DRUG EDUCATION AND VICE CONTROL

Drug, defined

A very broad definition of a drug would include “all chemicals other than food that affect living
processes”. If the effect helps the body, the drug is a medicine. However, if a drug causes a harmful
effect on the body, the drug is a poison. The same chemical can be a medicine and a poison depending
on conditions of use

And the person using it.

A drug is any chemical or biological substance,

Synthetic or non-synthetic, that when taken into the organism’s body, will in some way alter the
functions of that organism.

Another definition would be “medicinal agents used for diagnosis, prevention, treatment of symptoms,
and cure of diseases.” Contraceptives would be outside of this definition unless pregnancy was
considered a disease.

According to other authors, a drug is any substance that can be used to modify a chemical process or
processes in the body, for example to treat an illness, relieve a symptom, enhance a performance or
ability, or to alter states of mind.

A drug is a substance used as a medicine or in the making of medicines, which affects the body and the
mind and has potential for abuse.

It includes natural plant leaves, flowering tops, roots, resins, barks (natural drug) and those
produced by laboratories through chemical process (synthetic drugs).

It also includes those prohibited by law because of their detrimental effects to the human body
upon administration and those controlled by law because they are used in medical practice.

NATURE OF DRUGS: CATEGORIES

a. PRESCRIPTIVE DRUGS – drugs requiring written authorization from a doctor to allow a purchase. They
are prescribed according to the individual’s age, weight, and height and should not be taken by anyone
else.

b. Over-The-Counter-Drugs (OTC) – these are non-prescription medicine which may be purchased from
any pharmacy or drugstore without written authorization from a doctor.

c. Self-medication Syndrome – is found in users and would be users of drugs whose sources of
information are people or literature other than doctors, pharmacists and health workers.

How Drug Works?

The actual effect of a particular drug depends upon its chemical make-up, dosage and frequency.
 Dosage or dose is the amount of drugs taken at one time.

Frequency on the other hand simply stands for how often you take drugs within a given period of
time.

When two drugs are taken together or within a few hours interval, they may interact with
unexpected results.

Dosage and frequency of drugs used become an extremely important part of drug abuse.

The amount of drug in a dose can be described as:

Minimal dose- the smallest amount of a drug that will produce a therapeutic effect.

Maximal dose- the largest amount of drug that will produce a therapeutic effect.

Toxic dose- the amount of drugs that produce symptoms of poisoning.

Abusive dose- the amount of drug needed to produce the effects desired by an individual who
improperly uses it.

Lethal dose- the amount of drug that will cause death.

Drug Administration

It is the act of introducing any dangerous drugs into the body. This term is synonymous with drug in-
take, drug application and drug use.

Routes of Drug Administration:

Drugs, both medications and recreational

Can be administered in a number of ways:

Inhalation – taking drug into the body by breathing it in.

Oral Ingestion – taking drug by the mouth and passes through the stomach before absorbing into the
blood stream.

Snorting – ingesting some powdered drugs through the nose.

Injection – method of administering drug such as a drug into the skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscle,
blood vessels, or body cavities, usually by means of a needle.

Subcutaneous – injecting the drugs just below the surface of the skin also termed as skin popping.

Intravenous – is the giving of liquid substances directly into a vein.

Intramuscular – is the injection of a substance directly into a muscle.

Buccal – a drug administration to the cheeks or the cavity of the mouth.

Suppositories – administering drug by inserting either into the rectum (rectal suppository) or into the
vagina (vaginal suppository) where it melts.

Topical – application of drugs directly to a body site such as the skin and the mucous membrane

Iontophoresis – introduction of drugs into the deeper layers of the skin by the use of special type of
electric current for local effect.

Some Medical Uses of Drugs

Analgesics – drugs that relieve pain

Antibiotics – combat or control infectious organisms

Antipyretics – lowers body temperature or fever due to infection

Antihistamines – control or combat allergic reactions

Contraceptives – prevents the meeting of the egg cell and sperm cell

Decongestants – relieves congestion of the nasal passages

Expectorants – those that can ease expulsion of mucus and phlegm from the lungs and the throat

Laxatives – stimulate defecation and encourage bowel movement

Sedatives and Tranquilizers – those that can calm and quiet the nerves and relieve anxiety without
causing depression and clouding of the mind

Vitamins – those substances necessary for normal growth and development and proper functioning of
the body

Dangerous Effects of Improper Administration of Drugs

Overdose- over extension of the effects of drugs because of too much amount taken into the body.

Allergy- release of histamines giving rise to allergic symptoms such as dermatitis, swelling, fall in blood
pressure, suffocation and death.

Idiosyncrasy- individual reaction to drug.

Poisonous Property

Side effects- effects of drugs other than their direct effects which are most of the time unwanted.

Important Personalities and Events

In the History of Drug

Personalities:
Shen Nung – A Chinese scholar-emperor who compiled a book about herbs, a forerunner of the
medieval pharmacopoeias that listed all the then-known medications and lived in 2735 BC. He also used
marijuana for treating stomach disorders in 2700 BC.

Hippocrates (estimated dates, 460-377 BC),the “Father of Medicine“, became interested in inorganic
salts as medications. He also prescribed the juice of the white poppy plant as early as 5,000 B.C. in the
belief that it can cure many illnesses both in the internal and external use.

Basilius Valentius – A distant descendant of Hippocrates, who advocated the prescriptions use of
antimony salts in elixirs (alcoholic solutions) in the middle of the 15 th century with the a medical
alchemist Phillippus Aureolus Paracelsus (born Theophrastus Bombast von Hohenheim, in Switzerland,
1493-1541).

Sigmund Freud – the Austrian psychoanalyst (1856-1939), treated many deeply disturbed cocaine
addicts. In the course of his practice, he noted the numbing effect of the drug.

Paracelsus (1490-1541) introduces laudanum, or tincture of opium, into the practice of medicine in
1525.

Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Serturner, a German chemist, isolates and describes morphine in 1806.

Alder Wright – British chemist who discovered heroin (Diacetylmorphine) in 1896

Dr. Jacques Joseph Moreau uses hashish in treatment of mental patients at the Bicetre in 1841.

Adolf von Baeyer, a twenty-nine-year-old assistant of Friedrich August Kekule (the discoverer of the
molecular structure of benzene) in Ghent, synthesizes barbituric acid, the first barbiturate in 1864.

2737 BC - Marijuana was first used as medicinal plant in China

4000 BC – Narcotics wad developed and used by early Egyptians.

Global Drug Situation

First Important Drug Traffic Route

Middle East – discovery, plantation, cultivation, harvest

Turkey – preparation for distribution

Europe – manufacture, synthesis, refine

U.S. – marketing

Second Major Drug Traffic Route

Golden Triangle

Southeast Asia – 60% of opium in the world

- 90% of opium in the eastern part of Asia

 Golden Crescent

Iran

Afghanistan

Pakistan

India

Southwest Asia

Major supplier of opium poppy, MJ and Heroin products in the western part of Asia.

It produces at least 85% to 90% of all illicit heroin channelled in the drug underworld market

Second major Drug Traffic Route: THE GOLDEN CRESCENT

Illicit opium-producing areas in Asia

World’s Drug Scene

Middle East – Becka Valley of Lebanon is considered to be the biggest producer of cannabis in the
country

Spain – major transhipment point for international drug traffickers in Europe and became the paradise
of drug users in Europe

South America – Columbia, Peru, Uruguay and Panama are the principal sources of all cocaine supply in
the world due to the robust production of the coca plants

Mexico – number one producer of marijuana in the world

Hong Kong – world’s transhipment point of all forms of heroin

Japan – major consumer of cocaine and shabu from the United States and Europe

Organized Crime Groups behind the

Global Drug Scene

Columbian Medellin Cartel

Founded during the 1980’s by Columbian drug lords Pablo Escobar Gaviria and Jose Gonzalo
Rodriguez Gacha and the top aid cocaine barons Juan David and the Ochoa brothers.

Responsible in organizing world’s drug trafficking network.

Cali Cartel

Gilberto Rodriguez Orajuela a.k.a. Don Chepe “the chess player”.

Most powerful criminal organization in the world.

 Produces 90% of cocaine in the world.

Chinese Triad

Chinese Mafia is the oldest and biggest criminal organization in the world

Drug Syndicates in the Philippines

Binondo-based Chinese Syndicate has been identified as the nucleus of the Triad Society.

Bamboo Gang based in Taiwan

14K based in Hongkong

The most common “modus operandi” by the syndicates – posing as fishermen along Philippine
seas, particularly, the northern provinces of Luzon such as La Union, Ilocos, and Pangasinan where they
drop their loads of shabu to shoreline based members. The syndicates are famously involved in
marijuana cultivation and other drug smuggling including drug manufacture.

THE DRUG CHAIN

1. PRODUCTION – this pertains to the planting, growing, and harvesting of plants, which are the sources
of raw materials in the manufacture of precursors and/or dangerous drugs.

2. PROCESSING – comes into play after harvesting the plants in the production link.

3. TRAFFICKING – pertains to the surreptitious movement and delivery of dangerous drugs from the
clandestine laboratories to the wholesale markets.

4. FINANCING – pertains to the surreptitious movement and delivery of dangerous drugs in big amounts
of cash.

5. RETAILING – is the fifth link which involved the selling or pushing of drugs in small quantities to the
end-users at the street or grass root level.

6. CONSUMPTION – refers to the actual use of the drugs by the end-users through injection, inhalation
or smoking.

Drug Classification:

Chemotherapeutic agents – used to cure infectious diseases and cancer. (Sulfa drugs, Antibiotics)

Pharmacodynamic agents – used in non-infectious diseases (Cholinergic, Adrenergic, Hallucinogenic,

Sedatives)

Miscellaneous agents (Narcotic Analgesics, Local Anesthetics)

What are different drug names?

The chemical name is assigned according to rules of nomenclature of chemical compounds.

The brand or trade name is always capitalized and is selected by the manufacturer.
The generic or common name refers to a common established name irrespective of its manufacturer.

Categories of Drugs:

Herbal Drugs – are plant substances that have drug effect whose use is not regulated by law.

Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs – are medicines that may be sold without a prescription, in contrast to
prescription drugs.

Prescription Drugs – are licensed medicines that is regulated by legislation to require a prescription
before it can be obtained.

Unrecognized Drugs – are sort of commercial products that have psychoactive drug effect but are not
considered as drugs. These includes those products which are not regulated or considered by law as
illicit drugs except when standard of sanitation and purity are required.

Illicit Drugs – are drugs in which production, sale and purchase or use is generally prohibited by law.

Tobacco – considered as unrecognized drug which extracted from leaves of the tobacco plant dried and
prepared for smoking or ingestion; aromatic annual or perennial herbs and shrubs.

Alcohol – An intoxicating by-product of

Fermentation, which is caused by yeast action on sugars in the malt which is considered as
unrecognized drugs category.

DANGEROUS DRUGS

This refers to the broad categories or classes of controlled substances. Controlled substances are
generally grouped according to pharmacological classifications, effects, and as to their legal criteria

GENERAL DRUG CLASSIFICATION

A. According to effects;

1. Depressants

2. Stimulants

3. Hallucinogens

B. According to Medical Pharmacology;

1. Depressants

2. Narcotics

3. Tranquilizers

4. Stimulants

5. Hallucinogens
 6. Solvents/Inhalants

C. Legal Categories

1. Prohibited Drugs

2. Regulated Drugs

3. Volatile Substances

CLASSIFICATIONS OF DANGEROUS DRUGS

(According to Effects)

A. DEPRESSANTS (Downers)

This are drugs which suppress vital body functions especially those of the brain or central nervous
system with the resulting impairment of judgement, hearing, speech and muscular coordination.

Kinds of Alcohol

Methyl

Ethyl

Common alcoholic drinks

Beers

Wines

Fortified wines

Spirits

Types of drinkers

Occasional drinker

Frequent drinker

Regular drinker

Alcohol dependent

Alcoholic

Usual motives for drinking

Traditional

Status

Dietary
Social

Shortcut to adulthood

Ritual

Path of least resistance

Indigenous Peruvians once considered the Coca Plant to be divine. They named it “Khoka” – which
means “The Plant”

1859-1860, German scientist Albert Niemann, coined the term “cocaine” after successfully isolating
the main alkaloid of the plant.

PELLETIER

– Coined the word ‘Cafiene’ which became the English word “Caffeine” noting that the drug had
been isolated from coffee.

CHINESE EMPEROR SHEN NUNG

- Accidentally discovered that when some leaves fell into boiling water, a fragrant and
restorative drink resulted.

“CAFFEINISM”

– A condition when large amounts of caffeine are taken, and especially over extended periods of
time.

CAFFEINE INTOXICATION/Caffeine Jitters

– caffeine overdose resulting in a central nervous system over-stimulation.

- Named after the tobacco plant “Nicotiana Tabacum”, which in turn is named after JEAN
NICOT DE VILLEMAIN, French ambassador in Portugal who sent tobacco and seeds from
Brazil to Paris in 1560.

Introduced by Christopher Columbus in Europe

-nicotine’s effects are short-lived, lasting only 40 minutes to a couple of hours.

MDMA

(Methylene DioxyMethamphetamine)

Ecstacy: an illicit drug considered as a recreational or party drug. It acts as both a stimulant and a
hallucinogen.

Ecstasy achieves its high by preventing the brain from reabsorbing the chemical Serotonin, thereby
prolonging its effects in the body.

Street Names: E, X, XTC, Molly, Mandy or Mindy

 MDMA was introduced clinically under names ADAM and EMPHATY when it was used as
psychotherapy in the late 1970’s and early mid-1980’s

ANTON KOLLISCH

A German chemist who first produced MDMA.

MERCK

German pharmaceutical company who patented MDMA.

ROHYPNOL

(Flunitrazepam)

Most commonly known as date-rape drug, continues to be abused among teenagers and young adults
usually at raves and nightclubs.

The drug remains readily available, mainly through pharmaceutical operators located in Mexico,
especially Tijuana.

-first isolated by ROCHE in 1972 Europe.

Medical Uses: Sleep aid and anesthetic

Drug Classification: Benzodiazepine

Generic Name: Flunitrazepam

The group of drugs that

Consists of a variety of mind-altering drugs, which distorts reality, thinking and perceptions of time,
sound, space and sensation.

Classification of Marijuana

a. Vietnam Green

– coming from South East Asia; twice as potent than those grown in US

b. Acapulco Gold

– grown in Southern Mexico; may contain 2-4% THC

c. Panama Red
– Strongest of all

Special Preparations of Marijuana

a. Hashish

– pure resin coming from tops, leaves, stem of the plant. It is smoked in tobacco pipe, the most potent
of all cannabis preparations.

b. Bhang
– from dried leaves and shoots added to beverage. Least potent.

c. Ganja

– from the female plant, mixed in tobacco.

d. Ganja

– from the female plant, mixed in tobacco.

e. Majun

– mixed with flour, butter and sugar. Sometimes added with dhatura seeds to increase potency.

f. Reefers
– Dried leaves and stems are made into cigarettes and smoked

POPULAR PLANTS AS SOURCES OF DANGEROUS DRUGS

THE MARIJUANA PLANT

Marijuana is a Spanish-Mexican term used to refer to the Indian hemp plant. It is a plant that grows in
tropical region and attains an approximate height of 15 to 20 ft.

Scientifically named as Cannabis Sativa Lima and a member of the Cannabinaceae family of plants
(separate male/female plant), the female plant is known as the Pistillate (short but short-lived) while the
male plant is called the Staminate (taller but short-lived)

THE MARIJUANA PLANT

THE OPIUM POPPY PLANT

Is scientifically known as Papaver Somniferum.

The word Papaver is a Greek term which means poppy while the word Somniferum is a Latin term which
means dream/induced sleep.

The plant can grow from 3 to 6 ft in height originally in Mesopotamia.

The Summerians called it “Hul Gil” which means, “plant of joy” due to its joyful effect when
administered. Its active ingredient is the Meconic acid – the analgesic property.

The dangerous drugs that can be derive from the plant are morphine, heroin, and codeine.

THE COCA BUSH PLANT

Scientifically known as Erythroxylon Coca common in South America.

The plant grows in mountainous and tropical climate areas, on clay like soil.

A fully-grown cultivated coca plant attains a height of 6 to 8 feet and can be harvested 3 to 4 times in a
year.

The dangerous drug that can be produced from this plant is the drug Cocaine- the most powerful natural
stimulant known as cocaine hydrochloride.
THE EPEDRA PLANT

Known to the Chinese as “Ma Huang”, the Epedra plant (Ephedra Vulgaris) is a psychoactive plant that
contains psychotropic properties one of which is the alkaloid Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, an active
ingredient of anti-asthma drugs used in over the counter medications.

It is also an essential chemical precursor in the production of Methamphetamine or Amphetamine

drugs.

Methamphetamine Hydrochloride commonly known as “shabu” is a product derived from this plant
through chemical processes.

Four (4) Pharmacological

Classifications of Drugs:

1. Hallucinogens – A pharmacological classification of natural and synthetic drugs whose primary

effect is to distort the senses. These drugs can produce hallucinations or experiences that depart from
reality. Included in this classification are lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), methylenedioxyamphetamine
(MDA, MDMA), mescaline, peyote, PCP, and psilocybin.

2. Stimulants – A stimulant is a drug which increases the activity of the sympathetic nervous system and
produces a sense of euphoria or awakeness. Stimulants can be used as recreational drugs, or
therapeutically to increase alertness. They are also used and sometimes abused to boost endurance and
productivity as well as to suppress appetite. Examples of stimulants are caffeine, nicotine,
amphetamines, and cocaine.

3. Depressants – A depressant is a chemical agent that diminishes a body function or activity. The term
is used in particular with regard to the central nervous system (CNS). In that case these chemicals are
known as neurotransmitters. Depressants intended to act on the Central Nervous System (CNS) do so by
increasing the activity of a particular neurotransmitter known as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

4. Narcotics – An addictive drug, such as opium, that reduces pain, alters mood and behavior, and
usually induces sleep or stupor. Natural and synthetic narcotics are used in medicine to control pain

Sites of Drug Action:

1. Enzyme Inhibition

Drugs act within the cell by modifying normal biochemical reactions. Enzyme inhibition may be
reversible or non reversible; competitive or non-competitive. Anti-metabolites may be used which
mimic natural metabolites. Gene functions may be suppressed.

2. Drug-Receptor Interaction

Drugs act on the cell membrane by physical and/or chemical interactions. This is usually through
specific drug receptor sites known to be located on the membrane. A receptor is the specific chemical
constituents of the cell with which a drug interacts to produce its pharmacological effects. Some
receptor sites have been identified with specific parts of proteins and nucleic acids. In most cases, the
chemical nature of the receptor site remains obscure.
 3. Non-specific Interactions

Drugs act exclusively by physical means outside of cells. These sites include external surfaces of skin
and gastrointestinal tract. Drugs also act outside of cell membranes by chemical interactions.
Neutralization of stomach acid by antacids is a good example.

Drug Abuse, defined and explained:

Drug abuse, also known as substance abuse, involves the repeated and excessive use of a drug to
produce pleasure or escape reality—despite its destructive effects. The substances abused can be illegal
drugs such as marijuana and cocaine, or legal substances used improperly, such as prescription drugs
and inhalants like nail polish or gasoline. But whatever the drug of choice, substance abuse can be
identified by the maladaptive way in which it takes over the user’s life, disrupting his or her
relationships, daily functioning, and peace of mind.

Drug or Substance Abuse Signs & Symptoms:

1. Tolerance – Needing to use more of the drug to achieve the same effects.

2. Withdrawal – Experiencing withdrawal symptoms (e.g. nausea, restlessness, insomnia,

concentration problems, sweating, tremors, anxiety) after reducing or stopping chronic drug use. Taking
a drug in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms.

3. Unable to stop using – Desire or unsuccessful attempts to cut down or stop drug use.

4.Doing more drugs than intended – Taking a larger amount of a drug than planned. Using a drug more
frequently or for a longer period of time than intended.

5. Preoccupation with drug – Spending a lot of time getting, using, and recovering from the effects of a
drug.

6. Giving up/reducing other activities – Abandoning or spending less time on previously-enjoyed

activities, such as hobbies, sports, and socializing, in order to use drugs.

7. Failure to fulfill obligations – Neglecting school, work, or family responsibilities (e.g. flunking classes,
skipping work, neglecting your children) because of drug use.

8. Risky drug use – Using a drug under dangerous conditions, such as while driving or operating
machinery. Taking risks while high, such as starting a fight or engaging in unprotected sex.

9. Drug-related physical or psychological problems – Continuing to use despite physical problems (e.g.
blackouts, flashbacks, infections, injuries) or psychological problems (e.g. mood swings, depression,
anxiety, delusions, paranoia) the drug has caused.

10. Drug-related legal problems – Legal troubles because of drug use, such as arrests for disorderly
conduct, driving under the influence, or stealing to support drug habit.

11. Drug-related social or interpersonal problems – Losing old friends and loved ones due to drug use.
Arguing or fighting with others.

Drug Addiction, defined and explained:

 Drug addiction is a condition characterized by

Compulsive drug intake, craving and seeking, despite

Negative consequences associated with drug use.

Drug Addiction has two components these are:

Physical dependency occurs when a drug has been used habitually and the body has become
accustomed to its effects. The person must then continue to use the drug in order to feel normal, or its
absence will trigger the symptoms of withdrawal.

Psychological dependency occurs when a drug has been used habitually and the mind has become
emotionally reliant on its effects, either to elicit pleasure or relieve pain, and does not feel capable of
functioning without it.

Characteristics of Drug Addiction

Uncontrollable craving

Tolerance

Addiction

Physical Dependence

Psychological Dependence

Withdrawal Syndrome

How addiction acquired?

Association

Experimentation

Inexperienced doctors

Habituation

Toleration

Dependence

Primary Causes of Drug Abuse

Pride

Anger

Lust

Gluttony

Greed
Envy

Laziness

Group Classification of Drug Abusers

Situational Users – those who use drugs to keep them awake or for additional energy to perform an
important work.

Spree Users – those who take drugs for “kicks”, an adventurous daring experience or as a means of fun.

Hard Core Addicts – those whose activities revolve almost entirely around the drug experience and
securing supplies

Hippies – those who are addicted to drugs believing that drug is an integral part of life

What are

The Common Signs of Drug Abuse?

Changes in Behavior

Changes in Appearance

Changes in Mood

Changes in Behavior

Common Signs

Of

Drug Abuse

Talk to your parents

Talk to your teacher

Talk to your spiritual director

Talk to your family doctor

Talk to your friends

Drugs which are commonly abuse:

1. Marijuana – is classified as a hallucinogen, which is a drug capable of producing a state of delirium

characterized by bizarre and distorted visual and sensory disturbances. Marijuana belongs to a family of
plants called Cannabis. The substance that produces the hallucinogenic effect is a resin,
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) from the dried plant.

2. Cocaine – is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. The
name comes from the name of the coca plant in addition to the alkaloid suffix -ine, forming cocaine. It is
both a stimulant of the central nervous system and an appetite suppressant, giving rise to what has
been described as a euphoric sense of happiness and increased energy.
3. Morphine – is a highly potent opiate analgesic drug and is the principal active agent in opium and the
prototypical opiate. Like other opiates, e.g. diacetylmorphine (heroin), morphine acts directly on the
central nervous system (CNS) to relieve pain, and at synapses of the nucleu accumbens in particular.

The word “morphine” is derived from Morpheus, the god of dreams in Greek mythology. He is the
son of Hypnos, god of sleep.

4. Codeine or methylmorphine is an opiate used for its analgesic, antitussive and antidiarrheal
properties. It is marketed as the salts codeine sulfate and codeine phosphate. Codeine hydrochloride is
more commonly marketed in continental Europe and other regions.

5. Heroin (diacetylmorphine or diamorphine) is an opiate synthesized directly from the extracts of the
opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, originally intended to break morphine addictions. It is the 3,6-
diacetyl derivative of morphine (hence diacetylmorphine) and is synthesized by acetylation. The white
crystalline form is commonly the hydrochloride salt diacetylmorphine hydrochloride.

6. Shabu or Methamphetamine Hydrochloride

The term shabu was derived from the Japanese variant hot pot Shabu-shabu.

Methamphetamine (methylamphetamine or desoxyephedrine), popularly shortened to meth, is a

psychostimulant and sympathomimetic drug. It is prescribed for severe cases of attention-deficit
hyperactivity disorder or narcolepsy under the brand name Desoxyn. It is also used illegally for
recreational purposes. “Crystal meth” refers to the crystalline, smokeable form of the drug and is not
used for the drug in pill or powdered form.

7. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

Lysergic acid diethylamide, LSD, LSD-25, or acid, is a semisynthetic psychedelic drug. It is

synthesized from lysergic acid derived from ergot, a grain fungus that typically grows on rye. It was first
synthesized by Albert Hofmann. The short form LSD comes from its early codename LSD-25, which is an
abbreviation for the German “Lysergsäure-diethylamid” followed by a sequential number.

Vice, defined and explained:

Vice is a practice or habit that is considered

Immoral, depraved, and/or degrading in the

Associated society. The term can also be used to

Refer to a particular form of immoral conduct as in

‘drug abuse is a vice’. In more minor usages, vice can refer to a fault, a defect, an infirmity, or merely a
bad habit. The modern English term that best captures its original meaning is the word vicious, which
mean “full of vice.” In this sense, the word vice comes from the Latin word vitium, meaning “failing or
defect”. Vice is the opposite of virtue.
Republic Act No. 9165

AN ACT INSTITUTING THE COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 2002, REPEALING REPUBLIC
ACT NO. 6425, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 1972, AS AMENDED,
PROVIDING FUNDS THEREFOR,

AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.

Approved into law on January 23, 2002

Definition of Important Terms :

(d) Chemical Diversion. – The sale, distribution, supply or transport of legitimately imported, in-transit,
manufactured or procured controlled precursors and essential chemicals, in diluted, mixtures or in
concentrated form, to any person or entity engaged in the manufacture of any dangerous drug, and
shall include packaging, repackaging, labeling, re-labeling or concealment of such transaction through
fraud, destruction of documents, fraudulent use of permits, mis-declaration, use of front companies or
mail fraud.

€ Clandestine Laboratory. – Any facility used for the illegal manufacture of any dangerous drug and/or
controlled precursor and essential chemical.

(f) Confirmatory Test. – An analytical test using a device, tool or equipment with a different chemical or
physical principle that is more specific which will validate and confirm the result of the screening test.

(g) Controlled Delivery. – The investigative technique of allowing an unlawful or suspect consignment of
any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical, equipment or paraphernalia, or
property believed to be derived directly or indirectly from any offense, to pass into, through or out of
the country under the supervision of an authorized officer, with a view to gathering evidence to identify
any person involved in any dangerous drugs related offense, or to facilitate prosecution of that offense.

(h) Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals. – Include those listed in Tables I and II of the 1988 UN
Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances as enumerated in the
attached annex, which is an integral part of this Act.

(i) Cultivate or Culture. – Any act of knowingly planting, growing, raising, or permitting the planting,
growing or raising of any plant which is the source of a dangerous drug.

(j) Dangerous Drugs. – Include those listed in the Schedules annexed to the 1961 Single Convention on
Narcotic Drugs, as amended by the 1972 Protocol, and in the Schedules annexed to the 1971 Single
Convention on Psychotropic Substances as enumerated in the attached annex which is an integral part
of this Act.

(k) Deliver. – Any act of knowingly passing a dangerous drug to another, personally or otherwise, and by
any means, with or without consideration.
(l) Den, Dive or Resort. – A place where any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential
chemical is administered, delivered, stored for illegal purposes, distributed, sold or used in any form.

(m) Dispense. – Any act of giving away, selling or distributing medicine or any dangerous drug with or
without the use of prescription.

(n) Drug Dependence. – As based on the World Health Organization definition, it is a cluster of
physiological, behavioral and cognitive phenomena of variable intensity, in which the use of
psychoactive drug takes on a high priority thereby involving, among others, a strong desire or a sense of
compulsion to take the substance and the difficulties in controlling substance-taking behavior in terms
of its onset, termination, or levels of use.

(o) Drug Syndicate. – Any organized group of two (2) or more persons forming or joining together with
the intention of committing any offense prescribed under this Act.

(p) Employee of Den, Dive or Resort. – The caretaker, helper, watchman, lookout, and other persons
working in the den, dive or resort, employed by the maintainer, owner and/or operator where any
dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical is administered, delivered,
distributed, sold or used, with or without compensation, in connection with the operation thereof.

(q) Financier. – Any person who pays for, raises or supplies money for, or underwrites any of the illegal
activities prescribed under this Act.

® Illegal Trafficking. – The illegal cultivation, culture, delivery, administration, dispensation, manufacture,
sale, trading, transportation, distribution, importation, exportation and possession of any dangerous
drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical.

(s) Instrument. – Any thing that is used in or intended to be used in any manner in the commission of
illegal drug trafficking or related offenses.

(t) Laboratory Equipment. – The paraphernalia, apparatus, materials or appliances when used, intended
for use or designed for use in the manufacture of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and
essential chemical, such as reaction vessel, preparative/purifying equipment, fermentors, separatory
funnel, flask, heating mantle, gas generator, or their substitute.

(u) Manufacture. – The production, preparation, compounding or processing of any dangerous drug
and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical, either directly or indirectly or by extraction from
substances of natural origin, or independently by means of chemical synthesis or by a combination of
extraction and chemical synthesis, and shall include any packaging or repackaging of such substances,
design or configuration of its form, or labeling or relabeling of its container; except that such terms do
not include the preparation, compounding, packaging or labeling of a drug or other substances by a duly
authorized practitioner as an incident to his/her administration or dispensation of such drug or
substance in the course of his/her professional practice including research, teaching and chemical
analysis of dangerous drugs or such substances that are not intended for sale or for any other purpose.

(v) Cannabis or commonly known as “Marijuana” or “Indian Hemp” or by its any other name. –
Embraces every kind, class, genus, or specie of the plant Cannabis sativa L. including, but not limited to,
Cannabis americana, hashish, bhang, guaza, churrus and ganjab, and embraces every kind, class and
character of marijuana, whether dried or fresh and flowering, flowering or fruiting tops, or any part or
portion of the plant and seeds thereof, and all its geographic varieties, whether as a reefer, resin,
extract, tincture or in any form whatsoever.

(w) Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or commonly known as “Ecstasy”, or by its any other

name. – Refers to the drug having such chemical composition, including any of its isomers or derivatives
in any form.

(x) Methamphetamine Hydrochloride or commonly known as “Shabu”, “Ice”, “Meth”, or by its any other
name. – Refers to the drug having such chemical composition, including any of its isomers or derivatives
in any form.

(y) Opium. – Refers to the coagulated juice of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) and embraces
every kind, class and character of opium, whether crude or prepared; the ashes or refuse of the same;
narcotic preparations thereof or therefrom; morphine or any alkaloid of opium; preparations in which
opium, morphine or any alkaloid of opium enters as an ingredient; opium poppy; opium poppy straw;
and leaves or wrappings of opium leaves, whether prepared for use or not.

(z) Opium Poppy. – Refers to any part of the plant of the species Papaver somniferum L., Papaver
setigerum DC, Papaver orientale, Papaver bracteatum and Papaver rhoeas, which includes the seeds,
straws, branches, leaves or any part thereof, or substances derived therefrom, even for floral,
decorative and culinary purposes.

(aa) PDEA. – Refers to the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency under Section 82, Article IX of this Act.

(bb) Person. – Any entity, natural or juridical, including among others, a corporation, partnership, trust
or estate, joint stock company, association, syndicate, joint venture or other unincorporated
organization or group capable of acquiring rights or entering into obligations.

(cc) Planting of Evidence. – The willful act by any person of maliciously and surreptitiously inserting,
placing, adding or attaching directly or indirectly, through any overt or covert act, whatever quantity of
any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical in the person, house, effects or
in the immediate vicinity of an innocent individual for the purpose of implicating, incriminating or
imputing the commission of any violation of this Act.

(dd) Practitioner. – Any person who is a licensed physician, dentist, chemist, medical technologist, nurse,
midwife, veterinarian or pharmacist in the Philippines.

(ee) Protector/Coddler. – Any person who knowingly and willfully consents to the unlawful acts provided
for in this Act and uses his/her influence, power or position in shielding, harboring, screening or
facilitating the escape of any person he/she knows, or has reasonable grounds to believe on or suspects,
has violated the provisions of this Act in order to prevent the arrest, prosecution and conviction of the
violator.

(ff) Pusher. – Any person who sells, trades, administers, dispenses, delivers or gives away to another, on
any terms whatsoever, or distributes, dispatches in transit or transports dangerous drugs or who acts as
a broker in any of such transactions, in violation of this Act.
(gg) School. – Any educational institution, private or public, undertaking educational operation for
pupils/students pursuing certain studies at defined levels, receiving instructions from teachers, usually
located in a building or a group of buildings in a particular physical or cyber site.

(hh) Screening Test. – A rapid test performed to establish potential/presumptive positive result.

(ii) Sell. – Any act of giving away any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical
whether for money or any other consideration.

(jj) Trading. – Transactions involving the illegal trafficking of dangerous drugs and/or controlled
precursors and essential chemicals using electronic devices such as, but not limited to, text messages,
email, mobile or landlines, two-way radios, internet, instant messengers and chat rooms or acting as a
broker in any of such transactions whether for money or any other consideration in violation of this Act.

(kk) Use. – Any act of injecting, intravenously or intramuscularly, of consuming, either by chewing,
smoking, sniffing, eating, swallowing, drinking or otherwise introducing into the physiological system of
the body, and of the dangerous drugs.

OTHER TERMS

1. PROHIBITED DRUGS

– these are different types of drugs in which the government allow to be sold.

2. DRUG ADDICTION

– a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by the repeated consumption of a drug.

3. CHEMICAL

– any substance taken into the body that alters the way the mind and body work.

4. CHEMICAL ABUSE

– an instance when the use of chemical has produced negative or harmful consequences.

5. DRUGS

– traditionally, these are synthetic chemicals used as medicine or in making medicines, which affects the
body and mind and have potential for abuse.

- criminologically, refers to substances other than food and water that is intended to be taken or
administered for the purpose of altering, sustaining or controlling recipient’s physical, mental or
emotional state.

6. DRUG DEPENDENCE

– the state of psychic or physical dependence or both on dangerous drugs following the administration
or use of that drug.

- according the World Health Organization, it is the periodic, continuous, repeated administration of a
drug.
a. PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE

– an adoptive state caused by repeated drug use that reveals itself by development of intense physical
symptoms when the drug is stopped.

b. PYSCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE

– an attachment to drug use which arises from a drug ability to satisfy some emotional or personality
needs of an individual.

6. TREATMENT

– a medical service rendered to a client for the effective management of his total condition related to
drug abuse. It deals with the psychological and physiological complications arising from drug abuse.

7. REHABILITATION

– a dynamic process directed towards the changes of the health or a person to prepare from his fullest
life potentials and capabilities and making him law abiding and productive member of the community
without abusing the drugs.

8. TOLERANCE
– Is the tendency to increase dosage of drugs to maintain the same effect in the body.