Hi des. Ito uli yung mga nahanap ko ngayon.

Wala akong masyadong makitang

related e, gawa ng puro religion din nalabas. Kakaunti ang sa family values. Kaya
sinama ko na din ang traditions. Pero try ko pa rin uli maghanap, ito lang yung mga una
kong nahanap. Sorry hehe, thankyouuuu.

According to the study of BS Newman and Muzzonigro, The effects of traditional

family values on the coming out process of gay male adolescents, traditional family
values played a greater role in predicting coming out experiences than did race.
Families were categorized as having high or low traditional values based upon (1) the
importance of religion, (2) emphasis on marriage, (3) emphasis on having children, and
(4) whether a non-English language was spoken in the home. Families with a strong
emphasis on traditional values were perceived as less accepting of homosexuality than
were the low traditional families. Those who work with adolescents need to be aware
that some will recognize their sexual orientation as gay, lesbian, or bisexual during this
time of their lives. These youth need support in the coming out process because they
may encounter stigmatization and disapproval not only from the larger society, but also
from their families, peers, and sometimes the gay community itself.

Newman BS, Muzzonigro PG. The effects of traditional family values on the coming out
process of gay male adolescents. Adolescence. 1993 Spring;28(109):213-26. PMID:
8456611.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8456611/

“Not a Real Family”: Microaggressions Directed toward LGBTQ Families

Micro aggressions are the everyday encounters of subtle discrimination that

people of various marginalized groups experience throughout their lives (Sue et al.,
2007).  Some micro aggressions are unconscious (i.e., the perpetrator doesn’t even
know they did something) while some micro aggressions may be unintentional (i.e., the
perpetrator may be aware of their actions, but may not realize the negative impact they
may have on people).

According to the study, "Not a Real Family": Microaggressions Directed toward

LGBTQ Families of Kari M. Haines, C. Reyn Boyer, Casey Giovanazzi and M. Paz
Galupo (2018) 
Micro aggressions are subtle forms of discrimination experienced on a daily basis
as verbal or behavioral slights against individuals in oppressed groups. LGBTQ micro
aggressions are often studied at an individual level and understood as being directed
toward an individual based on perceived identity. The present study allows for an
understanding of bias directed at the family system level. Participants included 46 adults
who identified as being part of an LGBTQ family. Participants completed an online
questionnaire and described their experiences of LGBTQ family micro aggressions.
Thematic analysis revealed that LGBTQ family micro aggressions were salient to
individuals across multiple family roles. Three specific themes emerged: family
legitimacy, conflicts with family values, and gender violation within family. These
findings highlight the way LGBTQ micro aggressions are influenced by cultural notions
of family and impact the family system.

Kari M. Haines, C. Reyn Boyer, Casey Giovanazzi & M. Paz Galupo (2018) “Not a Real
Family”: Microaggressions Directed toward LGBTQ Families, Journal of
Homosexuality, 65:9, 1138-1151, DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2017.1406217

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29144852/
562 NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY
also directly affect the personal and societal problems of a people
(Cotten-Huston & Waite, 2000; Herek, 1988; Kerns & Fine, 1994; Stark,
1991. Thus, individuals adapt their own beliefs, interests, and values to
the ones held by the groups they belong to (Gonzalez & Chakraborty,
2012, 2014), for instance, the gender role belief system held by their
religion.
On the other hand, people with anti-traditional views believe in the
opposite - that men are free to show female-typed behaviors and women
are free to show male-typed behaviors. As a result, they evaluate people
who deviate from gender norms more positively, and therefore are more
tolerant, accepting, and supportive of the LGBT community. There has
been a decline in religious attendance that is associated with greater
acceptance of non-traditional women’s roles, which supports the
relationship between gender roles and religiosity (Decoo, 2014).
The present study explored the relationships among religiosity,
gender role beliefs, and attitudes toward lesbians and gays among
Filipinos who identify themselves as non-LGBT. Moreover, we
investigated the difference between the participants who are Catholics
and those who are Evangelicals. According to Astorga (2004) and
Ahmadi (2012), both groups maintain a traditional view toward
homosexuals.
Filipinos may adhere more to traditional masculine behaviors as
dictated by four main rules: men should not be feminine; men should be
respected and admired; men should never show fear; and men should
seek out risk and adventure (Sanchez, Greenberg, Liu, &Vilain, 2009).
Thus, gay men who are perceived as feminine may be viewed negatively
as compared to lesbians. According to Herek (2002), heterosexual men
hold more negative attitudes towards gay men than they do lesbians—a
demonstration of same-sex negativity. Gay men are seen by society as
breaking from traditional masculinity ideology because of their
affectional and sexual orientation. This could explain why gay men tend
to be more negatively valued because there is a belief that men are
superior to women. Thus, men appearing feminine appear to show signs
of weaknesses.
We hypothesize that: (1) Filipinos who are more religious will show
higher homonegativity, and (2) Filipinos who hold a more traditional
gender role belief system will have higher homonegativity; and (3)
Participants’ attitudes toward lesbians will be more positive than their
attitudes toward gay men.

562 NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY

also directly affect the personal and societal problems of a people
(Cotten-Huston & Waite, 2000; Herek, 1988; Kerns & Fine, 1994; Stark,
1991. Thus, individuals adapt their own beliefs, interests, and values to
the ones held by the groups they belong to (Gonzalez & Chakraborty,
2012, 2014), for instance, the gender role belief system held by their
religion.
On the other hand, people with anti-traditional views believe in the
opposite - that men are free to show female-typed behaviors and women
are free to show male-typed behaviors. As a result, they evaluate people
who deviate from gender norms more positively, and therefore are more
tolerant, accepting, and supportive of the LGBT community. There has
been a decline in religious attendance that is associated with greater
acceptance of non-traditional women’s roles, which supports the
relationship between gender roles and religiosity (Decoo, 2014).
The present study explored the relationships among religiosity,
gender role beliefs, and attitudes toward lesbians and gays among
Filipinos who identify themselves as non-LGBT. Moreover, we
investigated the difference between the participants who are Catholics
and those who are Evangelicals. According to Astorga (2004) and
Ahmadi (2012), both groups maintain a traditional view toward
homosexuals.
Filipinos may adhere more to traditional masculine behaviors as
dictated by four main rules: men should not be feminine; men should be
respected and admired; men should never show fear; and men should
seek out risk and adventure (Sanchez, Greenberg, Liu, &Vilain, 2009).
Thus, gay men who are perceived as feminine may be viewed negatively
as compared to lesbians. According to Herek (2002), heterosexual men
hold more negative attitudes towards gay men than they do lesbians—a
demonstration of same-sex negativity. Gay men are seen by society as
breaking from traditional masculinity ideology because of their
affectional and sexual orientation. This could explain why gay men tend
to be more negatively valued because there is a belief that men are
superior to women. Thus, men appearing feminine appear to show signs
of weaknesses.
We hypothesize that: (1) Filipinos who are more religious will show
higher homonegativity, and (2) Filipinos who hold a more traditional
gender role belief system will have higher homonegativity; and (3)
Participants’ attitudes toward lesbians will be more positive than their
attitudes toward gay men.

562 NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY

also directly affect the personal and societal problems of a people
(Cotten-Huston & Waite, 2000; Herek, 1988; Kerns & Fine, 1994; Stark,
1991. Thus, individuals adapt their own beliefs, interests, and values to
the ones held by the groups they belong to (Gonzalez & Chakraborty,
2012, 2014), for instance, the gender role belief system held by their
religion.
On the other hand, people with anti-traditional views believe in the
opposite - that men are free to show female-typed behaviors and women
are free to show male-typed behaviors. As a result, they evaluate people
who deviate from gender norms more positively, and therefore are more
tolerant, accepting, and supportive of the LGBT community. There has
been a decline in religious attendance that is associated with greater
acceptance of non-traditional women’s roles, which supports the
relationship between gender roles and religiosity (Decoo, 2014).
The present study explored the relationships among religiosity,
gender role beliefs, and attitudes toward lesbians and gays among
Filipinos who identify themselves as non-LGBT. Moreover, we
investigated the difference between the participants who are Catholics
and those who are Evangelicals. According to Astorga (2004) and
Ahmadi (2012), both groups maintain a traditional view toward
homosexuals.
Filipinos may adhere more to traditional masculine behaviors as
dictated by four main rules: men should not be feminine; men should be
respected and admired; men should never show fear; and men should
seek out risk and adventure (Sanchez, Greenberg, Liu, &Vilain, 2009).
Thus, gay men who are perceived as feminine may be viewed negatively
as compared to lesbians. According to Herek (2002), heterosexual men
hold more negative attitudes towards gay men than they do lesbians—a
demonstration of same-sex negativity. Gay men are seen by society as
breaking from traditional masculinity ideology because of their
affectional and sexual orientation. This could explain why gay men tend
to be more negatively valued because there is a belief that men are
superior to women. Thus, men appearing feminine appear to show signs
of weaknesses.
We hypothesize that: (1) Filipinos who are more religious will show
higher homonegativity, and (2) Filipinos who hold a more traditional
gender role belief system will have higher homonegativity; and (3)
Participants’ attitudes toward lesbians will be more positive than their
attitudes toward gay men.

562 NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY

also directly affect the personal and societal problems of a people
(Cotten-Huston & Waite, 2000; Herek, 1988; Kerns & Fine, 1994; Stark,
1991. Thus, individuals adapt their own beliefs, interests, and values to
the ones held by the groups they belong to (Gonzalez & Chakraborty,
2012, 2014), for instance, the gender role belief system held by their
religion.
On the other hand, people with anti-traditional views believe in the
opposite - that men are free to show female-typed behaviors and women
are free to show male-typed behaviors. As a result, they evaluate people
who deviate from gender norms more positively, and therefore are more
tolerant, accepting, and supportive of the LGBT community. There has
been a decline in religious attendance that is associated with greater
acceptance of non-traditional women’s roles, which supports the
relationship between gender roles and religiosity (Decoo, 2014).
The present study explored the relationships among religiosity,
gender role beliefs, and attitudes toward lesbians and gays among
Filipinos who identify themselves as non-LGBT. Moreover, we
investigated the difference between the participants who are Catholics
and those who are Evangelicals. According to Astorga (2004) and
Ahmadi (2012), both groups maintain a traditional view toward
homosexuals.
Filipinos may adhere more to traditional masculine behaviors as
dictated by four main rules: men should not be feminine; men should be
respected and admired; men should never show fear; and men should
seek out risk and adventure (Sanchez, Greenberg, Liu, &Vilain, 2009).
Thus, gay men who are perceived as feminine may be viewed negatively
as compared to lesbians. According to Herek (2002), heterosexual men
hold more negative attitudes towards gay men than they do lesbians—a
demonstration of same-sex negativity. Gay men are seen by society as
breaking from traditional masculinity ideology because of their
affectional and sexual orientation. This could explain why gay men tend
to be more negatively valued because there is a belief that men are
superior to women. Thus, men appearing feminine appear to show signs
of weaknesses.
We hypothesize that: (1) Filipinos who are more religious will show
higher homonegativity, and (2) Filipinos who hold a more traditional
gender role belief system will have higher homonegativity; and (3)
Participants’ attitudes toward lesbians will be more positive than their
attitudes toward gay men.

562 NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY

also directly affect the personal and societal problems of a people
(Cotten-Huston & Waite, 2000; Herek, 1988; Kerns & Fine, 1994; Stark,
1991. Thus, individuals adapt their own beliefs, interests, and values to
the ones held by the groups they belong to (Gonzalez & Chakraborty,
2012, 2014), for instance, the gender role belief system held by their
religion.
On the other hand, people with anti-traditional views believe in the
opposite - that men are free to show female-typed behaviors and women
are free to show male-typed behaviors. As a result, they evaluate people
who deviate from gender norms more positively, and therefore are more
tolerant, accepting, and supportive of the LGBT community. There has
been a decline in religious attendance that is associated with greater
acceptance of non-traditional women’s roles, which supports the
relationship between gender roles and religiosity (Decoo, 2014).
The present study explored the relationships among religiosity,
gender role beliefs, and attitudes toward lesbians and gays among
Filipinos who identify themselves as non-LGBT. Moreover, we
investigated the difference between the participants who are Catholics
and those who are Evangelicals. According to Astorga (2004) and
Ahmadi (2012), both groups maintain a traditional view toward
homosexuals.
Filipinos may adhere more to traditional masculine behaviors as
dictated by four main rules: men should not be feminine; men should be
respected and admired; men should never show fear; and men should
seek out risk and adventure (Sanchez, Greenberg, Liu, &Vilain, 2009).
Thus, gay men who are perceived as feminine may be viewed negatively
as compared to lesbians. According to Herek (2002), heterosexual men
hold more negative attitudes towards gay men than they do lesbians—a
demonstration of same-sex negativity. Gay men are seen by society as
breaking from traditional masculinity ideology because of their
affectional and sexual orientation. This could explain why gay men tend
to be more negatively valued because there is a belief that men are
superior to women. Thus, men appearing feminine appear to show signs
of weaknesses.
We hypothesize that: (1) Filipinos who are more religious will show
higher homonegativity, and (2) Filipinos who hold a more traditional
gender role belief system will have higher homonegativity; and (3)
Participants’ attitudes toward lesbians will be more positive than their
attitudes toward gay men.

562 NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY

also directly affect the personal and societal problems of a people
(Cotten-Huston & Waite, 2000; Herek, 1988; Kerns & Fine, 1994; Stark,
1991. Thus, individuals adapt their own beliefs, interests, and values to
the ones held by the groups they belong to (Gonzalez & Chakraborty,
2012, 2014), for instance, the gender role belief system held by their
religion.
On the other hand, people with anti-traditional views believe in the
opposite - that men are free to show female-typed behaviors and women
are free to show male-typed behaviors. As a result, they evaluate people
who deviate from gender norms more positively, and therefore are more
tolerant, accepting, and supportive of the LGBT community. There has
been a decline in religious attendance that is associated with greater
acceptance of non-traditional women’s roles, which supports the
relationship between gender roles and religiosity (Decoo, 2014).
The present study explored the relationships among religiosity,
gender role beliefs, and attitudes toward lesbians and gays among
Filipinos who identify themselves as non-LGBT. Moreover, we
investigated the difference between the participants who are Catholics
and those who are Evangelicals. According to Astorga (2004) and
Ahmadi (2012), both groups maintain a traditional view toward
homosexuals.
Filipinos may adhere more to traditional masculine behaviors as
dictated by four main rules: men should not be feminine; men should be
respected and admired; men should never show fear; and men should
seek out risk and adventure (Sanchez, Greenberg, Liu, &Vilain, 2009).
Thus, gay men who are perceived as feminine may be viewed negatively
as compared to lesbians. According to Herek (2002), heterosexual men
hold more negative attitudes towards gay men than they do lesbians—a
demonstration of same-sex negativity. Gay men are seen by society as
breaking from traditional masculinity ideology because of their
affectional and sexual orientation. This could explain why gay men tend
to be more negatively valued because there is a belief that men are
superior to women. Thus, men appearing feminine appear to show signs
of weaknesses.
 We hypothesize that: (1) Filipinos who are more religious will show
higher homonegativity, and (2) Filipinos who hold a more traditional
gender role belief system will have higher homonegativity; and (3)
Participants’ attitudes toward lesbians will be more positive than their
attitudes toward gay men.
n the current study, we found that our participants seem to have less
homonegativity toward lesbians as compared to gay men. Filipinos may
adhere more to traditional masculine behaviors as dictated by four main
rules: men should not be feminine; men should be respected and
admired; men should never show fear; and men should seek out risk and
adventure (Sanchez, Greenberg, Liu, &Vilain, 2009). Thus, gay men who
are perceived as feminine may be viewed negatively as compared to
lesbians. Furthermore, men may envy gay men because the latter are not
constrained by masc
n the current study, we found that our participants seem to have less
homonegativity toward lesbians as compared to gay men. Filipinos may
adhere more to traditional masculine behaviors as dictated by four main
rules: men should not be feminine; men should be respected and
admired; men should never show fear; and men should seek out risk and
adventure (Sanchez, Greenberg, Liu, &Vilain, 2009). Thus, gay men who
are perceived as feminine may be viewed negatively as compared to
lesbians. Furthermore, men may envy gay men because the latter are not
constrained by masc
n the current study, we found that our participants seem to have less
homonegativity toward lesbians as compared to gay men. Filipinos may
adhere more to traditional masculine behaviors as dictated by four main
rules: men should not be feminine; men should be respected and
admired; men should never show fear; and men should seek out risk and
adventure (Sanchez, Greenberg, Liu, &Vilain, 2009). Thus, gay men who
are perceived as feminine may be viewed negatively as compared to
lesbians. Furthermore, men may envy gay men because the latter are not
constrained by masc
n the current study, we found that our participants seem to have less
homonegativity toward lesbians as compared to gay men. Filipinos may
adhere more to traditional masculine behaviors as dictated by four main
rules: men should not be feminine; men should be respected and
admired; men should never show fear; and men should seek out risk and
adventure (Sanchez, Greenberg, Liu, &Vilain, 2009). Thus, gay men who
are perceived as feminine may be viewed negatively as compared to
lesbians. Furthermore, men may envy gay men because the latter are not
constrained by masc
n the current study, we found that our participants seem to have less
homonegativity toward lesbians as compared to gay men. Filipinos may
adhere more to traditional masculine behaviors as dictated by four main
rules: men should not be feminine; men should be respected and
admired; men should never show fear; and men should seek out risk and
adventure (Sanchez, Greenberg, Liu, &Vilain, 2009). Thus, gay men who
are perceived as feminine may be viewed negatively as compared to
lesbians. Furthermore, men may envy gay men because the latter are not
constrained by masc
n the current study, we found that our participants seem to have less
homonegativity toward lesbians as compared to gay men. Filipinos may
adhere more to traditional masculine behaviors as dictated by four main
rules: men should not be feminine; men should be respected and
admired; men should never show fear; and men should seek out risk and
adventure (Sanchez, Greenberg, Liu, &Vilain, 2009). Thus, gay men who
are perceived as feminine may be viewed negatively as compared to
lesbians. Furthermore, men may envy gay men because the latter are not
constrained by masc
n the current study, we found that our participants seem to have less
homonegativity toward lesbians as compared to gay men. Filipinos may
adhere more to traditional masculine behaviors as dictated by four main
rules: men should not be feminine; men should be respected and
admired; men should never show fear; and men should seek out risk and
adventure (Sanchez, Greenberg, Liu, &Vilain, 2009). Thus, gay men who
are perceived as feminine may be viewed negatively as compared to
lesbians. Furthermore, men may envy gay men because the latter are not
constrained by masc
n the current study, we found that our participants seem to have less
homonegativity toward lesbians as compared to gay men. Filipinos may
adhere more to traditional masculine behaviors as dictated by four main
rules: men should not be feminine; men should be respected and
admired; men should never show fear; and men should seek out risk and
adventure (Sanchez, Greenberg, Liu, &Vilain, 2009). Thus, gay men who
are perceived as feminine may be viewed negatively as compared to
lesbians. Furthermore, men may envy gay men because the latter are not
constrained by masc
In line with the present study’s research questions, our hypotheses were
supported that: (1)Filipinos who are more religious will show higher homonegativity, and
(2) Filipinos who hold a more traditional gender role belief system will have higher
homonegativity; and (3) the participants’ attitudes toward lesbians will differ from their
attitudes toward gay men. According to Klocke and Lamberty (2015), religiosity has
played a huge part in society’s way of life. It has been regarded as a source from which
people base their thoughts, feelings, actions, and identities. These beliefs are related to
the roles they play both at home and at work. But all gender role beliefs—whether
traditional or liberalized, are related to people’s stereotypes, which in turn shape the
way they interact with others. Religious individuals typically believe in the sacred
doctrine of their church and attach their identity strongly with their religious
denomination (Jäckle&Wenzelburger, 2015). As a result of complying with their religious
doctrine, highly religious individuals develop certain belief systems that involve abortion,
prostitution, divorce and homosexuality. Additionally, those people who hold more
traditional views, tend to act negatively toward those people who violate
traditional gender roles because they maintain a rigid masculinity-femininity
distinction (Klocke&Lamberty, 2015). We found that religiosity predicts attitudes
toward lesbians, attitudes toward gays, and attitudes toward lesbians and gays
collectively. Thus, participants who are more religious tend to reject the lifestyle and
behavior patterns of lesbians and gay men. Vincent et al., (2011) noted that religious
fundamentalism is related to negative attitudes toward lesbians and gays. Greater
attendance in religious service or rituals is associated with less support for the LGBT
community (Decoo, 2014). Thus, people who are more religious tend to exhibit more
rejection towards lesbians and gays because they adapt as their own, the Reyes,
Ballesteros, Bandol, Jimenez, &Malangen LGBT 567 conventional views, beliefs,
interests, and values held by their religious denomination. Our study revealed significant
negative relationships between our participants’ gender role beliefs and attitudes toward
lesbians and gay men, implying that greater non-traditional gender role beliefs among
the participants resulted in less homonegativity or rejection toward lesbians and gay
men. Individuals who support more traditional male and female roles have more
negative attitudes toward lesbians and gays (DeCarlo, 2014; Kimmel, 1997). Support for
the traditional male and female roles were both predictors of negative attitudes toward
lesbians and gays (DeCarlo, 2014). Additionally, societies who have a more patriarchal
culture tend to have more negative views on people who violate traditional male gender
roles—homosexuals, because these roles are mostly rigid or inflexible (Kite & Whitley,
1998). Super and Jacobson (2011) mentioned that “religious abuse” subdues or
manipulates LGBT people through shaming, stigmatizing, rejecting, ousting, exorcising,
and even ex-communicating. The authority of a religious denomination along with the
presence of its entire community is a special and powerful force (Barnes & Meyer,
2012). As a result, lesbian and gay youth have been found to experience psychological
maladjustment when religious beliefs cause stress due to being a sexual minority
(Lindahl & Malik, 2013). According to Ream and SavinWilliams (2005), LGBT people
may be harmed emotionally, mentally, and spiritually, either choosing to remain within a
religion or in choosing to leave a religion. In the current study, we found that our
participants seem to have less homonegativity toward lesbians as compared to gay
men. Filipinos may adhere more to traditional masculine behaviors as dictated by four
main rules: men should not be feminine; men should be respected and admired; men
should never show fear; and men should seek out risk and adventure (Sanchez,
Greenberg, Liu, &Vilain, 2009). Thus, gay men who are perceived as feminine may be
viewed negatively as compared to lesbians. Furthermore, men may envy gay men
because the latter are not constrained by masculine stereotype. According to Herek
(2002), heterosexual men hold more negative attitudes towards gay men than they do
lesbians—a demonstration of same-sex negativity. Gay men are seen by society as
breaking from traditional masculinity ideology because of their affectional and sexual
orientation. This could explain why gay men tend to be more negatively valued because
there is a belief that men are superior to women. Thus, men appearing feminine show
signs of weaknesses or are viewed as being subservient. In summary, we found that
religiosity, gender-role beliefs, and attitudes toward lesbians and gays are
significantly related. To expound, the more religious a person is, the more
traditional their gender-role beliefs are. Furthermore, the more an individual
adheres to nontraditional roles, the less rejecting they are of lesbians and gays.
Furthermore, UNDP (2014) reported that there were at least 28 LGBT-related killings in
the country in 2011. Thus, acceptance of LGBT community is still at the surface level
and complete acceptance is still in progress in the Philippines

Reyes, Marc Eric. (2019). Religiosity, Gender Role Beliefs, and Attitudes Toward
Lesbians and Gays in the Philippines. North American Journal of Psychology. 21. 559-
572.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336069715_Religiosity_Gender_Role_Beliefs
_and_Attitudes_Toward_Lesbians_and_Gays_in_the_Philippines