

a neighbor: you will find him a friend, a
brother, and at least the companion to whom
you are tied by only one destiny, by the same
happiness and sorrows, and by the same
aspirations and interests.

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ACTIVITY 2

Instruction: choose four of The True Decalogue of Apolinario Mabini and cite
an example that will describe each statement and make a reaction paper
regarding the chosen True Decalogue. Use page 47 and 48 to answer the
activity 2. Once your done tear the pages and pass it to your teacher.

42
43
 Andres Bonifacio
 He is a Revolutionist
 His philosophy of revolution was
published in the revolutionary newspaper,
“KALAYAAN”.
 Transformed the blood compact as s
kinship contract.
 According to him, a revolution of war is
justified when there is breach of contract

Manuel Luis Quezon

 A political philosopher.
 There should be an equal access to essential
raw materials.
 He believed in the democratization of
education for all, national language, and justice.
 He believed in social DARWINISM-
governments are products of political struggle for
survival.

Emilio Jacinto
 A revolutionist
 Filipinos must get rid of slavery;
must embrace liberty again with a price, a
bloody revolution

Jose P. Laurel

 A political philosopher
 According to him there is a social differences.
 “Human rights cannot be guaranteed unless
the citizens first do their obligation toward the state.
 “Good governance id founded on
righteousness and foreign relation must be based on
full reciprocal rights and privileges between and
among nations.

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 R. Esquirel Embuscado
 A dissectionist
 He believed that the task of an authentic artist is to cut the umbilical
cord of the past, to make the use of the present and to protect that present to
the open future; he called this art of “dissectionism.”

Cirilo Bautista
 A political theorist
 According to him “history can be read
as a poem in the same way a poem can be
read as a history.

Claro M. Recto
 Was a famous nationalist
 He was born on Tiaong, Tayabas (Quezon) on February 8, 1890.
 He served as legal adviser to the Philippine Senate from 1916-1919.
 He became a Representative of the 3rd District of Batangas and served as minority
leader.
 He was elected as President of the Constitutional Convention that drafted the 1935
Commonwealth Constitution.
 He became a senator of the Republic of the Philippines.
 He is also called as a “living legend in his lifetime” because of his brilliance and
patriotism.

On Nationalism: he defines Nationalism as the Filipino’s dedication and support for Filipino
interest, unity and independence. He declared that the salvation of the country’s nationalism
can only be achieved if Filipinos’ will learn to assert the nationalistic virtues practiced by the
Heroes and implement policies on nationalist industrialization. He also believed that national
interest is nonnegotiable. He argued that the interest of the people should not be sacrifice
to any form of negotiation with foreign countries.

Economic independence: he believed that for a country to develop It must pursue

industrialization and instill nationalism among its people. For him industrialization and
Nationalism is twin goals. According to him “nationalism” cannot be realized and brought to
full flowering without a thorough-going industrialization of our economy by the Filipinos
themselves. And you cannot have industrialized Philippine economy controlled and manage
by Filipinos without the propulsive force of a deep and abiding spirit of nationalism.

45
On political economy: the prosperity of the country depends on the country’s industry.
Industries must be placed under the complete control of the Filipinos’ and not in hands of
foreign companies. According to him as long as foreigners control the production,
manufacturing, and distribution of the country’s main products, Filipinos will remain poor and
subservient. He believed that the country’s economy determined by those who control the
country’s purse. If the economy of the Philippines will remain in the hands of the foreigners,
then the country’s economy will not favor the Filipinos but only the Foreigners. In this
condition we will just rely on foreign powers in order to survive. Filipinos Must be responsible for
the economic condition of the country. He wrote, “a nation’s political, economic, and
cultural life is of its own people’s making”. We must accept, therefore full responsibility for
the backward , condition of our economy, our political immaturity, our predilection for
dramatizing minor issues to the neglect of long-rage basic questions, and for our confusions
and indecisions that have delayed for decades the progress of the nation.

LESSON 2: INSTITUTE OF PHILIPPINE CULTURE’S STUDY ON

PHILLIPINE VALUES

OBJECTIVE:
 Identify and explain the important interpersonal values of the Filipinos.
 Analyze the role of interpersonal relation values to Philippine culture.
 Demonstrate understanding of the Filipinos social interpersonal values to our
culture and its positive and negative implications to our country’s development
by writing an argumentative essay.
Filipino values have been shaped by different factors. Our values system in the
Philippines focus on principles, aims, and convictions of Filipino society.

GUIDE QUESTIONS

1. What are these values?

2. What are examples of our social interpersonal values?

The Institute of Philippine Culture’s Study on Philippine Values (IPS) as follows:

Frank Lynch
Mary Racelis
Jaime C.Bulatao
John J. Carroll
F. Lando Jocano
John Macionis
Hunt, Green, Espiritu, and Quisumbing

VALUES are innate and important human concepts.

46
 F. Lando Jocano (1997) defines values as “standards against which actions
organized and experiences are interpreted and evaluated”.

John Macionis (2006) values are culturally defined standards that people apply to
evaluate prestige, goodness, and attractiveness and serve basis for social living.

Hunt, Green, Espiritu, and Quisumbing (1995) values are important motivators of
behavior that indicate what society considers as important. They also provide the
course of action that can be taken when confronted with choices.

 In the Philippines, Filipino values have been shaped by different factors

such as country’s history, traditions, and beliefs through time.
According to Lynch, some of the values systems in the Philippines focus on
principles, aims, and convictions of Filipino society. And he argues that two Filipino value
systems. He defined values as the “standard used in the making of a decision.”

 Filipino values can be divided into many themes:

 Acceptance by one’s fellow for what one is, thinks oneself to be, or
would like to be, and be given the treatment due to one’s station;
 Economic security (freedom from debt)
 Movement to higher socioeconomic ladder.

SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE
 SMOOTH INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS (SIR)
We Filipinos are known for pleasantness in communicating with other people. It can be
seen in our SIR.
According to Lynch (1963) he defines SIR as being agreeable, even under
difficult circumstances, and keeping quiet or out of sight when discretion passes the
word. It means a sensitivity to what other people feel at any given moment, and
willingness and ability to change to catch the lightest favoring breeze.

There are three means on how are we going to achieve SIR

 PAKIKISAMA,derived from sama or in English “accompany or go along with,”

refers to the practice of accepting the decision of the leader or the majority of the
group so that it will appear that the group’s decision is undivided.

 EUPHEMISM it refers as “the stating of an unpleasant truth, opinion or request as

pleasantly as possible.”

Examples of euphemism:
 A harsh and insulting speech, or a bluntness or brusqueness of speech.
 Siguro nga (I guess so) as a means of agreeing weak, even if the speaker
is disagreeing with the person he is talking to.

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  Kasalanan ko kasi (it is my fault)

 GO-BETWEEN ENTAILS serve as a means to avoid the shame of interacting

face-to-face; we used “third party” to assuage a bruise, heal a wound, or prevent injury.
Their function as mediators also includes evading embarrassment, resolving conflict, and
explaining more articulately than their sender.

 SHAME (Hiya) and SELF-ESTEEM ( Amor Propio)

Shame is defined as “the uncomfortable feeling that accompanies awareness of
being in a socially unacceptable position, or performing a socially unacceptable
action.”

JOCANO (1999) hiya and Amor propio are specific rules of conduct that are
followed by Filipinos to prevent conflicts based on emotional standards or
damdamin to happen. He defines hiya as a norm that help define social
behavior particularly those that deal with face-to-face relation.
LYNCH (1963) he defines HIYA as an uncomfortable feeling that
accompanies awareness of being in a position that is considered socially
inappropriate or performing an action that is unacceptable to society.

 Amor Propio or Self-esteem is a special defense against severe

interpersonal unpleasantness and it is manifested to personal insult. An insult
would not trigger the anger in an individual. Amor Propio is considered as being
sensitive not for the attainment of social acceptance but to retain one’s social
acceptance that he/she already has.

ECONOMIC SECURITY and SOCIAL

MOBILITY
 Economic Securityor financial security is the
condition of having a stable income or other
resources to support a standard of living now and
in the foreseeable future. It includes:
 Probable continued solvency
 Predictability of the future cash flow of a person
other economic entity, such as a country
 Employment security or job security

 Social Mobilityis the movement of

individuals, families, households, or
other categories of people within or
between social strata in a society. It
is a change in social status relative
to one’s current social location
within a given society.

48
 Or it is a shifting from one social status to another, commonly to a status
that is either higher or lower and it explains changes in social status.

Horizontal mobility Vertical mobility

A change in position at the same social Movement of an individual, people or
level but they remain at their same level groups from one social level to another.
within the social hierarchy
The stage where people change their The stage where people change their
position within the range at same position Job-related position, social class and
or status. power position.

Much more common than vertical mobility

Example: a nurse who leaves one hospital Example: movement from poor class to
to take a position as a nurse at another middle class.
hospital.

Upward Downward
The movement of an individual or groups The movement of an individual or groups
from lower social position or status to a from higher position or status to a lower
higher social position. social position or status.

Reflects social improvement. Reflects the failure to maintain social

Political, or economic position, and lose
Their statuses.

Example: a retail businessman who earns Example: people in high position might be
lot of profit may become a whole sale denoted due to their corrupt practices.
businessman.

RECIPROCITY refers to a situation when Filipinos ensures that every favor or request
received or asked must be returned.

According to Mary Racelis Hollnsteiner (1963, 23-41),

There are three classifications of reciprocity in the
Philippines.

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1. CONTRACTUAL RECIPROCITYit refers to a voluntary agreement between two
or more individuals to behave in a particular manner in a specific time in the future.

Contractual reciprocity has the following arrangements:

 An obligation is narrow in scope and emotions are not involved.

 Participants in the said transaction are aware and knowledgeable of what is
expected of him and his expectations of the others as well.
 Participants are not compelled to do more than any other member because it
is not expected them to do.

Contractual reciprocity has the following traits:

 Reciprocal acts are equivalent

 Mutual assistance
 Participants know what is expected to them
 There is a minimum affective sentiment
 Participants are in the state of equilibrium when the obligation is fulfilled.

2. QUASI-CONTRACTUAL RECIPROCITYit happens when repayments are

dictated by the culture of certain community. It also regulates balanced exchanges
and the terms of the repayment are not implicitly discussed before any contract or
agreement is drafted.

Quasi-reciprocity has the following traits:

 Exchange should have an equivalent value, or identical in form.

 No interest unless there is a failure to return within a certain period
 Expected cultural norms compel individuals.
 Repayment has no significant time of period, but individuals are expected
to reciprocate to those who provided assistance when a similar situation arises.

3. UTANG NA LOOB or RECIPROCITYrefers to “a transfer of goods or services

taking place between individuals belonging to two different groups.” Utang na loob
is characterized by the unequal repayment with no prior agreement, whether
implicit or explicit.

UTANG NA LOOB occurs in several instances:

 In intra-family utang na loob, children are expected to be eternally grateful to

their parents for raising them and giving them life.
 When a child of a family member or friend is sent to school, and the
expenses are shouldered by the sponsor; this result to a lifetime obligation
on the part of the child and family.
 Allowing a non-relative or out-group relative to live in one’s house, resulting,
causing to him helping in the household work.

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 Free services or consultation from a doctor or lawyer, hilot or herbolario,
causing a high level of gratitude from the client or patient.
 Lending or giving credit in times of need.
 Giving gifts to person in high position during Christmas season.
 Festive occasions, elections, and life stage events such as baptisms,
graduation, marriage, and funerals.
 Receiving special treatment from a Government official by facilitating
documents, and reciprocating through sending special food in his house, taking
him to dinner or to night clubs.
 Getting a job through intermediaries.
 Tapping intermediaries or persons strategic position to gain access to certain
privileges and services.

UTANG NA LOOB has the following traits:

 Affective sentiment is at maximum.

 Unequal repayment with no previous agreement.
 Feeling of insecurity over repayment or settlement of obligation.
 Repayment comes with additional interest.
 Debtor afraid of being dubbed as “walang utang na loob” or “walang hiya.”

FOUR DOMINANT FILIPINO VALUES

By: JAIME BULATAO

 Emotional closeness and Security in a family

 Authority value
 Economic and social betterment;
 Patience, suffering, and endurance

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 ACTIVITY 1

Instruction: Students must present a role play with a specific situation where the
following values are being practiced in our society. Make five groups and choose
one value that your group will present in class.

 Utang na loob
 Pakikisama
 Amor propio
 Hiya
 Use of go-between

At the end of the presentation of each group, write four reflection papers that will
express your feelings regarding the presentation by answering the following
questions.

1. After you have watched the role play, what do you think will be the negative effects of
each value portrayed in each to our society?
2. Are there any positive effects of each value portrayed to our society? And how it will
help the society to eliminate the negative effects of each value?

ACTIVITY 2

INSTRUCTION: identify the correct answer to each statement.

__________________ 1. Refers to being respectful or in a polite manner of presenting

a serious subject or an unkind opinion or request.
___________________2. An example of quasi-contractual reciprocity of the deceased
where an individual gives money to the family of the deceased person.

52
 ___________________3. Practice of accepting the decision of the leader or the
majority of the group so that it will appear that the group’s decision is undivided.
___________________4. It refers to the situation when Filipinos ensure that every
favor or request received or asked must be returned.
___________________5. It is characterized by the unequal repayment with no prior
agreement, whether implicit or explicit.

LESSON 3: INDIGENOUS SOCIAL SCIENCES

OBJECTIVE:
 Define indigenous social science
 Explain the objectives, assumptions, and concepts introduced by the
Sikolohiyang Pilipino, Pantayong Pananaw, and Pilipinolohiya
 Demonstrate understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the
indigenous social science perspectives by writing a short argumentative
essay.

 INDIGENOUS SOCIAL SCIENCE focuses upon the intellectual and cultural

traditions of indigenous people in the areas of history language, medicine, health
and wellness, creative arts, literature, economy, activism, community and political
dynamics, peace building, spirituality and traditional ecological knowledge.
The indigenization of the social sciences focus
on the study of ethnicity, society, culture, and its application to historical,
anthropological, and psychological research and practice using indigenous
knowledge.

Virgilio G.Enriquez
 He was born on November 24, 1942 at Bulacan
 Father of Filipino Psychology
 Founder of Pambansang Samahan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino
 According to him Sikolohiyang Pilipino is the fruit of experience, ideas,
and orientation of Filipino.
 Through his study, a Filipino can be better
understand himself and in
 turn, be able to improve his life more

53
 SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO or FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY
studies the development of an indigenous Filipino psychology and it is also a
movement for understanding Filipino thought and experience using Filipino orientation.
Sikolohiyang Pilipino emerged as a reaction against the prevalent acceptance and
application of Western psychological constructs in the Philippine setting.
The Sikolohiyang Pilipino emerged by using local languages as a tool
for the “identification and rediscovery of indigenous concepts” (Enriquez 2007, 39).
They believe that the Filipino language is the most appropriate medium or language for
the expression of Philippine realities together with the development of a scientific
literature that embodies the psychology of the Filipino people (Enriquez 2007, 39).

The three major areas of Sikolohiyang Pilipino:

 As a sikolohiyang Malaya or liberated psychology that it contradicts a

psychology that perpetuates the colonial status of the Filipino mind.
 Movement opposes the importation and imposition of the industrialized
psychology of the developed countries into the 3rd world. It reconceptualized
this aspect into Sikolohiyang Pangkabuhayan or economic/livelihood
psychology.
 Development of a Sikolohiyang mapagpalaya as an opposition to the use of
psychology to exploit the masses.

KAPWA: The core concept of Sikolohiyang Pilipino

KAPWA we Filipinos define the word kapwa as a term where the “other” is not only
experienced on the outside but also in the inside. The word KAPWA arises from the
awareness of a shared identity with others.
PAKIKIPAGKAPWA has more profound and deeper meaning. It means “accepting and dealing
with other persons as equal.” (Jocano 1999,118 and Enriquez 2007, 43)
PAKIRAMDAM shared the inner perception, and feeling for another. (a person without
pakiramdam cannot have pakikisama and utang na loob). The use of indigenous language can
lead to the identification of an underlying precondition to the existence of surface value.

Eight Values of Interrelated in Filipino Language

Pakikiisa Being one

Pakikitungo Transaction or civility with

Pakikisalamuha Interaction with

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 Pakikilahok Joining or participating

Pakikibagay In conformity with or in accord

with

Pakikisama Being along with

Pakikipagpalagayan/pakikipagpalagayang- Being in rapport or

loob understanding or acceptance

Pakikisangkot Getting involved with

CRITICISM TO SIKOLOHIYANG FILIPINO:

 Sikolohiyang Pilipino focuses on its theoretical problem because it failed to

explain clearly its methodological bases of Filipino Psychology.
 Its obsession with merely being reactive to the western psychological
constructs and discourse.
 Failed to focus its attention to more productive ways of developing theories
that can be applied in the Filipino case.
 Instead of simply repudiating Western psychology, Sikolohiyang Pilipino
must focus on developing theories to understand the Filipino Psychology
(Mendoza 2007, 252-253).

Some of the values those were problematic for Sikolohiyang Pilipino:

 Hiya (shame) or feeling of discomfort when one is in a socially unacceptable

position.
 Pakikisama vs. pakikipagkapwa. Pakikisama is getting along with the group,
and it is under the subsumed the core value of pakikipagkapwa.
 Bahala Na as the attitude of accepting one’s fate and leaving everything to
God- “bahala na ang Diyos.”
 Utang Na loob (debt of gratitude) it is a obligatory repayment of a favor
received.

 PILIPINOLOHIYA is defined as the “study of the world of Filipinos, of being

Filipinos, and different ways of being Filipino” (Mendoza, 2007, 258). PILIPINO and
LOHIYA derived from the Latin, logos, which means “systematic study” while Pilipino
refers to the citizens of the Philippines or those that belong to the Filipino race or
referring to the national language of the Filipinos before it was replaced of Filipino.

PROSPERO COVAR

 Born on September 7,1934 at Majayjay, Laguna

 He developed the PILIPINOLOHIYA

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  According to him Pilipinolohiya is the systematic study of Filipinos’ psyche,
culture, and society using the terms and categories of thought of the culture
(Covar 2007, 62-63).
 His studies shows that there is a need to develop our own theory that is suited
to the Filipino’ psyche, culture, and society and based on our own experiences
and perspectives.
 The proponent of Pilipinolohiya believes that without the knowledge and actual
use of the language it is not possible to have a complete understanding of
culture.
 Pilipinolohiya, on the other hand, studies the Philippines and its own people’
interest through the use of its own conceptual categories as the nexus of
interpretation (Mendoza, 2007, 265).

PROBLEM OF PILIPINOLOHIYA
 By the reversion of the course title of degree programs in Universities from
Pilipinolohiya and it was changed to Araling Pilipino/ Filipino.

 PANTAYONG PANANAW (PP) is derived from the Filipino words: tayo and
pananaw. Tayo (we) serves to be inclusive and pertains to both speakers and listeners,
it means “from us to us.” Pananaw refers to perspective, or a certain frame or point of
view. Pantayong Pananaw means “A for-Us” perspective.

 Is a discourse within the indigenous tradition?

 Seeks to study history from the point of view of its actors (speaker and
listeners) using one’s own language.

 Asserts that Filipino History should be written by Filipinos (as speakers), for
the Filipinos (as listeners).

 It introduces a communication-based theoretical innovation on the study of

Philippine Historiography.

 It wishes to contribute to the “flourishing of a talastasang bayan” or national

discourse.

 Wants to create a venue “whereby the nation can share I one

encompassing discourse, one that would lend sense of kabuuan or “totality,” or
a shared understanding of the nation’s history that can give force and direction
to a collective vision of the future” (Mendoza, 2007, 267-268).

56
  Introduces a “closed circuit of interaction,” a context where discourse is
carried on by and among Filipinos.

 The perspective of Pantayong Pananaw, Filipinos can communicate

freely through the use of their own concepts, language, thought patterns,
manner or relating, and interest.

 The sources of Pantayong Pananaw include songs, letters, games, or

oral histories, rather than foreign and conventional sources.

ZEUS SALAZAR

 Born on April 29, 1934 at Tiwi, Albay

 Father of the Pantayong Pananaw
 He developed the Pantayong Pananaw discourse as a response to the
Westernized perspective of the study of Philippine history and
historiography.
 He saw that the history of the Philippines was problematic, in the sense that
it was written from a Western perspective and language.
 According to him Language highlights and embodies the experience of a
certain group; it is important to write history through the speakers’ and
listeners’ language.
 He published his work Ang Pantayong Pananaw Bilang Diskursong
Pangkabihasnan (that foreigners cannot wholly capture the meaning of local
ideas, symbols, definitions, and feelings of Filipino).

REYNALDO ILETO

 He is also a proponent of the Pantayong Pananaw; he used cultural

materials in the local language in producing an account of “history from below”.
 He writes from the perspective of the masses using poems, folk songs, and
religious traditions.
 His best known for the book Pasyon and Revolution published in 1979.

Philippine History from the Lens of the Pantayong Pananaw

 There was no unified Pantayong Pananaw among the ethno linguistic group
throughout the Philippines, prior to the coming of Spaniards.
 They helped the Spaniards to introduce Hispanic culture into the lives of the
Filipino lives by indigenizing and translating Spanish works into the native language.
 The Pantayong Pananaw seeks to bridge the division of society between the
elite classes, intellectuals, and voiceless because their main form of discourse is
limited to the use of the indigenous languages.

CRITICISMS TO PANTAYONG PANANAW

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  It was being criticized for its strict requirements on the use of the Filipino
language of discourse.
 Pantayong Pananaw were accused of being advocates of “linguistic
essentialism” they believe it does not matter what form of ideology is discussed for as
long as it is communicated and explained through the use of Filipino language.
 Pantayong Pananaw tends to focus their discourse on the use of Filipino
languages.
 Pantayong Pananaw is restrictive, that there is a limited space for dialogue.
 Pantayong Pananaw also perceives historical materials already written by
foreigners and written by Filipinos in a foreign language as a having “wrong” view and
disregards the facilitation of production of historical knowledge.
 The use of Filipino language proposed by Pantayong Pananaw is mostly
tagalong. There is a tendency to accuse the Pantayong Pananaw proponents as
Tagalog-centric.
 Distinguishing between what is foreign and what is indigenous may be
contentious, as cultural influences on one’s language cannot be easily determined as
purely local.

CHAPTER 4: SOCIAL SCIENCES IN THE REAL WORLD

OBJECTIVE

 Identify possible careers in the field of social sciences; and

 Understand the application and the interactions of the various approaches in
solving social problems.
 Determine hoe social sciences can be used to address social concerns.

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  The Social Sciences provide an interdisciplinary and a multidisciplinary approach to
make a study in our society. These fields are significant because they can provide a
multifaceted approach to understand, examine and to address the multilayered
social problems in the Philippines.

LESSON 1: PROFESSIONS OF SOCIAL SCIENCE

OBJECTIVES:

 Identify the different professions that a social science graduate can pursue.
 Discuss the different professions and career paths of social scientist and their
importance in society.

CAREERS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCE:

 Critical thinking and analytic skills

 Time management
 Communication skills
 The ability to conduct empirically sounded and grounded research
 Social skills, for instance, in relating to people from various culture and
communities.

PROFESSIONS OF SOCIAL SCIENCES:

 Social science is the study of society and the manner in which people behave and
impact the world.
 As a field of study, it seeks to explain and understand the nature of human
experiences and different mechanism to operate the society.
 Social sciences can explain and for the people to understand the causes of
poverty, the reasons why elections are held, and the causes of deviant behaviors
in society.

SOCIAL SCIENTIST:
 The practitioners of the social sciences, and have different careers depending on
their respective degree and specializations.
 The one who study human society and of individual relationship in and to society.
 A scholarly or scientific discipline that deals with such study, generally regarded as
including Sociology, Psychology, Anthropology, Economics, Political Science, and
History.

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PRACTITIONER IN EACH DISCIPLINE:

 ECONOMICS/ECONOMIST
ECONOMICS is the study of efficient allocation of scarce resources in order to
satisfy unlimited human needs and wants.

ECONOMIST a person who study everything about the economy. They try to explain the
question of “who gets what and why.” as a economist they work heavily with numerical
data, fiscal reports, and financial statements, their proficiency in math and in quantitative
data analysis ranks them as some of them can be converted individuals in business in
finance.
Economist usually asks the following questions:

Questions Description

How can the economy allocate its Economists explain what shall be
resources to provide the needs and produced and how it can be produced.
wants of the people?
How does the economy distribute money, Economists explain for whom the goods
income, and the goods and services it are produced.
produces to members of society?
How does the economy grow? Economists explain how much will be
How can the economy develop a stable produced by the economy to create a
economic growth? stable economic growth.

POSSIBLE CAREERS IN ECONOMICS:

 Economist
 Financial analyst
 Bank officer
 Investment analyst
 Business consultant
 Business auditor
 Academic career (teaching and research)

 POLITICAL SCIENCE/POLITICAL SCIENTIST

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 POLITICAL SCIENCE is the study of
politics, power, and government.

POLITICAL SCIENTIST studies the

different processes of government
and the concepts of state, power,
ideology, and politics and the effects
of these concepts to the individuals
and in the society. They examine as
well as the relationship between
people and policy at all levels from
the individual to the national and
international levels in the
government.
 Public administration
studies national and local governance and the bureaucracy.
 Public law examines legal system, civil rights, and criminal justice.
 Domestic politics studies public opinion, election, national and local
government.
 Political theory studies classical political philosophy and contemporary
theories.
 International relations focus on the political relationship and interaction
between among countries

POSSIBLE CAREERS IN POLTICAL SCIENCE:

 Researchers
 Law
 Labor relations specialist
 Foreign service officer
 Politician
 Public administrators
 Political consultant
 Academic career (teaching and research)

 GEOGRAPHY/GEOGRAPHERS

GEOGRAPHY studies the interaction between the natural environment and the people living
in it.

GEOGRAPHERS study of the interaction between people and their environment.

Geographers here in the Philippines taken on careers with National Defense Department of
the Government, using their knowledge of geopolitics and regions to curve outs strategies for
defense. They also work spaces, in their local governments to assure responsibilities in
reconfiguring of city spaces, in the branching and marketing of places as they strategies in
order to address issues of the government and to solve it.

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 There are two branches of geography:

 Human geography studies how people create cultures in their natural

environments.
 Physical geography studies natural features of the earth, including land, water,
and atmosphere.

POSSIBLE CAREER IN GEOGRAPHY:

 Cartography
 Urban geographer
 Academic career (teaching and research)

FIVE THEMES IN GEOGRAPHY

THEME DESCRIPTION

Location Position on the earth’s surface

Use of absolute location or the exact location and relative location
or the location of something in relation to a certain place.

Place

Human-environment Geographers study human and environment interaction to learn

how people use the earth’s resources.
Interaction
Movement By studying human movement, geographers can learn how
humans are connected with each other.

Regions Regions are the basic units of study used by geographers to

divide and understand the earth and its people.

 SOCIOLOGY/SOCIOLOGISTS

SOCIOLOGY is the systematic

study of human society.

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SOCIOLOGISTS someone who studies society and social behavior by examining the groups
, cultures, organizations, social institutions, and processes that develop, most sociologist
work in research organization, colleges and universities, regional and federal government,
and consulting service firms. They specialize in a wide range of social topics, including the
following:

 Health
 Crime
 Education
 Racial and ethnic relation
 Families
 Population
 Gender
 Poverty
 Aging

SUBFIELDS OF SOCIOLOGY ARE THE FOLLOWING:

 Applied sociology focuses on the use and proper application of sociological theories,
methods and skills to examine data, solve problems, and communicate research to
public.
 Urban sociology studies societal life and interactions in urban areas through the
application of sociological methods like statistical analysis and ethnographies.
 Cultural sociology analyzes the development of social institutions, norms, and
practices.
 Rural sociology studies the social life of people in rural areas.
 Medical sociology examines the societal aspects of health and medicine of people.
 Sociology of education analyzes how social forces and institutions like politics,
economic systems, and culture affect school and educational systems.
 Political sociology examines how social structures affect and influence politics.
 Military sociology is a sociological study of the military organization, the
different civilian and military relationships, war experiences, and the use and control of
force.

POSSIBLE CAREERS IN SOCIOLOGY

 Criminologists
 Market research analyst
 Industrial sociologist
 Academic career (teaching and research)

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  ANTHROPOLOGY/ANTHROPOLOGIST

ANTHROPOLOGY is the study of

ancient societies and their cultural
traditions.

ANTHROPOLOGIST social
scientists who study humans and
their culture in the past and present
time.

POSSIBLE CAREERS IN
ANTHROPOLOGY

 Archeologist
 Cultural anthropologist
 Physical anthropologist
 Ethnologist
 Cultural specialist
 Museum curator
 Academic career (teaching and research)

 PSYCHOLOGY/
PSYCHOLOGIST

PSYCHOLOGY is the scientific study of

behavior and mental of mental process.

PSYCHOLOGIST social scientist who

study how the human mind works in
consonance with the body to produce that
thoughts that lead to individual actions.

 HISTORY/HISTORIAN

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HISTORY as the study of recorded past.

HISTORIANS social scientist who study past events in oerder to understand the
meaning, dynamics, and relationship of the cause and effect of events in the
development of human societies. They rely on primary and secondary sources to study
the past events.
Historians ask the three important question.

Questions Description

What happened? Historian asks questions about the basic

facts that can be found in a source. These
can refers to the persons, places, events,
dates, and activities that happened
through time.

Why did it happen? They ask about the reasons why the event
happens including the causes, effects, and
dynamics behind the event.

Historians want to explain the lessons that

society can learn from the event. Historian
can provide solutions to problems by
analyzing the lessons that we can get from
the past events.

POSSIBLE CAREERS IN HISTORY

 law
 biographers
 researchers
 museum curators
 foreign service officer
 academic career (teaching and research)

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 ACTIVITY: Where do I see myself after I finish my social science course?
Instruction: write your answers to the questions below.
 What is the possible social science course that you wanted to pursue in
college?
 Can you explain why you wanted to pursue that particular social science
discipline in college?
 How will the discipline that you chose help you achieve your dream
profession or future career in life?
 What should you do to achieve that dream career?

LESSON 2 : APPLICATION AND INTERSECTIONS OF THE

APPROACHES IN ADDRESSING SOCIAL PROBLEMS
OBJECTIVES:

 Define social problems, interdisciplinary, and multidisciplinary.

 Explain how the intersection of the different social sciences disciplines can be applied
to address poverty and unemployment and mitigate the effects of disasters.
 Demonstrate understanding by writing a research paper on a particular social problem
of the Philippines and identifying how the social science disciplines can help provide a
multidisciplinary approach to help understand and address the problem.

 The social sciences apply several disciplines to study human social problems and
provide alternative solutions to solve these problems. The various disciplines of social
sciences produced a vibrant interaction of diverse scholarly researches. This lesson will
also explain how the interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches to the social
sciences.

Collaboration of each Discipline of Social Sciences:

 Natural scientist with the collaboration of sociologist, economist, and

environmental scientist, examine the impact of climate change on the
environment.
 Social scientists analyze the people’s perception of risk and vulnerability, the
power relations between institutions and communities, and coping strategies of
people in disaster-prone areas.
 Sociologists are vital to the gathering of data on the health needs of people in
rural and urban poor communities, and the structures that prevent them from
accessing or availing of health service.
 Anthropologists, on the other hand, furnish doctors and practitioners with
information on healing practices and traditional medicine.

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  Natural scientist has teamed up with Anthropologists, Sociologists, and
Geographers to address issues of food security.
 Programs that promote cultural heritage management are products of the
collaboration among

 INTERDISCIPLINARY as an Approach to Study Society

A discipline refers to a specific branch of learning or body of knowledge that has s

different body of concepts, theories, framework, subject matter, perspectives, world
view, assumptions, and research methodologies.
Interdisciplinary involves the application of two or more fields of study or
disciplines to address and answer social problems and issues.
Integrating knowledge and methods from different disciplines, using synthesis of
approaches.
Analyzes, synthesizes and harmonizes into links between disciplines into
coordinated and coherent.
Most of the researches in the social sciences have shifted to the application
of interdisciplinary approaches in the study of society. This new form of study
provides a systematic way of providing answers to the questions, solving
problems, and addressing very broad or complex topics through the application of
the various social science perspectives and integrating the data, information,
techniques, methodology, concepts, theories, and framework coming from two or
more of its diverse disciplines (Replok 2008,11).

The Cluster of Traditional Disciplines

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 Clusters of Traditional Disciplines Scope

Natural Sciences Include the life sciences and physical

sciences

Social Sciences Include Sociologist, Economics,

Political Science, Geography, History,
and Psychology

Applied Profession Business, communication, criminal

justice, education, engineering, law,
social work, nursing, and medicine.

humanities Include art and art history, literature,

music, philosophy, and religious
studies.

 MULTIDISCIPLINARY as an Approach addressing Social Problems

Objective of Multidisciplinary approach:

 To resolved real world or complex problems
 To provide different perspectives on problems
 To create comprehensive research questions
 To develop consensus clinical definitions and guidelines; and
 To provide comprehensive health services

Social problems are multilayered and affect not only one sector but the different
sectors of society. Therefore, to fully understand and address the problem, a
multidisciplinary approach must be utilized.
Multidisciplinary approach involves the application and collaboration of several
branches or disciplines of the social science to examine and solve present day problems
that plague society from each discipline’s perspective.
Draws on knowledge from different disciplines but stays within their boundaries.
People from different disciplines working together, each drawing on their
disciplinary knowledge.
Multidisciplinary approaches are important in understanding and addressing
social problems because in the real world, policy researches or proposals drafted and
implemented to solve social problems are not crafted through the use of single
discipline. These problems are structural and multilayered that needed a multifaceted
approach to solve.

Examples of Social Problems in the Philippine and the Multidisciplinary Approach to

Address the Problem.

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Social Problems Multidisciplinary approach to address the
problem

Poverty Economic, Historical, Sociological,

Anthropological, and Political approaches

Unemployment Economic, Historical, Sociological, and

Political approaches

Disasters Economic, Historical, Sociological,

Geographical, Anthropological, and
Political approaches.

 POVERTY is a state or condition where people’s basic needs for food, decent
clothing, and shelter are not properly met.

Two types of Poverty:

 Absolute poverty refers to a condition or state where people do not receive

one or more of the basic biological needs (food, water, shelter, clothing,
and sanitation)

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 Relative poverty refers to the condition in which people do not have minimum
amount of income necessary so that they can have a decent lifestyle. It is measured
and defined in relation to the economic status of the members of society

Multidisciplinary Approach to Address the Problem in Poverty

 The social dimension of poverty can be explained and understood through

the study of the sociological theories of poverty. Social scientist can
examine why people do not have access to sufficient health care service
and education.

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  The political dimension of poverty can be studied and understood through
the study of political science. Political scientist can explain how poverty
can be manifested in a country where its people cannot express their
rights to free speech and assembly.
 The cultural component of poverty can be explained by historians and
anthropologists because these social scientists studies people’s history
and culture and through history and anthropology, social scientists can
determine and explain when and how the rights of people to self-
determination and cultural preservation were violated through time.

 UNEMPLOYMENTrefers to the condition when people who are able and willing to
find employment cannot find a job.
It is usually the basis in determining the soundness and health of a country’s
economy.
There are number of causes of unemployment. Some of the causes include
economic slowdown, use of advanced technology and job outsourcing.
Unemployment rate increases when the country’s economy is not good.

Multidisciplinary Approach to Address the Problem in Unemployment

 Through the use of primary sources, historians can explain hoe problem started
through time, what solutions were implemented before to address the problem
and how the programs succeeded or failed when they were implemented.
 The political scientists can examine how and why government policies are
ineffective in addressing the unemployment problem of the country.
 Sociologists can provide an explanation to unemployment by looking and
investigating into the reasons why different age groups and social classes.

 DISASTERS is a “process/events combining a potentially destructive agent/force from

the natural, modified, or built environment and a population in a socially and
economically produced condition of vulnerability, resulting in a perceived disruption of

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 the customary relative satisfactions of individual and social needs foe physical survival,
social order, and meaning”.

Multidisciplinary Approach to Address the Problem in Disaster

 Historical Approach
Through the study of the history of disasters, social scientists can
examine how the different disasters happened before and through this,
government officials would have sufficient knowledge about the disaster’s
effects and magnitude. Through this data, officials can implement policies that
can reduce and mitigate the impact of the disasters.

 Sociological Approach
Social scientist can understand how disasters affect social organization,
families and other institutions affected by the disaster. They can also help in
the crafting of risk reduction and mitigation policies against disasters because
of their knowledge of the social organizations and social interactions.

 Political Approach
Political scientist can help provide suggestions and alternative policies
to the national and local government on how to improve current programs
against disasters.

 Geographical Approach
Geographers develop and produce maps, charts, and other geographical
aids that can help government officials and even people to understand natural

72
 hazards and the impact of the disaster. They help to develop geo-hazard maps to
highlight the different areas in the country that are highly prone and susceptible to
different natural disasters like earthquake, volcanic eruptions, typhoons, and
floods.

 Anthropological Approach
Disaster victims have cultural traditions and indigenous knowledge that
must be taken into account when crafting risk reduction and disaster mitigating
policies. Anthropologists are vital in understanding the culture of society because it
can affect the success or failure of programs and policies to help minimize or
prevent the impact of the disaster.

 Psychological Approach
Psychologists play an important role in the post-disaster efforts because
many of the victims suffer from post-traumatic stress. They can provide emotional
support to survivors and disaster victim. They can build the resilience skills of
victims. They can also provide inputs in the crafting of policies and programs on risk
reduction and post-disaster rehabilitation because they have direct communication
with disaster victims and survivor.

 Economic Approach
Economist can assess the impact of the disasters to the various sectors of the
Philippine economy whether in the macro-level or in the micro-level.

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REFERENCES

K to 12 Curriculum Compliant

Social Sciences in a Globalizing World: Interdisciplinary Perspectives for Filipino

Students
Maria Andrea Soco-Roda, PhD
Aileen Del Rosario-Rondila, M.A.
Emily B. Roque, M.A.
Justin Charles G. See, M.A.
, (2017).

Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Science

Arleigh Ross D. Dela Cruz, PhD

Cecile F. Fadrigon, PhD Cand.
Diana J. Mendoza, PhD
, (2016).

https://www.slidesharenet/yostdaniel/multidisciplinary-approach-1571771
https://www.slideshare.net/sprinage1/social science-26875118
https://www.the freedictionary.com/social scientist
https://www.sokami.com/careers/sociologists
www.american anthro.org
https://www.google.com.ph
https://www.research gate.net

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