Rar 803: Architectural Structures Module-1 Analysis and Design of Roof Trusses (Steel) PART-1

RAR 803: ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES
MODULE-1
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF ROOF TRUSSES (STEEL)
PART-1
TRUSS
 Trusses may be defined as deep, long-span beams with open webs.
 Trusses offer a lighter, stiffer and more economical construction.
 They are expensive to fabricate, transport and erect. However, the savings in
their weight in comparison with comparable built-up girders often offsets these
disadvantages to a substantive extent.
 For short spans rolled beams are almost always more economical.
 Trusses may be used for spans ranging from 10 m to 90 m
ROOF TRUSS
 The roof trusses are the frame structures in which separate straight members
are systematically arranged and connected at their ends.
 The framework generally consists of a system of triangles with the axis of the
members meeting at one joint.
 The rivet joints used for the connections of the members are considered to act as
pin-joints.
 The external loads acting on the joints cause only direct forces in the members.
Direct Forces = Axial Forces (Tension & Compression)
 The trusses may be statically indeterminate, but by assuming the shear to be
equally shared by the web members at a section, the trusses may be analysed
using statics only.
 In roof trusses the entire section of each member is subjected to uniform stress.
The strength of the member is fully utilised.
 The bending action in roof trusses is provided by elongation and shortening of
the members of the truss. It further results in deflection.
 The forces in various members are either compressive or tensile. The members
carrying compressive forces in a roof truss are called struts, and those carrying
tensile forces are called ties.
 In a roof truss, members are so arranged that the lengths of members in
compression are small, while the lengths of the members in tension are long.
 The members of a truss are classified as "main members" and "secondary
members".
o The main members are the structural members who are responsible for
carrying and distributing the applied loads and stability of a truss.
o The secondary members are the structural members which are provided
for stability or restraining the main members from buckling or similar
modes of failure.
 The primary function of a roof truss is to support the roofing and ceiling
material.
 The external loads carried by roof covering are transmitted as reactions to the
walls or to the supporting stanchions. In general, these loads are applied at the
joints of the truss.
 The roof trusses are used at places which require sloping roofs. The sloping roofs
are necessary at places where rainfall is more and at places where snowfall
occurs. The roof trusses are also used in many single storeyed industrial
buildings, workshops, godown, ware-houses, where large column free spaces are
required for operational purposes.
 The roof trusses have the advantages of permitting a wider variety of roof shapes
and greater unobstructed interior floor area at less cost.
VARIOUS TERMS USED IN ROOF TRUSS

Top Chord
o The uppermost line of members that extend from one support to the other
through the apex is called top chord.
o The top chord is also known as the upper chord of the roof truss.
Bottom Chord
o The lowermost line of members of truss extending from one support to the other
is called bottom chord.
o The bottom chord is also known as lower chord of the roof truss.
Span
o The distance between the supporting end joints of a truss is called its span. When
supported on walls, the distance between the centres of bearings would be
considered as span.
o When framed into columns the distance between the column faces may be
regarded as the span.
Rise
The rise of a roof truss is the vertical distance measured from the apex to the line
joining supports.
Pitch
The ratio of the rise to the span is called the pitch of a roof truss. It is also
expressed sometimes as the angle between the lower and the upper chords.
Slope
o The slope of a roof is defined as the tangent of the angle that the plane of the roof
makes with horizontal.
o The slope of the roof therefore is not equal to the pitch and greater care should
be taken to see that the two terms are not used simultaneously.
o The slope of the roof is equal to twice the numerical value of pitch in all the cases
whether truss is symmetrical or unsymmetrical.
o The slope of a symmetrical truss is defined as the ratio of rise to half the span.
Panel
o The portion of the truss typing between two consecutive joints in a principal
rafter of a roof truss is called a panel.
o It is also defined as the distance between the two adjacent purlins.
Bay
The portion of a roof truss contained between any two consecutive trusses is
called as Bay.
Purlin
o The purlins are horizontal beams spanning between the two adjacent trusses.
o These are the structural members subjected to transverse loads and rest on the
top chords of roof trusses.
o The purlins are meant to carry the loads of the roofing material and to transfer it
on the panel points.
o Generally the spacing of purlins varies from 2 m to 3 m
Rafters
o The rafters are beams and rest on the purlins. The rafters support the sheathing.
Sheathing
o The sheathing is coverings of boards or reinforced concrete.
o They provide support for the roof covering.
TYPES OF ROOF TRUSS

King Post Truss
The king post-truss is mainly adopted for short spans. It is usually built of wood
completely or of wood combined with steel. Steel rods are used as tension members.
Queen Post Truss
Queen post truss is also a wooden truss. It is found suitable for spans upto 10 m.
Fink Roof Trusses

o Fink roof truss is found to be economical and satisfactory for ordinary buildings.
o The fink roof trusses are made of steel.
o The lengths of compression members are small.
o Fink trusses are also called French roof truss.
Howe Truss
o They are made of combination of wood and steel.
o The vertical members are tension members and made of steel.
Pratt Truss
o Pratt trusses are generally used for flatter roof.
o They are made of steel.
o These are less economical than fink trusses.
o The vertical members are compression members and diagonal members are
tension members.
o The diagonal members are highly stressed at top because of their sharp
inclination.
Warren Truss
o The Warren trusses are generally used for flatter roofs.
o Since such roofs with corrugated roofing sheets may have leakage problems,
built-up tar and gravel roofing should be used for them.
o The usual span of these trusses is 10 m to 40 m.
Fan Roof Truss
o Fan roof trusses are form of fink trusses.
o They are made of steel.
o In fan trusses top chord is divided into small lengths, in order to provide
supports for purlins which would not come at joints in trusses.
o The web members do not intersect the top chord at right angles.
DETERMINATION OF FORCES IN TRUSS MEMBERS UNDER DEAD, LIVE,

AND WIND LOAD COMBINATIONS
Dead Load
o Weight of Roof Covering
o Weight of Purlins
o Weight of Roof Coverings
o Weight of Bracings
o Weight of Trusses
Live Load
o Snow Load
o Loads Due to Rain
o Wind Load
o Combination of Loads on Roof Trusses
o Dead load + snow load
o Dead load + partial or full live load whichever causes the max stress
o Dead load + wind load + internal pressure

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Rar 803: Architectural Structures Module-1 Analysis and Design of Roof Trusses (Steel) PART-1

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RAR 803: ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES

VARIOUS TERMS USED IN ROOF TRUSS

TYPES OF ROOF TRUSS

Queen Post Truss

Fink Roof Trusses

DETERMINATION OF FORCES IN TRUSS MEMBERS UNDER DEAD, LIVE,

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