146 Chapter 13.

The Trigonometric Functions (LECTURE NOTES 9)

Chapter 13

The Trigonometric Functions

We look at trigonometric functions and their derivatives.

13.1 Definitions of the Trigonometric Functions

Consider an angle with origin (vertex) at the origin of the coordinate system and
two rays where the initial side ray is along the x-axis and terminal side ray is at
the end of a rotation of angle θ. Acute, right, obtuse and straight angles occur when
0o < θ < 90o , θ = 90o , 90o < θ < 180o and θ = 180o respectively. For radius, r and
arc (length), s, of a circle, radian measure of θ is defined as rs ; where, notice, if radius
of circle is one (1), a unit circle, radian measure equals arc length s. An angle can be
measured in either degrees or radians, where
180o π
1 radian = , 1o = radians.
π 180
Let r be distance from origin to point (x, y) on terminal side ray. Then
y r
sin θ = csc θ = , (y 6= 0)
r y
x r
cos θ = sec θ = , (x 6= 0)
r x
y x
tan θ = , (x 6= 0) cot θ = , (y 6= 0)
x y
where notation t or x can be used instead of θ; for example, sin t or sin x could be
used instead of sin θ. Also, some trigonometric identities are:
1 1 1
csc θ = sec θ = cot θ =
sin θ cos θ tan θ
sin θ cos θ
tan θ = cot θ = sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
cos θ sin θ

147
148 Chapter 13. The Trigonometric Functions (LECTURE NOTES 9)

Values for trigonometric functions are typically found using a calculator but some
values can be found for triangles with special angles
  given in the Figure. For example,
√
for 30 − 60 − 90 triangle, where 60 = 60 · 180 = π3 , so sin 60o = sin π3 = yr = 23 .
o o o o π

y y

r=2 o
30
1_ 1_
y= 3 r= 2
o
45
y=1
o o o o
60 90 x 45 90 x
0 x =1 0 x=1
o o o o o o
(a) 30 - 60 - 90 triangle (b) 45 - 45 - 90 triangle
Figure 13.1 (Trigonometric functions and special angles)

A trigonometric function is periodic because it is a function y = f (x) with real number

a such that f (x) = f (x + a) for all x; smallest a, when the function repeats itself, is
the period of the function. Periods of both sin x and cos x are 2π; their amplitudes
(half their range (“height”) from -1 to 1) are both 1. Furthermore, constants a, b, c, d
transform graphs of both a sin(bx + c) + d and a cos(bx + c) + d in the following ways:

• amplitude a increases (decreases) “height” of graph for |a| large (small)

when a < 0, graphs reflected in x-axis (“flipped”),

• constant b (assume b > 0) affects period;

for example, graph of y = sin(bx) looks like y = sin x but with period T = 2π
b
if 0 < b < 1, period completed more slowly (longer period) than when b = 1
if b > 1, period completed more rapidly (shorter period) than when b = 1

• horizontal shift c moves graphs left (c > 0) or right (c < 0)

• vertical shift d moves graphs up (d > 0) or down (d < 0)

Phase shift, bc , gives number of units sin bx or cos bx are shifted horizontally; for
example, if c = 2π, b = 1, then sin(x + 2π) is bc = 2π
1
= 2π units left of sin x, whereas
if c = 2π, b = 2, then sin(2x + 2π) is 2π
2
= π units left of sin 2x.

Exercise 13.1 (Definitions of the Trigonometric Functions)

1. Introduction to angles, radians and trigonometric functions.

Section 1. Definitions of the Trigonometric Functions (LECTURE NOTES 9) 149

y terminal side unit circle y (x,y) = (cosπ /3, sin π /3 )

x 2+ y 2= 1
positive o o
= (cos 60, sin 60 )
(counterclockwise)
angle r t =π /3
(or rotation) y
o o
x
60 x 60
o initial side x
-130 o x (1,0)
y -130
r

o o o
terminal side negative 30 - 60 - 90 triangle
(clockwise)
angle (x,y) = (cos -13π /18, sin -13 π/18 )
t = -13 π/18
(or rotation) o o
= (cos -130, sin -130 )

(a) angles in degrees (b) angles in radians

Figure 13.2 (Angles, radians and trigonometric functions)

(a) (i) True (ii) False.

Origin vertex, and two rays, initial side and terminal side, form an angle.
(b) Consider Figure (a). Rotating ray is called (i) terminal side (ii) initial
side, whereas positive half of the x–axis is called initial side.
(c) Counterclockwise rotation of 60o is (i) positive (ii) negative rotation,
whereas clockwise rotation of −130o is a negative rotation.
(d) Angle of 90o equals (i) −270o (ii) 270o (iii) −180o .
Hint: 270 − 180 = 90.

(e) 60o angle in figure (b).

i. Angle 60o traces arc length (i) − 13π
18
(ii) π3 radians along unit circle.
ii. Horizontal distance x = cos 60o = (i) 0.5 (ii) 0.87
Calculator: MODE DEGREE ENTER COS 60 ENTER

iii. Vertical distance y = sin 60o ≈ (i) 0.5 (ii) 0.87

Calculator: SIN 60 ENTER

iv. Horizontal distance x = cos π3 = (i) 0.5 (ii) 0.87

Calculator: MODE RADIAN ENTER COS 2nd π/3 ENTER

v. Vertical distance x = sin π3 = (i) 0.5 (ii) 0.87

Calculator: SIN 2nd π/3 ENTER

vi. (i) True (ii) False Since cos 60o = cos π3 and sin 60o = sin π3 point
(x, y) can be determined by evaluating trigonometric functions using
either degrees or radians.
√
vii. Since this is 30o − 60o − 90o triangle where x = 1, y = 3 and r = 2,
cos 60o = cos π3 = xr = √12 = (i) 0.87 (ii) 0.5 see special triangle figure
o π y 3
sin 60 = sin 3 = r = 2 ≈ (i) 0.87 (ii) 0.5 see special triangle figure
Notice 30o − 60o − 90o triangle assumes radius r = 2, not 1, as given in figure (b).
√
2 1 3
If radius was specified as 1, r = 2
= 1, then x = 2
and y = 2
.
150 Chapter 13. The Trigonometric Functions (LECTURE NOTES 9)

(f) −130o angle in figure (b).

i. Angle −130o traces arc length (i) π3 (ii) − 13π
18
radians.
ii. Horizontal distance x = cos(−130o ) = (i) −0.64 (ii) −0.77
Calculator: MODE DEGREE ENTER COS -130 ENTER

iii. Vertical distance y = sin(−130o ) ≈ (i) −0.64 (ii) −0.77

Calculator: SIN -130 ENTER
 
iv. Horizontal distance x = cos − 13π
18
= (i) −0.64 (ii) −0.77
Calculator: MODE RADIAN ENTER COS 2nd − 13π
18
ENTER
 
v. Vertical distance x = sin − 13π
18
= (i) −0.64 (ii) −0.77
Calculator: SIN 2nd − 13π
18
ENTER

vi. (i) True (ii) False    

Since cos(−130o ) = cos − 13π 18
and sin(−130 o
) = sin − 13π
18
point
(x, y) can be determined by evaluating trigonometric functions using
either degrees or radians.
vii. (i) True (ii) False
This case does not involve either the 30o − 60o − 90o triangle or the
45o − 45o − 90o triangle and so neither can be used to determine the
cos θ or sin θ functions unlike for the 60o case.

2. Converting Degrees To Radians.

π
1o = radians
180
π π 3π
(a) Angle of 180o equivalent to 180 × 180
= (i) 2
(ii) π (iii) 2
radians.
π π 3π
(b) Angle of 90o equivalent to 90 × 180
= (i) 2
(ii) π (ii) 2
radians.
(c) Angle of −90o equivalent to −90 × π
180
= (i) − π2 (ii) −π (iii) − 3π
2
π
(d) Angle of 60o equivalent to 60 × 180
 o 
= (one or more!)
60 π
(i) 180o π (ii) 3 (iii) 0.33π (iv) 1.047 radians.
π
(e) Angle of 75o equivalent to 75 × 180
 o 
= (one or more!)
75
(i) 180o π (ii) 0.42π (iii) 1.309 radians.
π
(f) An angleof 106o equivalent to 106 × 180 = (one or more!)
106 o
(i) 180o π (ii) 0.59π (iii) 1.85 radians.
π
(g) An angleof 166o equivalent to 166 × 180 = (one or more!)
166o
(i) 180o π (ii) 0.92π (iii) 2.90 radians.
π
(h) An angle of
−466o equivalent to −466 × 180 = (one or more!)
o
(i) 180o π (ii) −2.59π (iii) −8.13 radians.
−466
Section 1. Definitions of the Trigonometric Functions (LECTURE NOTES 9) 151

3. Converting Radians To Degrees.

180o
1 radian =
π
180
(a) Radian π equivalent to π × π
= (i) 90o (ii) 180o (iii) 360o degrees.
3π
(b) Radian 2
equivalent to 3π
2
× 180
π
= (i) 90o (ii) 270o (iii) 360o
(c) Radian − 3π
2
equivalent to − 3π
2
× 180
π
=
o o o
(i) −90 (ii) −270 (iii) −360 degrees.
(d) Radian
 
2π equivalent to 2π × 180
π
= (one or more)
2π
(i) π 180 (ii) 2(180 ) (iii) 360o degrees.
o o

5π
(e) Radian
 9
equivalent to 5π
9
× 180
π
= (one or more)
5π/9 5
(i) π
180o (ii) 9 (180o ) (iii) 100o degrees.
7π
(f) Radian
 2
equivalent to 7π
2
× 180
π
= (one or more)
7π/2 7
(i) π
o
180 (ii) 2 (180 ) (iii) 630o degrees.
o

(g) Radian
 
of 1.3 equivalent to 1.3 × 180
π
= (one or more)
1.3
(i) π 180 (ii) (0.41)(180 ) (iii) 74.5o degrees.
o o

4. Evaluating trigonometric functions using the definitions.

y r
sin θ = csc θ = , (y 6= 0)
r y
x r
cos θ = sec θ = , (x 6= 0)
r x
y x
tan θ = , (x 6= 0) cot θ = , (y 6= 0)
x y

y
II I

(x,y) = (-6, 4) r
y
θ
x
x

III IV

Figure 13.3 (Evaluating trigonometric functions at (x, y) = (−6, 4))

(a) Since x = −6, y q

= 4,
√ 2
r = x + y 2 = (−6)2 + 42 ≈ (i) 7.211 (ii) 8.211 (iii) 9.211
152 Chapter 13. The Trigonometric Functions (LECTURE NOTES 9)

(b) sin θ = yr ≈ 7.211

4
≈ (i) −0.83 (ii) 0.55 (iii) −1.50
sin θ is (i) positive (ii) negative
(c) cos θ = xr ≈ 7.211
−6
≈ (i) 0.55 (ii) −0.83 (iii) −1.50
cos θ is (i) positive (ii) negative
(d) tan θ = xy ≈ −64
≈ (i) 0.55 (ii) −0.83 (iii) −0.67
tan θ is (i) positive (ii) negative
(e) csc θ = yr ≈ 7.211
4
≈ (i) −0.83 (ii) −1.50 (iii) 1.80
csc θ is (i) positive (ii) negative
(f) sec θ = xr ≈ 7.211
−6
≈ (i) −1.20 (ii) 0.55 (iii) −1.50
sec θ is (i) positive (ii) negative
(g) cot θ = xy ≈ −64
= (i) 0.55 (ii) −1.50 (iii) −0.83
cot θ is (i) positive (ii) negative
(h) Where is (x, y) = (−6, 4)?
Point (x, y) = (−6, 4) is in quadrant (i) I (ii) II (iii) III (iv) IV
(i) What is θ?
   
θ = sin−1 yr ≈ sin−1 7.211
4
≈
(i) −43.31 (ii) −53.31 (iii) −33.31 degrees
MODE DEGREE ENTER 2nd SIN−1 4 / 7.211 ENTER

   
or θ = tan−1 xy ≈ tan−1 −4
6
≈
(i) −33.31 (ii) −43.31 (iii) −53.31 degrees
2nd TAN−1 -4 / 6 ENTER
Any of the other trigonometric functions such as cos−1 , csc−1 could also be used as well.

5. Evaluating an inverse trigonometric function.

o o o y
180 - 45 = 135

1_ 1_
r= 2 r= 2 o
o 45
y = 1 45 y=1
o o o
90 45o 45 90 x
x=1 0 x=1
o o o
45 - 45 - 90 triangle
Figure 13.4 (Evaluating inverse trigonometric functions

Find all θ between 0 and 2π where sin θ = √1

2
Section 1. Definitions of the Trigonometric Functions (LECTURE NOTES 9) 153

(a) Solve using special angles.

√
Since sin θ = yr = √12 , so y = 1 and r = 2, this is a
(i) 30o − 60o − 90o triangle
(ii) 45o − 45o − 90o triangle
√
also, since both y = 1 and, of course, radius r = 2 are positive,
this means θ could only be in two quadrants:
(i) I (ii) II (iii) III (iv) IV
Look at the figure.

Specifically θ = (choose two!)

(i) 45o (ii) 135o 180o − 45o = 135o (iii) 90o

(b) Solve using calculator.

√
since sin θ = yr = √12 ; that is, since both y = 1 and r = 2 are
positive, this means θ could only be in two quadrants:
(i) I (ii) II (iii) III (iv) IV
Look at the figure.

 
√1 , θ = sin−1 √1
since sin θ = = (i) 45o (ii) 135o (iii) 90o
2 2
MODE DEGREES ENTER 2nd SIN−1 √1
2

but θ could also be in quadrant II, so

θ = (i) 45o (ii) 135o 180o − 45o = 135o (iii) 90o

6. Transforming graphs of cos t and sin t. Constants a, b, c, d transform graphs of

both a sin(bx + c) + d and a cos(bx + c) + d in the following ways:

• amplitude a increases (decreases) “height” of graph for |a| large (small)

when a < 0, graphs reflected in x-axis (“flipped”),
• constant b (assume b > 0) affects period;
graph of y = sin(bx) looks like y = sin x but with period T = 2π
b
if 0 < b < 1, period completed more rapidly (shorter period) than b = 1
if b > 1, period completed more slowly (longer period) than when b = 1
• horizontal shift c moves graphs left (c > 0) or right (c < 0)
• vertical shift d moves graphs up (d > 0) or down (d < 0)
154 Chapter 13. The Trigonometric Functions (LECTURE NOTES 9)

y = 2cos(t)
amplitude doubled y y y = cos(t - π /2)
y = cos(t) horizontal shift right
1 1

t
t
-2π -π π 2π -2π -π π 2π

-1 y = cos(t) -1
y = cos(π/2)
period doubled
y = cos(t) - 2
vertical shift down

(a) amplitude, a, and vertical shift, d (b) period, b, and horizontal shift, c
Figure 13.5 (Transforming graphs of cos t and sin t)

(GRAPH using Y1 = cos(X), Y2 = 2 cos(X), Y3 = cos X − 2, Y4 = cos (X) and Y5 = cos (X − π/2),
Y6 = cos (X/2), with WINDOW -4π 4π π −2 2 1)

(a) Amplitude stretching or shrinking:

changing a in either a sin(bx + c) + d or a cos(bx + c) + d.
i. In graph (a) of figure, amplitude of function 2 cos t is
(i) one–half (ii) two times that of function cos t.
ii. Amplitude of function 3 sin t is
(i) one–third (ii) three times that of function sin t.
iii. Amplitude of function 51 sin t is
(i) one–fifth (ii) five times that of function sin t.
(b) Vertical shift up or down:
changing d in either a sin(bx + c) + d or a cos(bx + c) + d.
i. In graph (a) of figure, function cos (t) − 2 is a vertical shift of 2 units
(i) above (ii) below function cos t.
ii. Function sin (t) + π is a vertical shift of π units
(i) above (ii) below function sin t.
(c) Horizontal shift left or right:
changing c in either a sin(bx + c) + d or a cos(bx + c) + d.
 
i. In graph (b) of figure, function cos t − π2 is a horizontal shift of π/2
units to the (i) right (ii) left of function cos t.
(Seems to shift “wrong way” to right, instead of to left. Check it out with your calculator.)
 
ii. Function sin t + 3 π2 is a horizontal shift of 3 π2 units to the
(i) right (ii) left of function cos t.
(d) Period increased or decreased:
changing b in either a sin(bx + c) + d or a cos(bx + c) + d.
Section 2. Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions (LECTURE NOTES 9) 155

i. In graph (b) of figure, period of cos 2t is

(i) one–half (ii) two times that of function cos t.
t
(Seems to go wrong way, increases, instead of decreases. Think about it: t in cos 2
has to be
twice as large as t in cos t “to go the same distance”. Check it out with your calculator.)

ii. Period of function cos 2t is

(i) one–half (ii) two times that of function cos t.
iii. Period of function sin 4t is
(i) one–fourth (ii) four times that of the function sin t.
(e) More on the period.
i. (i) True (ii) False. Both sin t and cos t have a period of T = 2π;
that is, they “repeat” themselves every 2π,
sin (t + 2π) = sin t
cos (t + 2π) = cos t
ii. cos π = (one or more)
(i) cos 3π (ii) cos (π + 2π) (ii) cos (π + 4π)
iii. cos 3π = (one or more)
2      
(i) cos 3π
2
+ 2π (ii) cos 3π
2
+ 4π (iii) cos 3π
2
+ 6π
iv. sin 3π = (one or more)
2      
(i) sin 3π
2
+ 2π (ii) sin 3π
2
+ 4π (iii) sin 3π
2
+ 5π
v. sin 0 = (one or more) (i) cos (0 + 2π) (ii) sin 2π (iii) sin π2
1
vi. Period of cos 2t , where b = 12 is T = 2π
1 = (i)
2
π (ii) 2π (iii) 4π
2

vii. Period cos 3t , where b = 1

3
is T = 2π
1 = (i) 2π (ii) 4π (iii) 6π
3

viii. Period of cos 4t , where b = 1

4
is T = 2π
1 = (i) 2π (ii) 4π (iii) 8π
4

ix. Period of cos 2t, where b = 2 is T = 2π

2
= (i) π (ii) 12 π (iii) 41 π
x. Period of sin 3t2 , where b = 23 is T = 2π
3 = (i) 23 π (ii) 34 π (iii) 52 π
2

(f) Mixing it up: a sin (bt + c) + d and a cos (bt + c) + d.

i. Function 3 sin ( 2t + π) + 2 is/has
amplitude 3 which is (i) three times (ii) one–third that of sin t
(i) above (ii) below sin t by 2 units
shifted π units to the (i) right (ii) left of sin t
a period 4π which is (i) two times (ii) one–half that of sin t
ii. Function 21 cos ( 3t2 − 2) − π is/has
amplitude 12 which is (i) twice (ii) one–half amplitude of sin t
(i) above (ii) below sin t by π units
shifted 2 units to the (i) right (ii) left of cos t
period 2π 4π
3 = 3 (i) two–thirds (ii) three-halves that of cos t
2
156 Chapter 13. The Trigonometric Functions (LECTURE NOTES 9)

13.2 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Trigonometric identities:
sin x
sin2 x + cos2 x = 1, tan x =
cos x
Sum–difference identities
cos (x + y) = cos x cos y − sin x sin y
cos (x − y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
sin (x − y) = sin x cos y − cos x sin y

Derivatives of trigonometric functions include:

Dx [sin x] = cos x Dx [csc x] = − cot x csc x
Dx [cos x] = − sin x Dx [sec x] = tan x sec x
Dx [tan x] = sec2 x Dx [cot x] = − csc2 x

Exercise 13.2 (Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions)

1. Trigonometric function and chain rule. y = cos2 x.
Let f [g(x)] = cos2 x = (cos x)2
with inner function g(x) = cos x and outer function f (x) = x2
and g ′(x) = (i) x2 (ii) − sin2 x (iii) − sin x
and f ′ (x) = (i) 2x (ii) − sin x (iii) x3
and so by chain rule
f ′ [g(x)] · g ′(x) = f ′ [cos x] · (− sin x) = 2(cos x)(− sin x) =
(i) −2 cos x sin x (ii) 2 cos2 x (iii) −2 sin2 x

2. Trigonometric function and chain rule. y = cot (3x2 − x).

Let f [g(x)] = cot (3x2 − x), g(x) = 3x2 − x and f (x) = cot x
and g ′(x) = (i) 6x − 1 (ii) 3x2 (iii) − csc2 x
and f ′ (x) = (i) − sin x (ii) − csc2 x (iii) cos x
and so by chain rule
f ′ [g(x)] · g ′ (x) = f ′ [3x2 − x] · (6x − 1) =
(i) 12 cot3 x csc2 x (ii) − csc2 (3x2 − x)(6x − 1) (iii) 3 csc3 x
Section 2. Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions (LECTURE NOTES 9) 157

3. y = sec4 x + 3 cot3 x

First let f [g(x)] = sec4 x, g(x) = sec x and f (x) = x4

and g ′(x) = (i) 4x3 (ii) tan x sec x (iii) − csc2 x
and f ′ (x) = (i) − sin x (ii) tan x sec x (iii) 4x3
and so by chain rule

f ′ [g(x)] · g ′ (x) = f ′ [sec x] · tan x sec x = 4(sec x)3 · tan x sec x =

(i) 12 cot3 x csc2 x (ii) tan3 x sec x (iii) 4 tan x sec4 x

then let f [g(x)] = 3 cot3 x, g(x) = cot x and f (x) = 3x2

and g ′(x) = (i) 6x (ii) − csc2 x (iii) csc2 x
and f ′ (x) = (i) 6x (ii) − csc2 x (iii) cos x
and so by chain rule

f ′ [g(x)] · g ′ (x) = f ′ [cot x] · (− csc2 x) = 6(cot x) · (− csc2 x) =

(i) 12 cot3 x csc2 x (ii) −6(cot x)(csc2 x) (iii) − csc2 (3x2 − x)(6x−1)
dy
and so dx =
(i) 4 tan x sec4 x − 6(cot x)(csc2 x)
(ii) 4 sec4 x tan x − 9 cot2 x csc2 x
(iii) 12 sec2 x − 18 cot csc2 x

4. Trigonometric functions and product rule. y = csc x cos x.

Let u(x) = csc x and v(x) = cos x

then u′ (x) =
(i) − cot x csc x
(ii) − sin x
(iii) cot x csc x

and v ′ (x) =
(i) − sin x
(ii) − cot x csc x
(iii) tan x

and so v(x)u′ (x) =

(i) (cos x) (− csc x)
(ii) (cos x) (− cot x csc x)
(iii) − cot x csc x
158 Chapter 13. The Trigonometric Functions (LECTURE NOTES 9)

and u(x)v ′(x) =

(i) (csc x)(− tan x)
(ii) (csc x)(− sin x)
(iii) (sec x)(− sin x)

and so f ′ (x) = v(x) · u′ (x) + u(x) · v ′ (x) =

(i) (− cot x csc x) + (csc x)(− sin x)
(ii) − cos x cot x csc x − csc x sin x
(iii) (cos x) (− cot x csc x) − (csc x)(− sin x)

5. Trigonometric functions and product rule. y = sin(2x3 − 4x) cos2 x.

Let u(x) = sin(2x3 − 4x) and v(x) = cos2 x

then u′ (x) = f ′ [g(x)] · g ′ (x) =

(i) − sin(2x3 − 4x)
(ii) cot x csc x
(iii) cos(2x3 − 4x) · (6x − 4)

and v ′ (x) = f ′ [g(x)] · g ′(x) =

(i) 2(cos x) · (− sin x)
(ii) − cot x csc x
(iii) tan x

and so v(x)u′ (x) =

(i) (cos x) (− csc x)
(ii) − cot x csc x
(iii) (cos2 x) (cos(2x3 − 4x) · (6x − 4))

and u(x)v ′(x) =

(i) (sin(2x3 − 4x))(2(cos x) · (− sin x))
(ii) (csc x)(− tan x)
(iii) (sec x)(− sin x)

and so f ′ (x) = v(x) · u′ (x) + u(x) · v ′ (x) =

(i) (− cot x csc x) + (csc x)(− sin x)
(ii) (6x − 4) cos2 x cos(2x3 − 4x) − 2 sin(2x3 − 4x) cos x sin x
(iii) cos2 x(6x2 − 4) − (2x2 − 4x) sin x

sin(2x3 −4x)
6. Trigonometric functions and quotient rule. y = cos2 x
.
Section 2. Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions (LECTURE NOTES 9) 159

Let u(x) = sin(2x3 − 4x) and v(x) = cos2 x

then u′ (x) = f ′ [g(x)] · g ′ (x) =

(i) − sin(2x3 − 4x)
(ii) cos(2x3 − 4x) · (6x − 4)
(iii) cot x csc x

and v ′ (x) = f ′ [g(x)] · g ′(x) =

(i) − cot x csc x
(ii) tan x
(iii) 2(cos x) · (− sin x)

and so v(x)u′ (x) =

(i) (cos x) (− csc x)
(ii) (cos2 x) (cos(2x3 − 4x) · (6x − 4))
(iii) − cot x csc x

and u(x)v ′(x) =

(i) (csc x)(− tan x)
(ii) (sin(2x3 − 4x))(2(cos x) · (− sin x))
(iii) (sec x)(− sin x)
′ ′
and so f ′ (x) = v(x)·u (x)−u(x)·v
[v(x)]2
(x)
=
(i) (− cot x csc x) + (csc x)(− sin x)
2 3 sin(2x3 −4x) cos x sin x
(ii) (6x−4) cos x cos(2x −4x)−2
cos2 x
2 3 sin(2x3 −4x) cos x sin x
(iii) (6x−4) cos x cos(2x −4x)−2 4
cos x

7. Application: temperature of patient. Temperature of a patient is

π
 
T (t) = 102.3 ln(3t) + 3 sin t
4
Determine rate of change in temperature T ′ (t) and also T ′ (4).

(a) T ′ (t)

First let f [g(t)] = 102.3 ln 3t, g(t) = 3t and f (t) = 102.3 ln t

and g ′ (t) = (i) 102.3
t
(ii) et (iii) 3
and f ′ (t) = (i) 3 (ii) 102.3
t
(iii) tan t sec t
and so by chain rule
102.3
f ′ [g(t)] · g ′(t) = f ′ [3t] · 3 = ·3=
3t
160 Chapter 13. The Trigonometric Functions (LECTURE NOTES 9)

1 102.3
(i) 3t
(ii) t
(iii) 102.3
 
then let f [g(x)] = 3 sin π4 t , g(t) = π4 t and f (t) = 3 sin t
and g ′ (t) = (i) 3 cos t (ii) π4 (iii) cos t
and f ′ (t) = (i) − csc2 t (ii) 3 cos t (iii) π cos t
and so by chain rule
π π π π
   
f ′ [g(t)] · g ′ (t) = f ′ t · = 3 cos t · =
4 4 4 4
   
π 3π π 3π
(i) cos 4
t (ii) 4
cos 4
t (iii) 4
   
dy 3π π 102.3 102.3 3π π
and so dt
= (i) 4
cos 4
t (ii) t
(iii) t
+ 4
cos 4
t

 
102.3 3π 4π
(b) T ′ (4) = 4
+ 4
cos 4
≈ (i) 37.93 (ii) 27.93 (iii) 47.93