Provisions Regarding Welfare Of

Workers In Factories : A Brief

Study

LABOUR LAW– II

Submitted to Ms. Richa Srivastava

Submitted by Arpit Maggo

40717703516
VIII-M

VIVEKANANDA SCHOOL OF LAW AND LEGAL

STUDIES
VIPS DELHI
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this project report is the result of my original piece of
research work conducted under the supervision and guidance of Ms. Richa
Srivastava of Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies. I further
declare that the work submitted in this project has not been submitted and
will not be submitted, either in part or in full, for the award of any degree
or diploma in this institute or any other institute or university.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance
and assistance from many people and I am extremely fortunate to have got
this all along the completion of my work. Whatever I have done is only
due to such guidance and assistance and I would not forget to thank
everyone for the same. Respect and thank Ms Richa Srivastava for giving
an opportunity to do this work and providing all the support and guidance
which helped me complete the work. I am extremely grateful to her for
providing her support and guidance.

ABSTRACT
Employees welfare includes various facilities, services and amenities
provided for improving their health, efficiency, economic betterment and
social status of the workers.The Welfare measures will improve the
physique intelligence, morality and standard of living of the workers,
which in turn will improve their efficiency and productivity. Employees
welfare schemes are flexible and ever-changing. New welfare measures
are added to the existing ones from time to time. Welfare measures may be
introduced by the employers, government, employees or by any social or
charitable agency. The purpose of employee’s welfare is to develop
personality of the workers to make a better workforce. Welfare schemes it
create efficient, healthy, loyal and satisfied labor force for the organisation.
Providing such facilities make their work life better and leads to good
standard of living. The present study focus on employees welfare measures
and what are the various statutory provisions and agencies protecting the
welfare of employees
INTRODUCTION
Welfare including various services, benefits and facilitates offered to
employees by the employer. Through such generous fringe benefits, the
employer makes life worth living for employees. The welfare facilities in
addition extended normal wages and other economic rewards available to
employees as per the legal provisions. According to Dr Parandikar,
“Labour welfare work is work for improving the health, safety and general
well-being and the industrial efficiency of the workers beyond the
minimum standard laid down by labour legislation”.The the government,
trade unions and non- government agencies provide welfare measures to
the employer. The basic purpose of labor welfare is to enrich the life of
employees and keep them happy. Welfare measures may be both statutory
and non statutory. Labour laws extend certain benefits to employees in
addition to wages,Voluntary benefits are the results of employer’s
generosity, enlightenment, and philanthropic feelings.

HYPOTHESIS
H0- Welfare measures are not properly implemented in factories Ha-
Welfare measures are properly implemented in factories

OBJECTIVE

● To critically analyse Factories Act, 1948

● To study the benefits and welfare of workmen under Factories Act,
1948

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Factories Act, 1948.

2. Article by Apoorva Neral on Welfare Measures

3. Article by Smriti Chand

4. Article by Arnav Sharma

WELFARE MEASURES
The welfare measures involve three major aspects which are - occupational
health care, suitable working time and appropriate salary. It refers to the
physical, mental, moral, and emotional well-being of an individual
(Vestergaard 1999). The safe work environment provides the basis for the
person to enjoy working. The work should not
pose a health hazard for the person. The welfare measures aim at
integrating the socio-psychological needs of employees, the unique
requirements of a particular technology, the structure and processes of the
organization and the existing socio- cultural environment (Dr.R.Madhesh
et al. 2012). It creates a culture of work commitment in organizations and
society which ensure higher productivity and greater job satisfaction to the
employees. The welfare measures are defined in the same way as defined
by the I.L.O. at its Asian Regional Conference, "A term which is
understood to include such services, facilities and amenities as may be
established in or in the vicinity of undertakings to enable the persons
employed in them to perform their work in healthy, congenial
surroundings and to provide them with amenities conducive to good health
and high morale." Shoba Mishra and Dr.Manju Bhagat, 2007 in their
article discusses about labour welfare activities in an industrialized society.
It is the extension of democratic values in an industrialized society.
Kwong- Leung Tang and Kiu Cheung (2007) Studies survey data from
1240 welfare recipients in Hong Kong investigate effectiveness of various
measures to diminish welfare dependency. Findings offer support to
generality of claim about effectiveness of welfare to work programs.
Ashok Kumar Sheoron, 2013 has studied about the implementation of
factories Act in three industries namely, national fertilizers ltd, panipat spl
ltd, bahadurgarh and cooperative sugar mill Karnal in Haryana. Due to the
welfare measures, the employees feel that the management is interested in
taking care of the employees that result in the sincerity, commitment and
loyalty of the employees towards the organization. The employees work
with full enthusiasm and energetic behavior which results in the increase in
production and ultimately the increased profit. The article, awareness of
workers to health, safety and welfare provisions under factories Act, 1948
has examined the awareness level of workers under factories Act (Kumar
2003). The author has analysed that female and married workers are more
aware of the factories Act provisions compared to male International
Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue 258 and unmarried
workers. Likewise, Upadhaya, 2006 have examined awareness and
implementation of statutory and non-statutory labour welfare measures in
garment and hosiery industry. Keerthi Sriya A, Dr.Panatula Murali
Krishna, 2014 their research focuses in exploring the
status of awareness and satisfactory levels of various provisions of Indian
factories Act, 1948 in target organization ―Penna cement Industriesǁ,
Andhra. (S.Hariharan et al. 2011) The measures of welfare give result after
a long period of time. It is a long process, so the management has to keep
patience while providing the welfare facilities for the employees. While
deciding the welfare facility for the employees, the management has to do
discussions with the persons who are now going to avail the facilities. The
communication increases the cohesiveness between the management and
the employees and thus industrial relations improve.(S.Hariharan et al.
2011; Thiruchanuru and Vijeta 2013; Sankaralingam 2015)

Welfare measures in factories:

After the independence, the Government of India makes strict rules and
regulations to safeguard the interest of the workers in the factories. The
welfare facilities are provided to the workers as per the provisions laid
down in Chapter 5 (Section 42 to 50) of 'The Factories Act, 1948' for the
benefit of employees of the factories. (Upadhyaya and V.V. Giri National
Labour Institute 2003) Analyzing the benefits of the welfare provisions,
the management bears the huge cost spend on the welfare activities. (Cole
1922)The experts have a firm opinion that by providing the welfare
facilities to the employees the productivity of the employees increases and
ultimately profit increases. According to Section 49 of 'The Factories Act,
1948' – "In every factory wherein five hundred or more workers are
ordinarily employed the occupier shall employ in the factory such number
of welfare officers as may be prescribed". (Vaid 1962)The major role of
welfare officer is to facilitate and observe the welfare measures for the
employees in the organization. BD.Singh in his study about factories Act
says that, factories Act is made for social legislation enacted for
occupational safety, health and welfare of workers in workplace.
A.Sabarirajan, T.Meharajan and B.Arun in their study analysed the
employee satisfaction towards welfare measures in cotton and textile
industry, Salem where the study revealed that about 84% workers where
satisfied. Victor Muchamwa, 2017 undertook literature review on health
and safety that potentially affecting International Journal of Pure and
Applied Mathematics Special Issue 259 operations at Konkola mining
industries. Sapna, 2016
in her study examined the level of awareness of workers safety, health and
welfare measures under factories Act, 1948.

Workers’ Participation in Management:

(Averineni et al. 2012) Workers‘ Participation in Management (W.P.M.) is
the tool of employee welfare and this encourages the employees to work
hard for more productivity which ultimately increases the turnover of the
organization. In WPM method, the management takes the decision with
the consultancy and consensus of the workers. The workers are given the
proper role and participation in the decision making process (Averineni et
al. 2012; Mustafa and Sharma 1998).It has been found that the workers,
the executives and the management people are all responsible for the
proper implementation of the welfare measures in the organization. Garg
and Jain, 2013 in their article they studied about the awareness,
implementation and level of satisfaction regarding welfare provisions at
cotton textile industry in Punjab. (Neuloh and International Industrial
Relations Association 1973*)The study suggested management to
formulate problem solving committee to conduct hearings from workers to
solve their problems. Likewise, Logasakthi and Rajagopal, 2013 in their
study highlighted the employess satisfaction level regarding welfare
measures at chemical industry in Salem region. The study suggested that
the industry should concentrate on settlement of funds internally and
medical reimbursement facilities (Durga Prasad 1995).

WELFARE PROVISIONS UNDER THE FACTORIES ACT, 1948

The Factories Act, 1948 is one of the major central legislation designed to
regulate the working conditions of workmen in the factories. It lays down
all essential provisions relating to cleanliness, ventilation, lighting,
sanitary arrangements, health, safety & welfare of the workers in the
factories (Sriya A et al. 2014). This Act is applicable to the factories where
in ten or more workers are working, or were working on any day of the
preceding twelve months and in which a manufacturing process is being
carried on with the aid of power or twenty or more workers without the aid
of power. (Lewinsohn 1969) International Journal of Pure and Applied
Mathematics Special Issue 260

Provisions Regarding Health of the Factory Workers 1

To take care of the health of workers in factories, the Factories Act, 1948
has provided for certain measures which are stated below:
(i) Cleanliness of the factory premises - 



Every factory shall be kept clean and free from effluvia arising from any
drain, privy or other nuisance. It is specifically provided that in a factory -


— Accumulations of dirt and refuse shall be removed daily, by sweeping

or any other method, from the floors and benches of work rooms and from
stair cases and passages, and disposed off in a suitable manner;


— The floor of every room shall be cleaned. This shall be done at least
once every week by washing, using disinfectant or by some other effective
method;


— Where a floor is liable to become wet in the course of any

manufacturing process to such an extent as is capable of being drained,
effective means of drainage shall be provided.


1Available at-http://rjhssonline.com/HTMLPaper.aspx?
Journal=Research+Journal+of+Humanities+and+Social+Sciences%3BPID%3D2013-4-1-7
— All inside wall and partitions, all ceilings or tops of rooms and all walls,
sides and tops of passages and staircases shall


a) Be painted or varnished, and repainted and revarnished at least once in a

period of five years; where they are painted or varnished, be cleaned at
least once in a period of 14 months by such methods as may be prescribed
by the Government.


b) Where painting or varnishing is not required, be kept white washed or

colour washed, and the white washing or colour washing shall be carried
out at least once in every period of 14 months.3

(ii) Disposal of Wastes and Effluents –




Effective arrangement shall be made for the disposal of wastes and
effluents arising out of manufacturing process in the factories.
(iii)Ventilation and Temperature



Provision to be made for ventilation and regulation of temperature in the
factories. Effective and suitable measures shall be adopted for securing and
maintaining in every room -



International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue 261 


— Adequate ventilation by the circulation of fresh air, and 




— Such a temperature as will secure to workers reasonable conditions of
comfort, and prevent injury to health, and in particular the walls and roofs
shall be of such material and so designed that such temperature shall not
exceed but kept within reasonable limits. 



The state government shall prescribe the standards of adequate ventilation
and reasonable temperature for any factory or part thereof.
(iv)Dust and Fume – 



In every factory, where due to manufacturing process, dust or fume or
other impurity arise which is likely to be injurious to the health of workers
employed, effective measures shall be taken to prevent its inhalation, and
accumulation in any workroom. If it is necessary to install exhaust
appliances, it would be installed near the point of origin of the dust, fumes,
or other impurity. Measures shall be taken to enclose such points.
(v) Artificial humidification – 



Artificial creation of humidity is employed in India in cotton textile mills
and in cigarette making factories. In respect of factories, where humidity
of the air is artificially increased, it is provided to make rules- 



— Prescribing standard of humidification; 



— Regulating the methods used for artificially increasing the humidity of
the air; — Directing prescribed tests for determining the humidity of the
air to be correctly carried out and recorded, and 



— Prescribing methods to be adopted for securing adequate ventilation
and cooling of the air and the work rooms.
(vi)Overcrowding – 



No room in any factory shall be overcrowded to such an extent which
becomes injurious to the health of the workers employed therein. The
Chief Inspector of factories by order in writing shall fix the maximum
member of workers to be employed in each room in the factory.
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue 262
(vii)Lighting – 



The Factories Act provides for sufficient and suitable lighting, natural or
artificial where workers are working or passing through. Provision of
cleaning of inner and outer surface is provided for all glazed windows and
skylights used for the lighting of the workrooms. In every factory, effective
provision shall be made for the prevention of 



a) glare, either directly from a source of light or by reflection from a
smooth or polished surface; 



b) the formation of shadows to such an extent as to cause eyestrain or the
risk of accident to any worker.
(viii)Drinking Water – 



In every factory, effective arrangement shall be made at suitable places for
sufficient supply of wholesome drinking water. Such places shall be
legibly marked ̳ Drinking Water‘ in a language understood by a majority of
the workers employed in the factory. In case of factories employing more
than 250 workers, provisions shall be made for cooling drinking water
during hot weather by effective means, and for its distribution. 






(ix)Latrines and Urinals – 




The Factories Act requires that provision should be made for – 



a) Sufficient latrine and urinal accommodation conveniently situated and
accessible to workers while they are in the factory; 



b) Separate enclosed accommodation for male and female workers; 



c) Such accommodation being adequately lighted and ventilated; 



d) All such accommodation being maintained in a clean and sanitary
condition; 



e) Sweepers being employed to clean latrines, urinals and washing places. 



Where the number of workers in a factory is more than 250 – 



i) Latrines and urinals shall be of prescribed sanitary types; 



ii) The floor and internal walls of the latrines and urinals shall be laid with
glazed tiles; 


iii) Floors and walls and the sanitary pans of latrines and urinals shall be
thoroughly washed and cleaned at least once in every seven days with
suitable detergents or disinfectants or with both. International Journal of
Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue 263
(x) Spittoons – 



Sufficient number of spittoons must be provided in every factory and
maintained in clean and hygienic condition. No person shall spit within the
premises of a factory except in the spittoons. A notice containing this
provision and the penalty for its violation shall be prominently displayed at
suitable places in the factory premises.



Neeraj Kumari, Rajnish Ratna in their study have focused on health, safety
and welfare provisions of factories Act, 1948 in manufacturing sectors,
Gujarat.


Safety Provisions in the Factories Act2 (Swanston 1969) The Factories
Act provides for the following safety measures:— 



(i) Fencing of Machinery - 



In every factory, measures should be taken for secured fencing of
machinery. Safeguards of substantial construction must be raised and
constantly maintained and kept in position while the parts of machinery
(they are fencing) are in motion or in use. 



Fencing is necessary in respect of: 



— Every moving part of a prime mover; 



— Headrace and tailrace of every water-wheel and water turbine; 



— Every part of an electric generator, a motor or a rotary convertor; —

2 Available at-http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/human-resources/factories-act-1948-provisions-
for-labour-welfare-in-india/26110
Every part of transmission machinery; and 



— Every dangerous part of any other machinery. 



It was held in Caroll v. Andrew Barely and Sons Ltd. that the duties under
Sec 21 is not only confined to shutting off the employee from danger, but
includes shutting in the machinery so that it cannot fly out and strike the
workmen if it breaks. 



(ii) Work on or near Machinery in Motion – 



Where in any factory, it becomes necessary to examine any part of
machinery,
while the machinery is in motion, such examination shall be carried out
only by specially trained adult male workers. Such workers shall wear
tight fitting clothing and their names shall be recorded in the register
prescribed in this connection. The machinery in motion with which such
workers would otherwise be liable to come in contact during the course of
its examination, shall be securely fenced to prevent such contact. No
woman or young person shall be allowed to clean, International Journal of
Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue 264 lubricate or adjust any
part of a prime mover or transmission machinery, while the machinery is
in motion. 


(iii) Employment of Young Persons on Dangerous Machines – 




The Factories Act prohibits employment of young persons on certain types
of machines as specified under Sec.23 of the Act. 



They can work only after they have been fully instructed as to the dangers
arising in connection with the machines and the precautions to be
observed. They should have received sufficient training in work at such
machines. They should be under adequate supervision by a person who has
a thorough knowledge and experience of the machines. 



(iv) Striking Gear and Devices for cutting off Power – 



In every factory — 



i) Suitable striking gear or other efficient mechanical appliances shall be
provided and maintained, and used to move driving belts to and from fast
and loose pulleys which form part of transmission machinery. Such gear or
appliances shall be so constructed, placed and maintained as to prevent the
belt from creeping back on to the fast pulley. 



ii) Driving belts when not in use, shall not be allowed to rest or ride upon
shaft in motion. 



In every factory, suitable devices for cutting off power in emergencies
from running machinery shall be provided and maintained in every
workroom. 



(v) Self-acting Machine – 



No traversing part of a self-acting machine in any factory, and no material
carried thereon shall, if the space over which it runs, is a space cover
which any person is
liable to pass, whether in the course of his employment or otherwise, be
allowed to run on its outward or inward traverse within a distance of
eighteen inches from any fixed structure which is not a part of the
machine. This is to safeguard the workers from being injured by self acting
machines. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special
Issue 265 


(vi) Casing of New Machinery – 




Every set screw, bolt or key on any revolving shaft, spindle, wheel, or
pinion shall be so sunk, encased or otherwise effectively guarded as to
prevent danger in all machinery driven by power and installed in the
factory. 



The State government is authorized to make rules specifying further
safeguards to be provided in respect of any dangerous part of any
particular machine or class or description of machines in this connection.




(vii) Prohibition of Employment of Women and Children near Cotton
openers –



No women or child shall be employed in any part of a factory where
pressing a cotton–opener is at work. 



(viii) Hoists and Lifts3 – 



In every factory— 



i) Hoists and lifts shall be of good mechanical construction, sound material
and of adequate strength; 



ii) They shall be properly maintained, and shall be thoroughly examined
by a competent person at least once in every period of six months. A
register shall be kept containing the prescribed particulars of each such
examination; 



iii) Every hoistway and liftway shall be sufficiently protected by an
enclosure fitted with gates, and the hoist or lift and every such enclosure
shall be so constructed as to prevent any person or thing from being
trapped between any part of the hoist or lift and any fixed structure or
moving part. 



iv) The maximum safe working load shall be plainly marked on every
hoist or lift, and no load greater than such load shall be carried thereon. 



v) The cage of every hoist or lift used for carrying persons shall be fitted
with a gate on each side from which access is afforded to a landing. 


vi) Every gate shall be fitted with interlocking or other efficient device to
secure that the gate cannot be opened except when the cage is at the
landing and that the cage cannot be moved unless the gate is closed. 



International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue 266
Where in the hoists and lifts used for carrying persons, the cage is
supported by rope or chain, there shall be at least two ropes or chains

3https://www.slideshare.net/RahulBhosale24/welfare-measures-of-factory-act1948
separately connected with the cage and balance weight, and each rope or
chain with its attachments shall be capable of carrying the whole weight of
the cage together with its maximum load.

Efficient devices shall be provided and maintained capable of supporting
the cage together with its maximum load in the event of breakage of the
rope, chain or attachments. An efficient automatic device shall be provided
and maintained to prevent the cage from overrunning. 


(ix) Lifting Machines, Chains, Ropes and Lifting Tackles – 




Lifting machine‘ means any crane, crab, winch, teagle, pulley block, gin
wheel, and runway. Lifting tackle‘ means chain slings, rope slings, hooks,
shackles and swivels. 



In every factory, following safety measures shall be adopted in respect of
every lifting machine (other than a hoist and lift) and every chain, rope and
lifting tackle for the purpose of raising or lowering persons, goods or
materials— 



a) All parts including the working gear of every lifting machine and every
chain, rope or lifting tackle shall be - 



a. of good construction, sound material and adequate strength, and free
from defect; 



b. properly maintained ; and 



c. thoroughly examined by a competent person at least once in every
period of twelve months. 



b) No lifting machine and no chain, rope, or lifting tackle shall be loaded
beyond the safe working load which shall be plainly marked on it. 



c) While any person is employed or working on or near the wheel track of
a travelling crane in any place where he would be liable to be struck by the
crane, effective measures shall be taken to ensure that the crane does not
approach within
twenty feet of that place. 



A lifting machine or a chain, rope or lifting tackle shall be thoroughly
examined in order to arrive at a reliable conclusion as to its safety.
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue 267 



(x) Revolving Machinery – 



Effective measures shall be taken in every factory to ensure that the safe
working peripheral speed of every revolving vessel, cage, basket,
flywheel, pulley disc or similar appliance driven by power is not exceeded.
A notice indicating the maximum safe working peripheral speed of every
revolving machinery shall be put up in every room in a factory in which
the process of grinding is carried on. 

(xi) Pressure Plant – 



If in any factory, any part of the plant or machinery used in a
manufacturing process is operated at a pressure above atmospheric
pressure, effective measures shall be taken to ensure that the safe working
pressure of such part is not exceeded.

(xii) Floors, Stairs, and Means of Access – 



In every factory— 



a) all floors, steps, stairs and passages shall be of sound construction and
properly maintained, and where it is necessary to ensure safety, steps,
stairs, and passages shall be provided with substantial hand rails; 



b) There shall, so far as is reasonably practicable, be provided, and
maintained safe means of access to every place at which any person is at
any time required to work. 



It was held in Davies v. Havill and Aircraft Co. Ltd. that no breach of
statutory duty imposed under this section is occasioned if an injury is
caused by accumulation of rain water in little depression in the concrete of
the passage. In Cole v. Blackstone Co. Ltd. it was held that the obligation
imposed by this section is not discharged by saying that the occupier has
taken all practical steps to ascertain the goodness and efficiency. 



(xiii) Pits, Sumps, openings in floor etc. – 



In every factory, every fixed vessel, sump, tank etc. which may be a source
of danger, shall be either securely covered or securely fenced. Securely
fencing a pit
means covering or fencing it in such a way that it ceases to be a source of
danger. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special
Issue 268 



(xiv) Excessive Weights – 



No person shall be employed in any factory to lift, carry or move any load
so heavy as to be likely to cause him an injury. 


(xv) Protection of Eyes – 




If the manufacturing process carried on in any factory is such that it
involves 



(a) risk of injury to the eyes from particles thrown off in the course of the
process or 



(b) risk to the eyes by reason of exposure to excessive lights, effective
screens or suitable goggles shall be provided for the protection of persons
employed on, or in the immediate nearness of, the process. 



In Finch v. Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Co. Ltd., it was held
that hanging of goggles in the office room is not enough, but the workers
must be informed of their whereabouts, only then the requirements of Sec
35 can be said to have been complied with. 



(xvi) Precautions against Dangerous Fumes and use of Portable Light
4- 




i) No person shall enter any chamber, tank, vat, pit, pipe or other confined
space in a factory in which dangerous fumes are likely to be present to
such an extent as to cause risk of persons being overcome thereby; 

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ii) No portable electric light of voltage exceeding twenty four volts shall
be permitted in any factory for use inside any confined space. Where the
fumes present are likely to be inflammable no lamp or light, other than of
flame–proof nature, shall be allowed to be used. 



iii) No person in any factory shall be allowed to enter any confined space,
until all practicable measures have been taken to reverse any fumes which
may be present and to prevent any ingress of fumes. 



iv) Suitable breathing apparatus, reviving apparatus and belts and ropes
shall be kept in every factory for instant use. All such apparatus shall be
periodically examined and certified by a competent person to be fit for use. 



v) No person shall be permitted to enter in any factory, any boiler, furnace,
chamber, tank, pipe, or other confined space for the purpose of working or
making any examination until it has been sufficiently cooled by ventilation
or otherwise to be safe for persons to enter.



(xvii) Explosive or Inflammable Dust, Gas etc. – 


If any manufacturing process in the factory produces dust, gas, fume, or

vapour of such a nature as is likely to explode on ignition, measures shall
be taken to prevent any such explosion by: 



— Effective enclosure of the plant or machinery used in the process; 


— Removal or prevention of the accumulation of such dust, gas, fume or

vapour; 

— Exclusion or effective enclosure of all possible source of ignition. 



Measures shall also be adopted to restrict the spread and effects of the
explosion by providing in the plant or machinery of chokes, baffles, vents,
or other effective appliances. 

(xviii) Precautions in case of fire - 



i) Every factory shall be provided with such means of escape in case of fire
as may be prescribed; 



ii) In every factory, the doors affording exit from any room shall not be
locked so that they cannot be easily and immediately opened from the
inside while any person is within the room, and all such doors, unless they
are of sliding type, shall be constructed to open outwards. 



iii) Every door, window or other exit affording a means to escape in case
of fire shall be distinctively marked in a language understood by the
majority of the workers. Such marking should be in red letters of adequate
size or by some other effective and clearly understood sign. 



iv) An effective and clearly audible means of giving warning, in case of
fire, to every person shall be provided in the factory. 



v) A free passage–way giving access to each means of escape in case of
fire shall be maintained for the use of all workers in the factory. 



vi) Effective measures shall be taken to ensure that in every factory all
workers are familiar with the means of escape in case of fire and have been
adequately trained in the routine to be followed in such a case. 


(xix) Safety of Building and Machinery5 – 




In case it appears that any building, machinery or plant in a factory is in
such a condition that it is dangerous to human life or safety, the manager
of the factory may be served an order specifying measures to be adopted as
prescribed. Further, in case it appears that the use of any building,
machinery or plant in a factory involves imminent danger to human life or
safety, an order may be served prohibiting the use of such building or
machinery, until it has been repaired Special Issue 270 or altered. Pandey
and Agarwal, 2013 in their article studied health and safety provisions with
respect to factories Act at Godawari power and Ispat limited of siltara,
Raipur. The study suggested to add some more value added services and
5https://www.toppr.com/guides/fundamentals-of-laws-and-ethics/the-factories-act/concept-of-
welfare-in-factories-act/
advancement of safety provisions. 



Sanjay Gupta, 2011 the researcher has taken up a project of study on
health, safety and welfare as per the factories Act, 1948. The study focuses
on the detailed measures taken by the organization ―Mazagon Dock ltdǁ
as given in the factories Act, 1948. Dr.Mahfuzul Haque, 2013 research
aims to figure out the unresolved issues regarding health and safety status
of the garments workers, states the necessity of health and safety policies
in work place and provide guidelines for proper health and safety. 







CONCLUSION: 



There is a close relationship between safety measures and the efficiency of
workers i.e. if the proper welfare measures are taken then the productivity
of the employees will increase and ultimately the profit of the organization
will increase. Efficiency results in increasing the average output per
worker. It is reflected in increased productivity. The welfare measures
increases the productivity of the organization as well as it enhances the
morale and motivation of the International Journal of Pure and Applied
Mathematics Special Issue 276 employees which gives a positive impact
on the efficiency level of the organization. These measures are concerned
not only with the physical efficiency, and safety of the workers, but also
his general well being. They result in improving the conditions under
which workers are employed and work. It provides protection to their life
and limb.
Inadequate provision of safety measures in factories may lead to increase
in the number of accidents. Human failures due to carelessness, ignorance,
inadequate skill and improper supervision have also contributed to
accidents and the consequent need for such measures.