Well Equipments
Well Equipments
Well Equipments
SELECTION
Completion Equipments
A completion needs to be designed for the specific field to meet the objectives
for the well in question and inline with the field development plan.
Requirements
to hold back (control) reservoir pressure and fluids.
to provide a communication between the reservoir and the well bore.
to enable flow of the desired (optimum) production rates.
to isolate the reservoir fluids from the casing‐tubing annulus.
to enable circulation between the tubing and the annulus.
to enable monitoring of the Reservoir behaviour & performance.
to enable pressure testing of the completion string.
to ensure tubing free movement
to ensure component long life
to provide safety devices down‐hole to enable control of fluids flow to surface
to enable re‐entry and intervention into the tubing string
Functional Requirements
REQUIREMENT COMPONENT
Control reservoir fluids Casing, liners
Reservoir > well Perforations / open hole /
communication gravelpack & screen
Optimum production Tubing size
Packer & seals, Tubing hanger
Casing tubing isolation seals
Tbg-ann comm. Chemical
injection SSD / SPM & injection valve
Installation of plugs and Landing nipples & locking
gauges mandrels
handling or transport damage
hydrogen embrittlement
Tubing String Connections
Two standard API Connections
available:
Non‐Upset (NUE)
is a 10 round thread.
Joint strength<Pipe body
Upset Connection (EUE)
Is a 8 round thread.
Joint strength>pipe body
Tubing String Connections
Non API Connections.
Special joints have been developed to overcome
the limitations of API joints as regards leak and
high tensile load resistance, The first
improvement obtained concerned the tensile
load resistance and coupling clearance, by using
the buttress threaded coupled joints (Vam
Thread). Then more improvements were
achieved concerning leak resistance using by
using metal to metal seals and/or gasket seals.
These joints are often called “premium” or
“proprietary” joints. The common premium
threads are Vam, Hydril and Atlas Bradford,
Mannesman.
Tubing head and X‐mass tree
Tubing head
Surface equipment from which the tubing is suspended
Xmas tree or valve array
Used to control well during production
Mounted above wellhead
Typically sourced from same manufacturer
API Spec. 6A: Specification for Wellhead Equipment
Well Head & Xmas Tree
Xmas
Tree
Tubing Head
Well Head
Tubing head and X‐mass tree
Tubing Hanger & Housing
Tubing Head
Primary functions of tubing head
Suspend tubing with hanger
Provide a hydraulic seal between
tubing and annulus
Provide access port(s) to annulus
Provide mounting for Xmas tree
Tubing Hanger Tubing Hanger
with port for
Tubing Hanger control line
Main function of a Tubing hanger
is to secure and hang tubings.
Tubing hangers are equipped with
threaded (Acme thread) back
pressure valve preparations, with a
polish bore to install Back pressure
valve.
body seal, provides an adequate
seal between tubing and annulus .
Tubing hanger has an extended
neck with one or more seal ring (T‐
Seal). It provides Sealed flow path
through wellhead‐Xmas tree
interface
Dual Tubing
Hanger
Xmas Trees
Primary flow control system for well once in
production
Features and access requirements
Outflow from well ‐ production
Inflow to well ‐ injection or killing
Vertical access to tubing ‐ wireline, etc.
Access for electrical cables or hydraulic conduits
e.g. ESP or safety valve
Xmas Trees
Xmas Tree Components
Pressure gauges
allow well pressures to be monitored
Gauge flange or tree cap
provides seal for top of tree
Swab valve (lubricator valve)
isolate pressure, well access for intervention tools
– Flow tee
used to direct flow, enable thru‐tubing access
– Production wing valve
used to isolate well for most routine operations
Kill wing valve
enables connection of pumping equipment
Xmas Tree Components
Choke
controls rate of flow from well
Master valves (main isolation valves)
Upper Master Valve (operational
valve)
hydraulically/pneumatically
controlled Surface Safety Valve
Lower Master Valve (back‐up valve)
manually operated
Note: Surface Safety Valves can be on the Wing valve
side as additional Valve
Categories of Xmas Tree
Flanged tree
Several flanged components (leak paths)
Much more common than monoblock design
More flexible than monoblock design
takes up more space (height)
Monoblock construction tree
Single block construction
Fewer possible leak paths
Used in high pressure/leak sensitive locations
More expensive than flanged tree
Monoblock Xmas Tree
Monoblock Xmas Tree
Dual Xmas Tree
Dual Xmas Tree
Safety Valves
Down hole safety valve is a “fail safe”, emergency
safety system in the production string. It closes the
producing string in case of emergency, is installed in
the tubing (Wire line Safety valve) or as a part of
completion string (Tubing retrievable Safety valve).
Safety Valves
Three basic types of safety valve:
Tubing Retrievable
Tubing Retrievable SCSSV is threaded into and forms an
integral part of the completion string. This offers a larger
bore for wireline work at depths below.
Wireline Retrievable
Wire‐line Retrievable safety valve is run and retrieved from the
well bore by conventional “slick‐line” means. Wire‐line safety
valves are composed of two modular components‐ the “lock
subassembly” and the “valve subassembly”.
Operating systems may be:
Surface controlled (SCSSV)
Actuated by the pressure differential/flow velocity
Safety Valves ‐Operations
1. Open Position
2. Fail safe closure
Hydraulic control
pressure activates and When hydraulic pressure is
maintains the valve in released the valve
open position. automatically closes.
Safety Valves ‐Operations
3.Flapper Protection
4. Automatic re‐latch
The upper flow tube telescopes Releasing hydraulic control line
over the lower flow tube pressure automatically repositions
preventing undue force on the and re‐latches the flow tubes into
flapper. valve’s normally closed
configuration.
Safety Valves ‐Operations
5. Through Tubing Work 6. Hydraulic Repositioning
With hydraulic control line pressure When through tubing work is
releases, the lower flow tube is completed, application of
temporarily locked open by simple hydraulic control pressure
wireline operation for through tubing repositions the upper flow tube
work. putting the valve into service.
Safety Valves ‐Operations
7. Secondary Safety Valve
Valve is permanently locked open,
shear sleeve has been shifted and a
wireline retrievable valve has been
installed which operates from the
tubing retrievable valve’s control
source.
Safety Valves
API STANDARDS
The surface controlled subsurface safety valves are covered by API
specification 14A.
Class 1 or STANDARD SERVICE
This class of SCSSV is intended for use in normal oil or gas wells.
Class 2 or SANDY SERVICE.
This class of SCSSV is intended for use in oil and gas well where a safety
valve must withstand an abrasive substance such as sand.
Class 3 or STRESS CORROSION CRACKING SERVICE.
This class of SCSSV is intended for use in oil and gas wells where
corrosive agents could be expected to cause stress corrosion cracking.
This valve class must meet the requirements for a class1 or class 2 valve
and be manufactured from materials which are resistant to stress
corrosion cracking.
Circulating Devices
The purpose of a circulating device in a completion is usually to:
To kill a well by circulating killing fluid through the circulating device.
To displace the brine in the tubing be diesel, prier to set the packer.
To produce from one more zones in a commingling completion.
layerwise testing during work‐over with two packers and a circulating device.
Displace acid or solvents at the level of a zone during stimulation.
Inject gas into the tubing in gas‐lift
To circulate gas which has accumulated below the packer during work‐over
operation.
For chemical injection to tubing
Circulating Devices
There are two types of circulating devices commonly
used in the market:
Sliding Sleeve
Side Pocket Mandrel
Sliding Sleeve
Sliding Sleeve is a down‐hole flow
control devices mounted in the
production tubing. It effectively
controls flow between the tubing
and casing annulus, by means of
an internal sleeve that is opened or
close by standard wire‐line
methods.
Sliding Sleeve
When communication between the
tubing and casing annulus is desired, a
wire‐line shifting tool is run to the
depth of the sleeve. It automatically
locates in the shifting profile machined
into the inner sleeve. For those sleeves,
which open in the upward direction,
light, upward jarring moves the inner
sleeve slots past the seal rings so
equalization can begin. After
equalization, continued upward jarring
fully opens the sliding sleeve and
shifting tool automatically releases. The
shifting tool is turned over, run into the
hole and the procedure is performed in
reverse to close the sleeve.
Sliding Sleeve
Sliding Sleeves may be used to establish tubing to
annulus communication for such operation as
Displacing the tubing or annulus fluid after the X‐mas tree is installed.
Selective testing, treating and production of individual zones in a multi‐zone
selective well.
Using the tubing to “kick‐off” the annulus in a tubing annulus dual completion.
Producing more than one zone through a single tubing string in commingling
completion.
Killing a well by circulation.
Landing a blanking plug in nipple profile to shut the well or when testing
tubing.
Landing commingling chokes in nipple profile.
Circulating inhibitors for corrosion control
Side Pocket Mandrel
The Side Pocket Mandrels are a circulating device
and a must for gas lift operation.
Side Pocket Mandrels are box threaded on both
ends and are made up as part of the tubing string
when preparing a well for production. Each
mandrel is designed with eccentric swages on both
ends and a side pocket. This pocket serves as a
receiver for retrievable side pocket valves. The
pocket also facilitates operation of running and
pulling with kickover tool for inserting and
removing valves from the pocket by standard wire‐
line methods. Most mandrels offer full tubing drift
I.D. which allows for normal wire‐line operations
through the tubing string. The side pocket
mandrel can receive either 1‐1/2” O.D. or 1” O.D.
valves. Tensile strength of most side pocket
mandrels is equal to the equivalent tubing size and
grade.
Side Pocket Mandrel
RUNNING PROCEDURE
In the running procedure, the valve, latch and kickover
tool are made up onto the wireline string and lowered
through the tubing until the kickover tool is below the
selected mandrel.
The tool is raised slowly through the tubing until they
stop. This indicates that the finger on the kickover tool
has entered the orientation sleeve groove and has aligned
with the pocket. Tension is then applied on the wireline
until the tool kicks over. The tools are then lowered until
the side pocket is located.
Downward jarring drive the valve and latch into the side
pocket of the mandrel.
The running tool is released from the valve and latch by
upward jarring and shearing pin in the running tool. The
tool string is then withdrawn from the well.
Side Pocket Mandrel
PULLING PROCEDURE
In the pulling procedure, the kickover tool and pulling tool are
made up onto the wireline string and lowered through the
tubing until the kickover tool is below the selected mandrel.
The kickover tool is pulled up slowly until the finger contacts
the orientation sleeve slot and stops. Upward tension allows the
tool to release and kick over. The tool are then lowered and a
loss of weight indicates that the kickover tool has kicked over
and located the side pocket of the mandrel.
Downward jarring secure the pulling tool to the valve latch.
Upward jarring shears a shear pin in the latch and releases the
valve from the side pocket of the mandrel. The tool string and
valve with latch can then be withdrawn from the well.
Side Pocket Mandrel
Side Pocket Mandrels may be used to establish tubing to annulus
communication for such operation such as;
To install a gas lift valve in a gas lift operation.
To install chemical injection valves to inject inhibitor or any
chemicals.
To install water injection flow regulators in water injection operation.
Displacing the tubing or annular fluid after the X‐mas tree is installed
Selective testing, treating and production of individual zones in a
multi‐zone selective well.
Using the tubing to “kick‐off” the annulus in a tubing annulus dual
completion
Producing more than on zone through a single tubing string in
commingling completion.
Killing a well by circulation.
Installing a dummy valve in side pocket mandrel to shut the well.
Installing down hole choke
Side Pocket ‐ Accessories
Expansion Joints
Expansion joints are used in single or
multi string completion when tubing
movement is expected. They are
capable of maintaining the pressure
integrity of the tubing while allowing
the string to safely expand or contract.
Expansion Joints
There are two types of expansion joints:
Splined type expansion joint.
Non‐Splined type expansion joint
Expansion joints are available in standard stoke length
of 2foot, 6foot or 10 foot stroke length.
The expansion joint may be shear pinned at an interval
of one foot along its entire stroke length. The shear
strength of expansion join can be adjusted within its
range by increasing or decreasing the number of shear
pins.
Flow Couplings
Flow couplings are installed above
and below certain control devices
in the tubing string to protect
against internal erosion caused by
flow turbulence.
Flow couplings are made to
coupling O.D. and tubing I.D.
Are available in 3 foot, 4 foot, 5
foot and 8 foot lengths.
Blast Joint
Blast joints are placed at specific point in the tubing
string where external cutting or abrasive action is
expected. Blast joints are machined so the connection
will make up flush when more than one joint is used.
Blast joints are made to coupling O.D. and tubing I.D.
These are same as Flow Coupling.
Are available in 10 foot, 15 foot and 20 foot length.
Tubing Safety Joint
A Safety joint is installed in a tubing
string when emergency tubing
separation above packer is desired.
There are two types of safety joints are
available
Rotational release safety joint.
Straight pickup shear pin release safety
joint.
Pump Out Plug
Pump‐out‐plug is used to form a
temporary bridge in the tubing string
in order to set a hydraulic set packer.
The plug is constructed with a beveled
end to aid in the re‐entry of wire‐line
tools and is attached on the bottom of
the tubing string. The pump‐out‐plug is
designed to accommodate a maximum
of ten shear screws. Each screw
installed allow the ball and seat to
withstand 500 psi differential pressure.